published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Clinical Psychology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

To investigate interactive effects of dietary fatty acid composition and energy restriction on body lipid metabolism and its regulation, rats were fed for 10 weeks diets varying in fat type and energy intake level. Energy deficiency was achieved by removing carbohydrate from the diets while keeping fat and other nutrient intakes constant. Tissue fatty acid deposition was influenced by the interaction between the dietary fat source and body energy balance. Less total fatty acids were deposited in livers of the ad libitum beef tallow-fed animals than the other fat feedings. However, such difference no longer existed when energy intake was restricted. Similarly, less energy supply eliminated the higher docosahexaenoic acid and lower arachidonic acid contents associated with the fish oil feeding in hepatocyte membrane phosphatidylchohne, phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. Tissue lipogenesis was also examined as a function of the interaction of dietary fatty acid composition and energy restriction. Comparable absolute cholesterol synthesis rates were observed in livers of the food restricted animals fed different types of dietary fat, although the synthesis rates were different among the dietary fat groups fed ad libitum. Energy restriction increased the triglyceride-fatty acid synthesis rates in the intestine of the fish and safflower oil-fed groups, but not in that of the olive oil- and beef tallow-fed animals. Plasma leptin concentrations were 60% higher in the ad libitum-fed fish and safflower oil groups as compared with those in the beef tallow diet group, despite smaller perirenal fat mass and fat cell size in the fish oil-fed animals. Energy restriction decreased plasma leptin levels of the fish and safflower oil-fed rats, but not those in the beef tallow-fed animals. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the structural, functional and regulating aspects of tissue lipid metabolism were influenced by an interaction between dietary fatty acid composit

The purpose of this thesis was to determine relationships among dieting behaviors, stress, weight status, and weight perceptions in college undergraduate females. Individuals who were overweight/obese reported significantly higher eating in response to emotions and stress as well as reduced ability to change a situation, manage one’s emotional reaction, or cope effectively than their underweight/normal weight peers. Also, those who were overweight/obese used significantly more total methods for weight loss. Individuals who were more likely to use food to cope also used a higher number of restraint methods of dieting as well as non-diet methods than those who were less likely to use food to cope. Perceived healthy and perceived attractive weight, as percents of current weight, were significantly lower for overweight/obese individuals than for those who were underweight/normal weight. Results from this study illustrate that weight status is associated with dieting behaviors, emotional eating, and weight perceptions. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

The purpose of this study is to compare students (both male and female), from the Linnaeus University in Kalmar, about their perceptions with a particular focus on identity and self-esteem. In regards to the current societal problem concerning obesity and beauty ideals, this paper aimed to study the student’s opinions concerning health and diets in order to fully answer the purpose of the study. The theory used in this paper is in particular regards to identity and self-esteem. In order to answer the study questions, a qualitative approach was conducted in the form of various focus groups. The result depicts that beauty ideals have a large impact, hence the choice of people using diets, fashion and fitness as well the informants' perceptions regarding their identity and self-esteem when looking at their own daily lifestyles.

This thesis describes research designed to increase our knowledge of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper Pagrus auratus and provide information on the potential of Australian feed ingredients to reduce the level of fishmeal in diets for this species. The apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF) and gross energy (GE) from selected animal, cereal or oilseed meals incorporated at different inclusion levels was determined. Snapper were extremely efficient at digesting the CP, CF and GE from fishmeal and rendered animal meals (range 80-100%) with the exception of meat meal, where CP and GE digestibility were lower (62-65%). The CP from oilseeds was better digested (87-91%) than OM (57%) or GE (64-67%). Digestibility of nutrients and GE from animal meals and fish oil was not influenced by inclusion level. The CP from extruded wheat was highly digestible (100-105%), but, the OM, CF and GE digestibility of extruded wheat declined as inclusion levels increased. The interactive effects of inclusion level (150, 250, 350 or 450 g kg-1) and fish size (110 vs 375 g snapper) on the apparent digestibility of OM and GE from gelatinised wheat starch were investigated. The OM and GE digestibility of gelatinised wheat starch was high (89%) at low inclusion levels, but declined significantly in both fish sizes as the level of starch increased. There was no interaction between inclusion level and size of fish and the decline in GE digestibility could be predicted by the regression; GEADC = 104.97(±3.39) - 0.109(±0.010) x inclusion level (R2=0.86). Larger fish were more capable of digesting the GE from gelatinised starch than smaller fish. Regardless of fish size, short and longer-term changes in the physiology of snapper fed or injected with carbohydrates were recorded. Liver and tissue glycogen concentrations and the hepatosomatic index (HSI) of snapper fed gelatinised starch were significantly elevated. The plasma glucose concentrations of fish injected intra-peritoneally with D-glucose increased from resting levels (0.4-4.6 mM) to 18.9 mM approximately 3 hours after injection and fish displayed a hyperglycaemic response for nearly 18 hours. In contrast, the post-prandial response to the uptake of glucose from normally digested gelatinised starch was more regulated. A dose-response study to determine the effects of digestible energy (DE) content (15, 18 or 21 MJ kg-1) on the digestible protein (DP) requirements of juvenile snapper was assessed using a four parameter mathematical model for physiological responses (4-SKM). DP content of test diets ranged from 210 to 560 g kg-1. Weight gain and protein deposition was strongly dependent on the ratio of DP:DE. According to the fitted models, diets for snapper weighing between 30-90 g and reared at temperatures ranging from 20-25ºC should contain a minimum of 28 g DP MJ DE-1 to promote optimal weight gain and protein deposition. The effect of varying the absolute content of DP and DE on the weight gain and performance of snapper (100-300 g) fed diets formulated with an optimal ratio of DP:DE was investigated. In addition, non-protein sources of DE were varied by adjusting the ratio of fish oil to gelatinised wheat starch in order to determine if different ratios of these ingredients affected performance. High-energy diets (22-23 MJ DE kg-1) suppressed feed intake, but provided DP intake was not limited by feed intake, maximum weight gain was approached. Lower-energy, lower-protien diets (15-18 MJ DE & 315-390 DP) encouraged higher feed intake but DP intake was restricted, which reduced growth potential. Snapper performed best on high-energy, high-protein diets (490 DP & 21 MJ DE), provided a significant proportion of DE was supplied as DP. Fish oil and pregelatinised wheat starch could be interchanged according to their DE values without unduly affecting fish performance in diets providing 390-490 g DP kg-1. Two utilisation studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of snapper fed diets containing increasing levels of poultry offal meal, meat meal and soybean meal. All diets were formulated with similar DP and DE contents. Snapper readily accepted feeds containing high levels of poultry meal (360 g kg-1), meat meal (345 g kg-1) or soybean meal (420 g kg-1), before weight gain and performance was negatively affected. In combination, these feed ingredients were able to replace all but 160 g fishmeal kg-1 in commercially extruded test feeds for this species. The research described in this thesis has extended knowledge of the nutritional requirements of Australian snapper by providing important information on the digestibility of Australian feed ingredients. These coefficients have been integral in formulating both experimental and semi-commercial test diets for snapper and will increase both the accuracy and flexibility of commercial diet formulations for this species. High performance feeds for snapper will contain high levels of DP, but must provide a significant proportion of DE in the form of protein. These constraints can be satisfied by using alternative, well-digested protein and energy sources that have the potential to replace all but 160 g kg-1 fishmeal.

Thesis--PlanB (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego and San Diego State University, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 93-99).

abstract: This study examined the effect of consuming pinto, black, and dark red kidney beans with white rice in comparison to a white rice only control meal on the glycemic response of adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D). These bean and rice combinations are part of many traditional diets. Seventeen subjects with T2D treated by diet and/or metformin were randomly assigned to 4 treatments: white rice (control), pinto beans/rice, black beans/rice, and dark red kidney beans/rice. All treatments were portioned by weight and matched for available carbohydrate content of &sim; 50 grams. Capillary whole blood samples were collected at baseline and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes posttreatment and assessed for glucose concentration using the YSI Stat Plus Analyzer. Net change glucose responses were significantly lower for the pinto, black, and dark red kidney bean and rice meals than control at 90, 120 and 150 minutes posttreatment (P < 0.05). Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) values were also significantly reduced for the bean/rice meals containing pinto (P < 0.01) and black beans (P < 0.05) in contrast to the rice control. Results suggest that the combination of whole beans and rice may be beneficial to those with T2D to assist with blood glucose management. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2011

Overweight and obesity are becoming a major public health issue. Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme to catalyze the hydrolysis of 50-70% of dietary fat in the digestive system. Inhibition of pancreatic lipase activity can block fat absorption in gastrointestinal tract, further control obesity incidence. On the other hand, a-glucosidase is also a key enzyme to hydrolysis polysaccharides and disaccharides into glucose in small intestine. Inhibition of a-glucosidase activity can block digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, further control metabolism disorders such as diabetes and obesity. Food legumes are widely used in people’s life with multiple pharmacological activities. The author extracted total phenolics and saponin components from 13 commonly consumed food legumes produced in China, did a systematic comparative study investigating their inhibitory effects against digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase and a-glucosidase), and screened adzuki bean (Vigna angularis L.) as the further target bean. The results showed that the different concentrations of total phenolic extract from adzuki bean (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/mL) inhibited hydrolysis of triolein about 24.1, 24.0, 30.7, and 36.3%, respectively, while different concentrations of total saponin extracts from adzuki bean (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1 mg/mL) inhibited hydrolysis of triolein about 15.9, 23.5, 30.1, and 29.2%, respectively. On the other hand, phenolic extract of adzuki bean at the concentration from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL exhibited much more than 80% a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, while saponin extract of adzuki bean exhibited 56.4 to 68.7% a-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Based on the results of pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity, at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, phenolics extract and saponin extract of adzuki bean (mean 32.5%) and pinto bean (mean 27%) had the stronger inhibitory effects. Moreover, phenolics extract and saponin extract of adzuki bean (mean 79.25%) and pinto bean (mean 72.85%) also had the stronger inhibitory effects on a-glucosidase activity. In addition, adzuki bean is widely used and has diverse application in foods and drugs. In a word, it indicated that adzuki bean is one of the best target beans to further study anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects via cell and animal models. Flavonoids and saponins in adzuki bean were obtained and characterized by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electro spray ionization-tandem multi-stage mass spectrometry in succession. Among 15 compounds identified, four flavonoids (catechin, vitexin-4.-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and six saponins (azukisaponin I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) in adzuki bean were further quantified by external calibration method using high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with the program of time segment and extract ion chromatogram analysis. Animal model is a good way to intuitively evaluate the anti-obesity effect of adzuki bean. So the anti-obesity effects of adzuki bean in mice fed with a high-fat diet was investigated. ICR female mice were fed with a high fat diet administrated orally with different doses of adzuki bean extracts for eight weeks. Total extract, flavonoids and saponins of adzuki bean enhanced lipolysis (166.1%, 175.6%, and 152.6%, respectively). Compared to the final body weight (33.6 g) of the high-fat diet group, oral administration (300 mg/kg per day) of total extract, flavonoids and saponins of adzuki bean significantly reduced the final body weight of mice, and significantly decreased the adipose tissue accumulation. The adzuki bean intervention also significantly reduced the levels of serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and liver lipid. Adzuki bean demonstrated the anti-obesity effects on mice fed with a high fat diet, such effects may mediated through the inhibitory effects of flavonoids and saponins from adzuki bean on a-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase activities, and lipolysis enhancement effect of active components from adzuki bean. Obesity is characterized biologically at the cellular level by as an increase in the number of preadipocutes and an increase in the size of adipocytes differentiated from preadipocytes in adipose tissue. 3T3-L1 cell model was used to reveal the mechanism of anti-obesity effects of adzuki bean in the present study. The results showed that adzuki bean total extract, adzuki bean flavonoids, adzuki bean saponins, four mono flavonoides (catechin, vitexin-4.-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quercetin-3-O-rutinoside) and six mono saponins (azukisaponin I, II, III, IV, V, and VI) exhibited inhibitory effect of proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells, and the inhibitory rate of proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells was about 20%. Mature adipocytes were stained by Oil Red O and the lipid accumulated exhibited red color, while the preadipocytes could not been stained. The data of the effects of adzuki bean samples on lipid accumulation during the differentiation period of 3T3-L1 cells revealed that azukisaponin II had the highest inhibitory effect (49.72%) with a dose dependent manner from 50 to 500 µg/mL. It indicated that adzuki bean may block the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes which contribute to anti-obesity effects. Most of adzuki bean samples significantly blocked the triglyceride accumulation and enhanced lipolysis by increseaing the released of glycerol during differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell. Additionally, adzuki bean samples except catechin significantly inhibited glycerol-3-phosphase dehydrogenase activity in 3T3-L1 cells, which indicated that adzuki bean samples had the ability to inhibit triglyceride synthesis. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot methods were used to investigate the intervention effects of adzuki bean total extract, adzuki bean flavonoids, adzuki bean saponins, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and azukisaponin II isolated from adzuki bean on the related gene expressions. These adzuki bean samples inhibited differentiation of 3T3-L1 cell by decreasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor . and CCATT/enhancer-binding protein a (major adipocyte transcription factors) at messenger ribonucleic acid level and protein level in adipocytes. Additional, they inhibited adipogenesis by decreasing the expression of fatty acid synthase, promoting lipolysis by increasing the expression of hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, made energy balance by regulating the expression of leptin, adenosine monophosphate -activated protein kinase, and tumor necrosis factor a, and induced cell apoptosis by increasing the expression of bax and decresing the expression of B-cell lymphoma 2. These findings provide insight into the molecular mechanisums through regulation of the related gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. It also suggested that adzuki bean had a positive effect in prevention and treatment of adipogenesis-related obesity, and might be a good option of functional foods to control obesity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amorim_ab_me_jabo.pdf: 515910 bytes, checksum: 044e3c58c59103a58488689e7221eefb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Foram conduzidos dois ensaios para avaliar a utilização de polpa cítrica, com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, nas dietas de suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação. 0 primeiro ensaio teve o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade da polpa cítrica e foram utilizados 16 suínos, com peso inicial de 30,42 ± 2,44kg, os quais foram alojados em gaiolas de estudos metabólicos. Por apresentar 1677 kcal de EM/kg, 23,09% de FDN e 18,47% de FDA, a polpa cítrica mostrou-se um ingrediente viável de ser utilizado nas rações de suínos. No segundo ensaio, foram utilizados 72 suínos, com peso inicial de 25,71 ± 7,51 kg e final de 98,81 ± 10,64kg, que receberam rações contendo diferentes níveis de polpa cítrica (0, 5, 10 e 15%), com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático, sendo avaliados quanto ao desempenho, digestibilidade das dietas, características das carcaças e avaliação econômica do uso das dietas. Conclui-se que a inclusão de até 15% de polpa cítrica com ou sem a adição do complexo enzimático nas dietas para suínos, dos 70 aos 130 dias de idade, diminui o CDR e melhora a CA, porém, os animais apresentam respostas adaptativas no período total do experimento, não sendo observadas diferenças no desempenho. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes não é modificada, na ausência do complexo enzimático, sendo que na presença do produto, há melhora na digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes. As caracteristicas de carcaça não são influenciadas pelos níveis de polpa cítrica, exceto o rendimento de carcaça, que diminui linearmente. A relação gordura/carne também diminui linearmente, a medida em que aumentam os níveis de polpa cítrica, na ausência do complexo enzimático. Na presença do produto, a relação gordura/carne, apresenta... / Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of citrus pulp, with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, in the diets growing and finishing pigs. The first trial was to determine the digestibility coefficients of citrus pulp and 16 pigs were used, with initial weight of 30.42 ± 2.44 kg, which were housed in cages for metabolic studies. To present 1677 kcal / kg, 23.09% neutral detergent fiber and 18.47% acid detergent fiber, the citrus pulp was a viable ingredient to be used in the feed for pigs. In the second trial, 72 barrows, were used with initial weight of 25.71 ± 7.51 kg and final weight of 98.81 ± 10.64kg, which received diets containing different levels of citrus pulp (0, 5, 10 and 15%), with or without the addition of an enzyme complex, and were assessed for performance, digestibility of diets, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation about the use of diets. Conclude that inclusion of up to 15% of citrus pulp with or without the addition of the enzyme complex in diets for pigs from 70 to 130 days of age, decrease the CDR, and improves the CA, however, the animals showed adaptive responses in the total experiment, no differences being observed in performance, being what the digestibility of nutrients was not modified in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product, there is improvement in the digestibility of all nutrients. The carcass characteristics are not influenced by levels of citrus pulp, except the carcass yield, which decreases linearly. The fat/meat relationship also decreases linearly, as they increase the levels of citrus pulp in the absence of the enzyme complex. In the presence of the product the fat/meat relationship has a quadratic behaviour and the level of 7.78% citrus pulp, provides the better relation. The use of... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)