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Recent evidence suggests that sustained consumption of a high-fat diet is associated with reduced CB1 receptor expression in some brain areas. Many of the neuromodulatory functions of endogenous cannabinoids are mediated by the CB1 receptor. The CB1 receptor also mediates the behavioral and physiological effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the primary psychoactive constituent of marijuana. While high-fat diets are associated with region-specific changes in CB1 receptor expression, it is not clear whether such changes are behaviorally relevant. To that end, separate groups of male and female rats were placed on either a high-fat diet or a standard diet. Cannabinoid function was determined in a triad of measures (e.g., hypothermia, gross locomotion, time on bar apparatus) at postnatal day 30 (PD30), PD44, PD68 and PD114. These age points respectively correspond to rodent models of early adolescence, late adolescence, early adulthood and full maturity in humans. Male rats were also tested at PD37 and PD61. Subsequently, the antinociceptive properties of delta-9-THC and the effect of delta-9-THC on food intake were also measured. After 38 days, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet were significantly less sensitive to the psychomotor effects of delta-9-THC than were the female rats maintained on the control diet. These diet-related differences persisted into full maturity. Female rats maintained on a high-fat diet were also less sensitive to changes in food intake caused by delta-9-THC than were female rats maintained on the control diet. In contrast, the hypothermic effects of delta-9-THC were not differentially affected by the type of diet consumed. Likewise, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet exhibited tail-flick latencies that were indistinguishable from those of female rats maintained on the control diet. With two minor exceptions, and in sharp contrast to female rats, sensitivity to the pharmacological effects of delta-9-THC was not differentially affected by the type of diet in male rats. In short, female rats maintained on a high-fat diet appeared to be cross-tolerant to the psychomotor and hyperphagic effects of delta-9-THC while male rats maintained on a high-fat diet exhibited responses to delta-9-THC that were virtually indistinguishable from control animals.

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Bhadriraju Subramanyam / Hulya Dogan / Stored-product insects and stored products from feed mills and swine farms contain antibiotic and potentially virulent Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Enterococcus hirae. Stored-product insects can serve as potential vectors of these enterococci which possess antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread by horizontal transfer to more serious human pathogens. In the present study, the species and concentration of enterococci from adults and larvae of key stored-product insects and insect diets and their antibiotic resistance profile were characterized. Adults of five species out of the 15 stored-product insects were tested positive for enterococci, and these included Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Stegobium paniceum (L.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Three enterococcal species (E. casseliflavus, E. faecalis, and E. faecium) were found in 53 to 97% of the 30 adults screened for each insect species, and the enterococcal concentrations ranged from 1.4 x 10³ to 3.1 x 10⁶ CFU/adult. About 10 to 100% of the mature larvae of the respective five insect species had these three enterococcal species with concentrations ranging from 0.3 x 10¹ to 1.4 x 10⁵ CFU/larvae. Only three of the eight insect diets screened had the same three enterococci species in addition to E. gallinarum and E. hirae at concentrations of 0.2 x 10¹ to 5.9 x 10³ CFU/g. The greatest enterococcal concentration was found in C. maculatus adults but not in their larvae or diet (cowpeas). In C. maculatus during a nine-day period after adult eclosion, the enterococcal concentrations increased exponentially from 0.6 x 10¹ to a maximum of 4.1 x 10⁷ CFU/adult. Enterococci were detected in the fecal material of C. maculatus during a four-day period with a maximum concentration of 3.3 x 10³ CFU/adult on the fourth day. A total of 298 enterococcal isolates from adults, larvae, and diets were represented by E. faecalis (51.7% of the total), E. faecium (19.1%), E. casseliflavus (18.8%), E. gallinarum (5.7%), and E. hirae (4.7%). Enterococci were phenotypically resistant to quinupristin (51.3% of the total), erythromycin (38.9%), tetracycline (30.1%), enrofloxacin (29.2%), doxycycline (11.5%), and tigecycline (2.7%). All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and vancomycin.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos principais: avaliar o comportamento alimentar em rações contendo zearalenona e aflatoxina; verificar a capacidade das aves em distinguir uma ração contendo micotoxina de uma ração isenta de contaminação; observar se as aves eram capazes de selecionar uma determinada ração. Foram utilizadas, 80 codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em pico de postura, num delineamento experimental de quadrado latino (4x4). Os 4 tratamentos utilizados foram: controle (T1); controle + 0,1% adsorvente (T2); 2 mg/kg aflatoxinas + 4 mg/kg zearalenona (T3) e 2mg/kg aflatoxinas + 4 mg/kg zearalenona + 0,1% adsorvente (T4), em 4 posições pré-estabelecidas. Com a finalidade de observar o comportamento das aves os comedouros foram trocados de posição a cada 7 dias. Foi observada redução no consumo de ração (p<0,05) nos tratamentos que continham 2 mg/kg de aflatoxina e zearalenona com e sem adsorvente . As aves mostraram reconhecer a ração contaminada, tendo um maior consumo da ração livre de toxinas / The aim of this experiment was: analise alimentary behavior in diets with zearalenon and aflatoxin; observe poultry abilitys to discern from diets with or with out micotoxins; to understand if quail were able to select a diet. 80 quail layers (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used in a latin square design (4x4). The treatments were: control (T1); control + 0.1% adsorvent (T2); 2 mg/kg aflatoxin + 4 mg/kg zearalenon (T3) e 2mg/kg aflatoxin + 4 mg/kg zearalenon + 0.1% adsorvent (T4), in 4 different places. To observe animal behavior diets were changed of position every 7 seven days. There were differences (p<0,05) among treatments, with lower intake for diets with 2 mg/kg aflatoxin and zearalenon with or with out adsorvent. This study indicates that layers could recognize the contamined treatments, animal intake for free contamination diets were highest

Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira / Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes / Resumo: Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para avaliar a utilização de polpa cítrica, com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, nas dietas de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. 0 primeiro ensaio teve o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade da polpa cítrica e foram utilizados 16 suínos, com peso inicial de 30,42 ± 2,44kg, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas de estudos metabólicos. Por apresentar 1677 kcal de EM/kg, 23,09% de FDN e 18,47% de FDA, a polpa cítrica mostrou-se um ingrediente viável de ser utilizado nas rações de suínos. No segundo ensaio, foram utilizados 72 suínos, com peso inicial de 25,71 ± 7,51 kg e final de 98,81 ± 10,64kg, que receberam rações contendo diferentes níveis de polpa cítrica (0, 5, 10 e 15%), com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, sendo avaliados quanto ao desempenho, digestibilidade das dietas, características das carcaças e avaliação econômica do uso das dietas. Conclui-se que a inclusão de até 15% de polpa cítrica com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático nas dietas para suínos, dos 70 aos 130 dias de idade, diminui o CDR e melhora a CA, porém, os animais apresentam respostas adaptativas no período total do experimento, não sendo observadas diferenças no desempenho. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes não é modificada, na ausência do complexo enzimático, sendo que na presença do produto, há melhora na digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes. As caracteristicas de carcaça não são influenciadas pelos níveis de polpa cítrica, exceto o rendimento de carcaça, que diminui linearmente. A relação gordura/carne também diminui linearmente, a medida em que aumentam os níveis de polpa cítrica, na ausência do complexo enzimático. Na presença do produto, a relação gordura/carne, apresenta... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of citrus pulp, with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, in the diets growing and finishing pigs. The first trial was to determine the digestibility coefficients of citrus pulp and 16 pigs were used, with initial weight of 30.42 ± 2.44 kg, which were housed in cages for metabolic studies. To present 1677 kcal / kg, 23.09% neutral detergent fiber and 18.47% acid detergent fiber, the citrus pulp was a viable ingredient to be used in the feed for pigs. In the second trial, 72 barrows, were used with initial weight of 25.71 ± 7.51 kg and final weight of 98.81 ± 10.64kg, which received diets containing different levels of citrus pulp (0, 5, 10 and 15%), with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, and were assessed for performance, digestibility of diets, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation about the use of diets. Conclude that inclusion of up to 15% of citrus pulp with or without the addition of the enzyme complex in diets for pigs from 70 to 130 days of age, decrease the CDR, and improves the CA, however, the animals showed adaptive responses in the total experiment, no differences being observed in performance, being what the digestibility of nutrients was not modified in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product, there is improvement in the digestibility of all nutrients. The carcass characteristics are not influenced by levels of citrus pulp, except the carcass yield, which decreases linearly. The fat/meat relationship also decreases linearly, as they increase the levels of citrus pulp in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product the fat/meat relationship has a quadratic behaviour and the level of 7.78% citrus pulp, provides the better relation. The use of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The American population is aging; by 2030, people over the age of 65 may comprise as much as 20% of the population (Niedert, 2006). As many as 80% of the people in this age group live with at least one chronic illness, and 4.5% of elderly persons in the United States live in nursing homes (Boyle & Holben, 2006). As individuals age into late adulthood, they may experience lessening abilities to think clearly and to move as dexterously as well as a decline in bodily functions that may inhibit their ability to perform tasks of daily living (Boyle & Holben, 2006). These experiences also hinder nutrient intake.

Data from 7285 individual participants in the USDA Spring Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were analyzed using the nutrient density concept and multiple regression procedures to evaluate the impact of socioeconomic status on the nutritional quality of foods consumed. For each socioeconomic group the average daily amount of nutrients consumed per 1000 kcal of food consumed were computed and compared with the Recommended Dietary Allowances which had been converted to single-value nutrient allowances per 1000 kcal. This nutrient density approach identified qualitative patterns of food consumption for selected income, region, urbanization, household size, race, employment and education groups as well as indicating the degree to which these groups met the RDA. Results demonstrated that socioeconomic status had relatively little impact upon the average nutrient density of diets consumed by the population. Income level had no statistically significant effect upon the nutritional quality of diets for any of the fourteen nutrients studied. Household size affected nutrient density consumption of fat, carbohydrate, vitamin s6 and vitamin C. Race affected calcium, magnesium, vitamin A and thiamin density of diets. Other socioeconomic factors were significantly related to only one or two nutrients. The differences in average nutrient density of diets resulted from differences in the quality of foods consumed from the Basic Four (nutrient-dense) Plus One (calorie-dense) food groups and not from differences in the percent contribution of these two food groups to nutrient intake per 1000 kcal. Average diets for all socioeconomic groups were below nutrient density standards for calcium, iron, magnesium, vitamin B6 and carbohydrate. There was also a high frequency of individuals with vitamins A and vitamin C intakes below nutrient density standards despite adequate group mean intakes per 1000 kcal for these nutrients. Results supported the hypothesis that, regardless of socioeconomic status, Americans consume diets that average very similar nutrient content per energy unit. This type of information contributes to a better understanding of dietary habits of Americans and provides a meaningful framework from which to establish guidelines for government agencies, nutrition educators and the food industry.

Digestibility data were determined in 2 replications of a 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arranged experiment to: (1) determine the effects of forage type (grass vs alfalfa), forage maturity (late vegetative vs midbloom vs fullbloom), diet ingredients (forage only vs 50:50 forage plus corn), and diet texture (coarsely chopped vs pelleted) on the digestibility of diet chemical constituents by sheep; (2) develop equations to estimate digestible energy of sheep diets from nutrient content of the diet; and (3) compare popular chemical methods used to partition feed dry matter into fibrous and soluble components. Diets were fed to growing wether lambs. Crude protein (CP) and available carbohydrates (AC) of diets were nearly 100% digestible (true digestibility) regardless of diet source. However, the apparent digestibility of CP and AC varied significantly with concentration of these components in the diet. Apparent digestibility of cellulose (CL) was significantly different between grass and alfalfa, early and late maturity stages, and coarse and pelleted diet textures. Interactions between forage type and stage of maturity and between stages of maturity and energy level also significantly altered the apparent digestibility of all diet fibrous constituents except hemicellulose (HC). An energy level-by-diet texture interaction significantly affected the apparent digestibility of HC, CL, CW, NDF, ADF and CF. simple (equation 1) and complex (equation 2) models were generated for estimating nutrient digestible amounts (YN) or diet digestible energy (DE) (YN) from nutrient content (XN) of the diet. Complex models were developed to adjust the estimation of the nutrient digestible amount or DE estimations for effects due to forage type (αi), stage of maturity (βj), feed combination (γk) and texture (δl). Two-way interactions (βij, βγK , . . ., γβKl) between qualitative variables were added in the equations when significant. Interactions between qualitative variables and the quantitative variable (αiXl, βjXl, γKXl, δlXl, &&alhpa;βijXl, etc) were also tried but did not significantly change the precision of the equations. Complex models gave significantly better estimates of digestible CP, AC, total lipid (TL), HC, CL, CW, NDF, ADR or CF and DE than simpler models. DE in the diets was determined by two methods: First, DE was estimated by the summation of the predicted decimal fraction of digested protein, carbohydrates, and lipids times respective caloric values (Mcal/kg) (equation 3). DE was also estimated directly from CL, CW, NDF, ADF, or CF content in the diet. Both approaches gave comparably precise estimations of diet DE when complex models were used. The CF (1) YN = bo + blXN (2) YN = bo + blXN + αi + βj + γK + δl + αβij+ . . . + γδKl (3) DE = 5.65 (YCP) + 4.15 (YAC + YHC + YCL) + 9.40 (YTL) Simple model gave poorer estimates of DE (R2 = .56) than CL, CW, NDF, and ADF simple models (R2 = .69, .69, .71, and .71 respectively). Added indicator variables compensated for differences between CF and other chemical parameters. Cl, CW, NDF, ADF, and CF complex models were similar in estimation of DE (average R2 = .89 for DE complex models). Complex models could be effectively used in a computer program for balancing rations for sheep. Additional experiments should be conducted to provide added information for comparison.

Ohälsosamma matvanor ökar risken för övervikt och fetma vilket medför ökad risk att drabbas av sjukdomar som cancer, diabetes samt hjärt- och kärl. År 2010 var 20 procent av 16-29 åringarna i Sverige överviktiga samt 7 procent feta. Prevalensen av övervikt och fetma är högre bland funktionsnedsatta än bland de utan funktionsnedsättning. Syftet med studien är att undersöka uppfattningar om kostvanor hos ungdomar på en särskola samt hur de praktiskt tillämpar dem. För att besvara syftet valdes en kvalitativ metod i form av enskilda intervjuer. Kunskaper om kost får intervjupersonerna framförallt från vuxna i sin närhet. Dessa är lärare, tränare, föräldrar eller expertråd. Önskad undervisningsform för att lära sig mer om kost var praktiskt orienterad kurs, föreläsning tillsammans med självstudier, extern kompetent person samt provsmakning. Vikten av regelbundna matvanor samt uppfattningen att ha kunskap om vad som är hälsosam respektive ohälsosam kost samt att kosthållningen kan medföra positiva och negativa konsekvenser finns hos intervjupersonerna. Kostvanorna varierar mellan intervjupersonerna, både vad gäller regelbundenhet samt vad som konsumeras. Slutsatserna är att främsta kunskapskällan för funktionsnedsatta ungdomar är vuxna i deras närhet. Att de har kunskaper om att kostvanor medför konsekvenser. Samt att kostvanorna varierar och att kunskapen de har, inte alltid tillämpas. / Unhealthy eating habits increase the risk of overweight and obesity, resulting in increased risk of developing diseases like cancer, diabetes and cardio-vascular. In 2010 were 20 percent of those between 16-29 year in Sweden overweight, and 7 percent suffer from obesity. The prevalence of overweight and obesity are higher among persons with disabilities than among those without disabilities. The purpose of this study is to examine perceptions of the eating habits of adolescents in a special school and how they practically apply them. To answer the question was a qualitative method in the form of individual interviews chosen. Their knowledge of nutrition do the participants get especially from adults in their vicinity. These are teachers, coaches, parents or expert advisors. Desired form of teaching to learn more about diet was practically oriented courses, lectures along with self-studies, external competent person and taste testing. The importance of regular eating habits and the perception of having knowledge about what is healthy and unhealthy diet exist among the participants. They also have knowledge that diet can lead to positive and negative consequences. It varies between dietary habits among the participants, both in regularity and what is consumed. The conclusions are that the main source of knowledge is adults who are close to the disabled youth. That they have knowledge that nutrition has consequences. That dietary habits differ and that the knowledge they have, not always are applied.

The effects of feeding with two high energy diets ( high carbohydrate and high lipid) and the feeding regime of the two diets on growth, feeding conversion rate, and body composition of the cobia were studied. Based on the observation of lipid redistribution under dietary regime change in rats, this study was aimed to understand how regime change affects the tissue lipid content in the cobia. The study had three parts: preliminary experiment, experiment I, and experiment II. The preliminary experiment was designed to find the proper time to switch the high energy diets and to see the adaptation of cobia to the highe energy dietary treatments. The experiment I was conducted to monitor the growth and body composition of cobia fed for thirty-two days with different experimental diets, including control diets, high carbohydrate diets (HC), high lipid diets (HL), and different feeding regimes (HC¡÷HL: feeding the HC diet for the first sixteen days and the HL diet for the subsequent sixteen days; HL¡÷HC: feeding the HL diet for the first sixteen days and the HC diet for the subsequent sixteen days. The experiment II was studied serum concentration of glucose, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acids and tissues triacylglycerol concentration in liver and white muscle. The fish fed with the HC diet had higher body weight and lower feeding conversion rate than the HL group in first sixteen days; however, the growth of the two groups was not significantly different during the thirty-two day period. The lipid content of dorsal muscle was significantly higher in HC¡÷HL than that in HL¡÷HC; wherease, the lipid content of ventral muscle and viscera was not signficantly affected. The concentrations of serum triacylglycerol, free fatty acid, and relative mean ratio of triacylglycerol in muscle to triacylglycerol in liver were significantly affected. The results of relative mean ratio of serum TG to serum FFA and relative mean ratio of muscle TG to liver TG, suggest that high carbohydrate diet drives de nova lipid production in liver, which circulates to the peripheral tissues for storage as triacylglycerol. High lipid diet preferentially offers energy for lipolysis to produce energy. These results are consistant with the results in rats. Our results show that high energy diets provided a higher growth rate than the control diet, but there were no growth difference in cobia fed high carbohydrate diets, or high lipid diets, or between different feeding regimes. The cobia fed the high carbohydrate diet and the high lipid diet might use different ways for lipid accumulation. These fed the high carbohydrate diet had formed more triacylglycerol than that these fed high lipid diets. The feeding regime shift between the high carbohydrate diet and the high lipid diet significantly affect the the lipid content of the dorsal muscle in the cobia.