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Thesis (MNutr (Interdisciplinarty Health Sciences. Human Nutrition))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Objectives: To determine aspects of knowledge, attitudes and practices of Medical Practitioners on obesity and weight management in three urban centres in Kenya. Research methods and procedures: A cross sectional survey of a randomly selected sample of 485 Medical Practitioners (MPs) from three urban centres in Kenya namely Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu was carried out. Four hundred and thirty (89% response) questionnaires were fully completed and returned. Data was gathered on the demographics of the study population; knowledge of nutrition and obesity; awareness of obesity as a health problem assessment, management (diet, exercise and pharmacology) and practices regarding obesity as well as if and how the MPs would like their knowledge of obesity improved.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 denadai_jc_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 327692 bytes, checksum: 619fd10d64a697300791c47d55c4cc4e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / The aim of this study was to trace the inclusion of bovine meat and bones meal (BMBM) in diets of laying hens analyzing eggs and theirs fractions (yolk and albumen), by carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes, as well as to evaluate the detectable analytical minimal index. Two hundred forty (240) Shaver White laying hens aging 73 weeks never fed with animal origin ingredients were randomly distributed in five treatments and fed with a corn and soybean based diet (control) and four increasing levels (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0%) of BMBM. At the 35th day, 24 eggs per treatment were randomly collect, twelve for yolk and albumen sampling and twelve for egg (yolk + albumen) sampling. The isotopic results were analyzed in a multivariate analysis of variance. Through an error matrix (95% confidence) the ellipses were determined to identify the differences among the treatments (diets BMBM inclusion) from the control group (0% BMBM group). It was possible to detect BMBM inclusion through the isotopic pair of yolk and egg at 3.0% of inclusion. In the albumen it was possible to detect the 1.5% BMBM inclusion. In summary, the stable isotopes technique is able to trace BMBM in laying hens feed, in the final product at a minimal level of inclusion of 1.5% in the albumen and 3.0% in the egg and yolk.

El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado. / Background & aims: Several studies have examined the effect of vegetarian diets (VD) on metabolic syndrome (MetS) or its components, but findings have been inconsistent. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies to assess the association between VD and MetS or its components (systolic blood pressure [SBP], diastolic blood pressure [DBP], fasting glucose triglycerides, waist circumference [WC], HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C)) in adults. Methods: The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched. RCTs, cohort studies and cross-sectional studies evaluating the effects of VD on MetS or its components in adults, with omnivore diet as control group, were included. Random effects meta-analyses stratified by study design were employed to calculate pooled estimates. Results: A total of 71 studies (n = 103 008) met the inclusion criteria (6 RCTs, 2 cohorts, 63 cross-sectional). VD were not associated with MetS in comparison to omnivorous diet (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.50–1.85, p = 0.9) according to meta-analysis of five cross-sectional studies. Likewise, meta-analysis of RCTs and cohort studies indicated that consumption of VD were not associated with MetS components. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies demonstrated that VD were significantly associated with lower levels of SBP (mean difference [MD] −4.18 mmHg, 95%CI −5.57 to −2.80, p < 0.00001), DBP (MD −3.03 mmHg, 95% CI −4.93 to −1.13, p = 0.002), fasting glucose (MD −0.26 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.35to −0.17, p < 0.00001), WC (MD −1.63 cm, 95% CI −3.13 to −0.13, p = 0.03), and HDL-C (MD −0.05 mmol/L, 95% CI −0.07 to −0.03, p < 0.0001) in comparison to omnivorous diet. Heterogeneity of effects among cross-sectional studies was high. About, one-half of the included studies had high risk of bias. Conclusions: VD in comparison with omnivorous diet is not associated with a lower risk of MetS based on results of meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. The association between VD and lower levels of SBP, DBP, HDL-C, and fasting glucose is uncertain due to high heterogeneity across the cross-sectional studies. Larger and controlled studies are needed to evaluate the association between VD and MetS and its components. / Revisión por pares

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential 21 times that of carbon dioxide. Globally, ruminants are the main anthropogenic contributors to methane release to the atmosphere. Methane is produced in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants, mostly within the rumen by methanogenic archaea. However, methane production represents a loss of 2 to 12% of dietary gross energy for the animal, which could otherwise be available for growth or milk production. Therefore, mitigation of methane production by ruminants could produce both economic and environmental benefits, with more sustainable and energy efficient livestock, and offering a promising way of slowing global warming. Despite extensive research undertaken to find ways of reducing methane emissions from ruminants, progress has been relatively limited. Furthermore, there is still a lack of studies linking rumen microbiology and ruminant nutrition and production. The central purpose of this research was to investigate feed additives to reduce methane emissions and to understand associated changes that occur in the rumen microbiota. For the first experiment (Chapter 2), biochar was evaluated as an antimethanogenic compound for beef cattle. The in vitro gas production technique was used to study the effects of biochar on rumen fermentation and methane production. Overall, methane production was reduced by 5% by the addition of biochar compounds (10 g/kg of substrate). The observed reduction in methane produced was not associated with a change in volatile fatty acid profile suggesting biochar primarily inhibited fermentation. Ammonia concentration was significantly reduced with biochar inclusion. Because different biochars had different effects on methane production, further investigation of relationships between the physicochemical properties of biochars and antimethanogenic effects are necessary. However, due to the small reduction in methane production recorded, research with biochar was discontinued. Encapsulated nitrate was then explored as an antimethanogenic additive and as an alternative non-protein nitrogen source to urea (Chapter 3). The effect of using encapsulated nitrate as a replacement for urea or dietary protein, plus the addition of inorganic sulphur, on enteric methane emissions, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization and microbial protein synthesis from crossbred beef steers were studied. In addition, nitrate toxicity and eating behaviour were investigated. The inclusion of encapsulated nitrate reduced methane production compared to urea and a true protein source, with no adverse effects on rumen fermentation or nitrogen metabolism and no effects with the inclusion of elemental sulphur. The level of addition of encapsulated nitrate (14.3 g nitrate /kg DM) and the time of adaptation chosen for this study (14 days) were adequate to avoid nitrate toxicity. Finally, the effects of adding nitrate inclusion to different basal diets on rumen microbial populations and relationships of these populations with methane production were investigated (Chapter 4). The V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial and archaea 16S rRNA genes were amplified and sequenced. Effects on microbial population induced by nitrate were dependant on the basal diet but nitrate altered specific archaeal and bacterial OTUs consistently between studies. A direct and strong correlation between some archaea taxonomic groups and OTUs with methane production was observed.

Foi feito um estudo de determinação da biodisponibilidade de ferro em dieta regional de São Paulo, formulada com base no Estudo Nacional de Despesa Familiar (ENDEF). Para tanto, foram utilizados o método de repleção da hemoglobina em ratos anêmicos e o método \"in vitro\" de determinação de ferro dialisável. Paralelamente, avaliou-se as condições de obtenção de anemia em ratos. Concluiu-se que teores de 14 a 19 mg/g de ferro numa ração à base de caseína levam a uma redução de cerca de 40% (de 12,7g/dl para 7g/dl) da concentração de hemoglobina dos animais em períodos de 35 a 40 dias. A biodisponibilidade de ferro, da dieta regional, para ratos anêmicos é de 50% e igual à da caseína com a mesma composição. A porcentagem de ferro dialisável é maior na dieta à base de caseina do que na dieta à base de dieta regional (4,5% e 5,4% respectivamente). Os resultados sugerem uma inadequação dessa dieta quanto ao aporte de ferro. / The hemoglobin repletion technique in anemic rats and an \"in vitro\" method were used to obtain data on iron bioavailability in a regional diet and in a diet based on milk. Previously, optimum condition for obtaining iron deficiency anemia in rats were established. Concentrations of iron from 14 to 19 mg/g in a basal casein diet led to a reduction of about 40% in hemoglobin concentration in a 35 days assay. The percentage of bioavailable iron in both regional and casein diets for anemic rats was similar and averaged 50%. The percentage of dialysable iron in the casein diet was greater than in regional diet (5.4%.compared to 4.5%). The results suggest an inadequaly of the regional diet related to iron.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-02-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:34:26Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lunedo_r_me_jabo.pdf: 459611 bytes, checksum: dc0c66d67a1170d75f0088eab48c1275 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram analisar o desempenho zootécnico e caracterizar grupos bacterianos específicos presentes na mucosa de cada segmento do intestino delgado de frangos de corte (1 – 42 dias de idade) quando submetidos a dietas tendo como base o milho ou o sorgo. Foi realizado um ensaio, onde analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico e as características de carcaça dos frangos, e a colonização bacteriana da mucosa do duodeno, jejuno e íleo das aves por Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus e Lactobacillus, através de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qPCR). O ensaio de quantificação absoluta foi realizado com primers específicos da região 16S rDNA para os grupos de interesse, e com um primer universal para estimar o número total de cópias bacterianas. Os dados foram coletados ao nascimento, 7, 21 e 42 dias de idade. Concluiu-se que o sorgo piora a conversão alimentar no período de 1 – 42 dias de idade, diminui o peso vivo aos 42 dias e aumenta o rendimento de carcaça das aves. Ao nascimento foram encontrados Enterobacteriaceae e Enterococcus; ao longo do ciclo de criação, o grupo Enterobacteriaceae se mantém em pequenas taxas, os Enterococcus aparecem aos 7 dias, mas não em idades mais avançadas e os Lactobacillus se tornam majoritários a partir da primeira semana de vida até o final do ciclo. O uso do sorgo determinou: maior número de cópias bacterianas totais no duodeno e jejuno, e Lactobacillus no duodeno em todas as idades; Enterococcus no jejuno aos 7 dias e Enterobacteriaceae no íleo aos 42 dias / The objective of this study was to analyze the performance and characterize specific bacterial groups present in the mucosa of the small intestine segments of broilers (1 – 42 days of age) fed diets based on corn or sorghum. This study was carried out to analyze performance, carcass characteristics, and bacterial colonization of duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa of broiler chickens by Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus, through real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The absolute quantification assay was performed with 16S rDNA specific primers for the interest groups, and with one universal primer to estimate the total number of bacterial copies. Data were collected at birth, 7, 21 and 42 days of age. The findings of this study revealed that when sorghum was used, feed conversion was worse in the rearing period, body weight decreased and the carcass yield increased at 42 days of age. At birth, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were found; along the rearing period, the group Enterobacteriaceae remains in small quantities, Enterococcus was seen only at 7-days of age, and Lactobacillus become majority from the first week until the end of rearing period. The use of sorghum determined: a high number bacterial copies in the duodenum and jejunum, and Lactobacillus in the duodenum at all ages; Enterococcus at 7 days and Enterobacteriaceae at 42 days of age

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:54:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 395924 bytes, checksum: ff26f8d67dd02ecb3414b321f967734f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The productive section of meat should implement technologies that produce younger animals, with racial characteristics that promote quality meat. The manipulation of the diet and use of industrial crossing are technologies of easy access to the producer. Sixty cattle castrated with 18 moths of age, being 20 Nellore (NE), F1 Simmental x Nellore, F1 Angus x Nellore with average body weight of 265.6±6.4, 325.3±4.7 kg and 324.6±6.0 kg, respectively. The experiment was in completely randomized experimental design, in factorial 3 x 3, being 3 genetics groups (Nellore, F1 Simmental x Nellore, F1 Angus x Nellore) and 3 alimentary regimes (feeding to the maintenance level and ad libitum with 1% and 2% of the corporal weight (CW) at concentrated in natural matter of the diet), composing, therefore, 9 treatments, with 6 repetitions in each genetic group in the feeding levels ad libitum (1% and 2%) and four repetitions for the restricted feeding level (maintenance). After period of initial adaptation, the animals designated to received 2% of CW at concentrated one week passed receiving 1.5% CW in concentrated and one more week receiving 2% CW in concentrated for adaptation on the diet. The animals designated to receive 1% CW in concentrated and the treatment in maintenance started your diet immediately after the initial adaptation. At the end of that second week, call of second adaptation, all the animals were heavy, in fast of 16 hours, for beginning of the first experimental period. The animals in maintenance regime received the same diet supplied for the animals fed with 1% of CW at concentrated, in the equivalent amount to 1% of CW. The roughage was supplied at ease, being constituted of corn silage. The concentrate, in restricted amount, was formulated at base of ground corn, soybean meal, whole cottonseed, soybean hulls, urea/ammonium sulfate (9:1), sodium bicarbonate, magnesium oxide, common salt and mineral premix. The concentrate were formulated for that the same ration was offered the both treatments, changing only relationship corn/urea + ammonium sulfate allowing the diets to keep isonitrogenous (12.5% CP in the DM). The animals were maintained in individual stalls, with floor, concrete feeder and drinker, with total area of 30 m2, with 8 m2 of covered area. The experiment had total duration of 136 days, being 30 days of adaptation to the experimental conditions, 14 days of adaptation to the diet (2nd adaptation) and 84 days of experimental period. Were intermediate weighs, in fast of 16 hours, to the 28 and 56 days of performance. After the period of evaluation performance, started the slaughter of the animals. Like this, was evaluated the effect of genetic group and alimentary regime on quantitative and qualitative characteristics, physical and chemical composition of the gain, of the carcass and of the empty body and standard of deposition of tissues. Animals fed with larger concentrate level had larger (P<0.05) cold carcass weight (CCW), cold carcass dressing (CCD) and rib eye area/100 Kg of cold carcass (REA/100 kg) in relation to the small concentrate level. Except for cut of the top sirloin butt, there was not difference (P>0.05) in the feeding ad libitum for the yield of cuts. Crossbred animals presented larger (P <0.05) CCW that animals NE. The animals NA had larger (P<0.05) fat thickness (FT) and smaller REA/100 kg in relation to the animals NS. The trade cuts was not influenced (P>0.05) for the genetic group, except for the cut of the shoulder clod that had smaller (P<0.05) yield in the crossbred animals. The final pH was not influenced (P<0.05) for the treatments and it was inside of the appropriate patterns for export, below 6.0. The measures of REA and FT taken along the development of the animals detected the growth stage in that met. Crossbred animals and fed with larger concentrate level possess carcasses with more appropriate characteristics to the requirements of the import market, in a general way. Animals in maintenance presented larger (P<0.05) proportion of bones and muscle in the carcass and animals NE had larger muscle proportion and smaller (P<0.05) proportion of total fatty in the carcass that crossbreds animals. Animals NE and in maintenance present smaller (P<0.05) amount of total fat that crossbreds and fed ad libitum, respectively. The fat was deposited in larger proportion in the intermuscle fatty tissue, followed by the fatty of mesentery. The rate of deposition of tissues in the carcass was smaller in the animals NE and fed with 1% of concentrated (except for subcutaneous fatty tissue), in relation to the crossbreds animals and fed with 2% of concentrated, respectively. The rate of fat deposition in the adipose tissue of mesentery it was larger (P<0.05) in the animals NA and fed with 2% of concentrated in relation to NS and animals fed with 1% of concentrated respectively. Animals NS and NA presented more tender meat than the animals NE. The meat of animals fed with 1% and 2% of concentrated it lost more water (P<0.05) that the meat of the animals in maintenance during the thawing and in the total losses. During the cooking, there was difference (P<0.05) in the losses for drip loss for all the regimes, being the larger losses in that order: 1% of concentrated, 2% of concentrated and maintenance. The genetic group Nellore presented larger proportion of intermediate fibers (P<0.05) and lower proportion of oxidative fibers (P<0.05), the opposite was observed for the crossbred animals. There were difference (P<0.05), in the proportion of separated fibers in agreement with contractile characteristics, inside of genetic group. The animals Nellore had larger proportion of fibers of fast contraction and smaller proportion of fibers of slow contraction (P<0.05) in relation to the crossbred animals. Crossbred animals have more tender meat than the animals Nellore; however, all were inside of the pattern for the meat to be considered tender. Animals in restriction lost less water than animals fed ad libitum and the animals Nellore lost more water than the crossbred animals. / O setor produtivo de carne deve implementar tecnologias que produzam animais mais jovens, com características raciais que promovam carne de qualidade. A manipulação da dieta e o uso de cruzamento industrial são tecnologias de fácil acesso ao produtor. Foram utilizados 60 bovinos castrados de 18 meses, sendo 20 Nelore (NE), F1 Simental x Nelore , F1 Angus x Nelore com peso médio de 265,6±6,4 kg, 325,3±4,7 kg e 324,6±6,0 kg, respectivamente. O experimento foi em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo 3 grupos genéticos (Nelore, F1 Simental x Nelore, F1 Angus x Nelore) e três regimes alimentares (alimentação ao nível de mantença e ad libitum com 1% e 2% do peso corporal (PC) em concentrado na matéria natural da dieta),compondo, portanto, 9 tratamentos ( 6 repetições em cada grupo genético nos níveis de alimentação ad libitum (1% e 2%) e quatro repetições para o nível de alimentação restrito). Após período de adaptação inicial, os animais designados a receber 2% do PC em concentrado passaram uma semana recebendo 1,5% do PC em concentrado e mais uma semana recebendo 2% do PC em concentrado para adaptação à dieta. Os animais designados a receber 1% do PC em concentrado e o tratamento em mantença iniciaram sua dieta imediatamente após a adaptação inicial. Ao término dessa segunda semana, chamada de segunda adaptação, todos os animais foram pesados, em jejum de 16 horas, para início do primeiro período experimental. Os animais em regime de mantença receberam a mesma dieta fornecida para os animais alimentados com 1 % do PC em concentrado, na quantidade equivalente a 1 % do PC. O volumoso foi fornecido à vontade, sendo constituído de silagem de milho. O concentrado, em quantidade restrita, foi formulado à base de milho moído, farelo de soja, caroço de algodão, casca de soja, uréia/sulfato de amônio (9:1), bicarbonato de sódio, óxido de magnésio, sal comum e premix mineral. Os concentrados foram formulados para que a mesma ração fosse ofertada a ambos tratamentos, mudando apenas a relação milho/uréia+sulfato de amônia permitindo que as dietas se mantivessem isoprotéicas (12,5 % de PB na MS). Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais, com piso, comedouro e bebedouro de concreto, com área total de 30 m2, dos quais 8 m2 de área coberta com telhas de amianto. O experimento teve duração total de 136 dias, sendo 30 dias de adaptação às condições experimentais, 14 dias de adaptação à dieta (2ª adaptação) e 84 dias de período experimental. Foram realizadas pesagens intermediárias, em jejum de 16 horas, aos 28 dias e 56 dias de desempenho. Após o período de avaliação do desempenho, iniciou-se o abate dos animais. Assim, avaliou-se o efeito de grupo genético e regime alimentar sobre características quantitativas, qualitativas, composição física e química do ganho, da carcaça e do corpo vazio e padrão de deposição de tecidos. Animais alimentados com maior nível de concentrado tiveram maior (P<0,05) peso de carcaça fria (PCF), rendimento de carcaça fria (RCF) e área de olho de lombo/100 Kg de carcaça fria (AOL/100 kg) em relação ao menor nível de concentrado. Exceto para o corte da alcatra, não houve diferença (P>0,05) na alimentação ad libitum para o rendimento de cortes. Animais cruzados apresentaram maior (P<0,05) PCF que animais NE. Os animais NA tiveram maior (P<0,05) espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) e menor AOL/100 kg em relação aos animais NS. O rendimento de cortes não foi influenciado (P>0,05) pelo grupo genético, exceto pelo corte da paleta que teve menor (P<0,05) rendimento nos animais cruzados. O pH final não foi influenciado (P<0,05) pelos tratamentos e ficou dentro dos padrões adequados para exportação, abaixo de 6,0. As medidas de AOL e EGS tomadas ao longo do desenvolvimento dos animais detectaram o estágio de crescimento em que eles se encontravam. Animais cruzados e alimentados com maior nível de concentrado possuem carcaças com características mais adequadas às exigências do mercado importador, de uma forma geral. Animais em mantença apresentaram maior (P<0,05) proporção de ossos e músculo na carcaça e animais NE tiveram maior proporção de músculo e menor (P<0,05) proporção de tecido adiposo total na carcaça que animais cruzados. Animais NE e em mantença apresentam menor (P<0,05) quantidade de gordura total que animais cruzados e alimentados ad libitum, respectivamente. A gordura foi depositada em maior proporção no tecido adiposo intermuscular, seguido do tecido adiposo de mesentério. A taxa de deposição de tecidos na carcaça foi menor nos animais NE e alimentados com 1% de concentrado (exceto para tecido adiposo subcutâneo), em relação aos animais cruzados e alimentados com 2% de concentrado, respectivamente. A taxa de deposição de gordura no tecido adiposo de mesentério foi maior (P<0,05) nos animais NA e alimentados com 2% de concentrado em relação aos NS e animais alimentados com 1% de concentrado, respectivamente. Animais NS e NA apresentaram carne mais macia que os animais NE. A carne de animais alimentados com 1% e 2% de concentrado perdeu mais água (P<0,05) que a carne dos animais em mantença durante o descongelamento e nas perdas totais. Durante a cocção, houve diferença (P<0,05) nas perdas por gotejamento para todos os regimes, sendo as perdas maiores nessa ordem: 1% de concentrado, 2% de concentrado e mantença. O grupo genético NE apresentou maior proporção de fibras intermediárias (P<0,05) e menor proporção de fibras oxidativas (P<0,05), o contrário foi observado para os animais cruzados. Houve diferença (P<0,05), na proporção de fibras separadas de acordo com características contráteis, dentro de grupo genético. Os animais NE tiveram maior proporção de fibras de contração rápida e menor proporção de fibras de contração lenta (P<0,05) em relação aos animais cruzados. Animais cruzados possuem carne mais macia que os animais NE; no entanto, todas estavam dentro do padrão para a carne ser considerada macia. Animais em restrição perderam menos água que animais alimentados ad libitum e os animais NE perderam mais água em relação aos animais cruzados.

Orientador: Marcos Macari / Banca: Renato Luis Furlan / Banca: José Fernando Machado Menten / Resumo: Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram analisar o desempenho zootécnico e caracterizar grupos bacterianos específicos presentes na mucosa de cada segmento do intestino delgado de frangos de corte (1 - 42 dias de idade) quando submetidos a dietas tendo como base o milho ou o sorgo. Foi realizado um ensaio, onde analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico e as características de carcaça dos frangos, e a colonização bacteriana da mucosa do duodeno, jejuno e íleo das aves por Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus e Lactobacillus, através de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qPCR). O ensaio de quantificação absoluta foi realizado com primers específicos da região 16S rDNA para os grupos de interesse, e com um primer universal para estimar o número total de cópias bacterianas. Os dados foram coletados ao nascimento, 7, 21 e 42 dias de idade. Concluiu-se que o sorgo piora a conversão alimentar no período de 1 - 42 dias de idade, diminui o peso vivo aos 42 dias e aumenta o rendimento de carcaça das aves. Ao nascimento foram encontrados Enterobacteriaceae e Enterococcus; ao longo do ciclo de criação, o grupo Enterobacteriaceae se mantém em pequenas taxas, os Enterococcus aparecem aos 7 dias, mas não em idades mais avançadas e os Lactobacillus se tornam majoritários a partir da primeira semana de vida até o final do ciclo. O uso do sorgo determinou: maior número de cópias bacterianas totais no duodeno e jejuno, e Lactobacillus no duodeno em todas as idades; Enterococcus no jejuno aos 7 dias e Enterobacteriaceae no íleo aos 42 dias / Abstract: The objective of this study was to analyze the performance and characterize specific bacterial groups present in the mucosa of the small intestine segments of broilers (1 - 42 days of age) fed diets based on corn or sorghum. This study was carried out to analyze performance, carcass characteristics, and bacterial colonization of duodenum, jejunum and ileum mucosa of broiler chickens by Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus, through real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). The absolute quantification assay was performed with 16S rDNA specific primers for the interest groups, and with one universal primer to estimate the total number of bacterial copies. Data were collected at birth, 7, 21 and 42 days of age. The findings of this study revealed that when sorghum was used, feed conversion was worse in the rearing period, body weight decreased and the carcass yield increased at 42 days of age. At birth, Enterococcus and Enterobacteriaceae were found; along the rearing period, the group Enterobacteriaceae remains in small quantities, Enterococcus was seen only at 7-days of age, and Lactobacillus become majority from the first week until the end of rearing period. The use of sorghum determined: a high number bacterial copies in the duodenum and jejunum, and Lactobacillus in the duodenum at all ages; Enterococcus at 7 days and Enterobacteriaceae at 42 days of age / Mestre

Dois experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de estudar a inclusão de uréia em nível elevado na dieta (2% da MS), na forma tradicional ou extrusada com milho (Amiréia 150S), em substituição parcial ao farelo de soja em dietas para vacas leiteiras. No experimento 1 foram utilizadas 38 vacas Holandesas em final da lactação, com produção média de 20 kg de leite/d, em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso. O período experimental teve a duração de 60 dias. As dietas eram compostas por silagem de capim elefante aditivada com polpa cítrica peletizada, raspa de mandioca, polpa cítrica peletizada, suplemento mineral e vitamínico e os respectivos suplementos protéicos: a) farelo de soja; b) farelo de soja + amiréia; c) farelo de soja + uréia. Os parâmetros avaliados foram consumo de matéria seca, produção e composição do leite, extração de aminoácidos pela glândula mamária e concentração de glicose e nitrogênio uréico no plasma sangüíneo. No experimento 2 foram utilizadas 5 vacas Holandesas canuladas no rúmen e duodeno, no período seco. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos utilizados no experimento 1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram consumo de matéria seca e nutrientes, digestibilidade de nutrientes no trato digestivo total, produção de ácidos graxos voláteis, pH e concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal no rúmen e parâmetros sangüíneos (glicose e nitrogênio uréico no plasma). No experimento 1, a substituição parcial do farelo de soja por fontes de nitrogênio não protéico, assim como o processamento da uréia na forma extrusada, não afetaram a produção de leite, leite corrigido para gordura, teor e produção de proteína e lactose do leite, produção de sólidos totais, concentração de nitrogênio ureico e glicose no plasma (P>0,05). O teor e produção de gordura, teor de sólidos totais e eficiência de extração de aminoácidos pela glândula mamária foram maiores para o tratamento com uréia na forma tradicional (P<0,05). No experimento 2 não foram observadas diferenças para consumo e digestibilidade aparente no trato total da matéria seca e nutrientes, concentração total de ácidos graxos voláteis no fluido ruminal, porcentagem molar dos ácidos acético, propiônico e butírico em relação ao total de ácidos graxos voláteis, relação acético:propiônico, concentração e nitrogênio ureico e glicose no plasma, (P>0,05). O pH do fluido ruminal se manteve mais elevado nas primeiras horas após a alimentação no tratamento uréia em relação aos demais (P<0,05). Ambas as fontes de NNP, apresentaram valores mais elevados de nitrogênio amoniacal no fluido ruminal (P<0,05). A substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uréia no teor de 2% da matéria seca da dieta é uma alternativa viável em dietas para vacas leiteiras em final de lactação e no período seco. O processamento da uréia na tentativa de reduzir a velocidade de liberação de amônia no rúmen, não apresentou vantagens em relação à uréia na forma convencional. / Two trials were conducted to study the partial replacement of soybean meal by high level (2% of DM) of urea in diets for late lactation dairy cows. Conventional urea also was compared to urea extruded with a starch source (Starea - 150S). In trial 1, 38 late lactation Holstein cows producing around 20 kg of milk/d, were used in a randomized block design. The experimental period lasted 60 days. Diets were composed by elephant grass silage with dried citrus pulp, tapioca meal, dried citrus pulp, tallow, mineral and vitamin mix and the protein supplements. The treatments were: a) soybean meal (FS); b) soybean meal + starea (A150S); c) soybean meal + urea (U). The partial replacement of soybean meal by high levels of NPN sources or the urea processing, did not affect milk and 3,5% FCM yields, protein content and yield, total solids yield, and plasma urea N and glucose. Feeding 2% of urea (U) increased milk fat and total solids content and the efficiency of amino-acids extraction by the mammary gland. In trial 2, 5 dry Holstein cows, fitted with ruminal canulas, were fed the same treatment diets used in trial 1 (corn silage was used instead of grass silage). Dry matter intake, total tract nutrient digestibility’s, total rumen VFA molar concentration and acetic, propionic and butyric acid molar proportion, plasma urea-N and plasma glucose were not affected by treatments (P>0,05). Rumen pH was higher for U diet, 2 to 4 hours post-feeding, and rumen ammonia N was higher for U and A150S diets (P<0,05). The partial replacement of soybean meal by high levels of urea, is an alternative to reduce costs of diets for late lactating cows milking around 20 kg/d. Extrusion of urea with a starch source, in attempt to slow ammonia release in the rumen (A150S), did not show any advantage compared to conventional urea.