Denna uppsats undersöker den initiala effekten på bostadsrättsmarknaden till följd av det statliga ingripandet på bostads- och kreditmarknaden som amorteringskravets införande inneburit. Effekten av amorteringskravet mäts empiriskt på bostadsrättspriser i Stockholm och Oslo. Faktumet att Sverige och Norge inte infört amorteringskravet samtidigt utnyttjas genom att städerna får turas om att agera kontroll- respektive behandlingsgrupp, i enlighet medDifference in Differences-metoden. Resultaten för både Stockholm och Oslo är signifikanta och indikerar en prisnedgång. En genomsnittlig lägenhet på 50 kvadratmeter i både Stockholm och Oslo har sjunkit i pris med ungefär en halv miljon svenska kronor i relation till hur trenden skulle ha fortsatt utan amorteringskravets införande. Resultaten tyder på att amorteringskravet har varit en effektiv marknadsåtgärd för att dämpa bostadsrättspristillväxten.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.

O presente trabalho avalia os impactos da criação da agência reguladora do cinema brasileiro (Ancine) sobre o cinema nacional. A metodologia econométrica utilizada é a difference-in-differences, na qual o grupo de controle é composto pelos filmes estrangeiros e o de tratamento pelos filmes brasileiros, todos estes exibidos nas salas de cinema brasileiras. Serão avaliados os impactos nas variáveis renda e público. Alguns controles serão adicionados às regressões com o objetivo de descobrir e isolar o efeito das outras variáveis que podem estar causando mudanças nas variáveis explicadas, tais como preço médio de ingresso e valores captados pelos produtores de filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura. Os resultados indicam que não há evidências de que a criação da Ancine tenha criado um diferencial positivo tanto do público quanto da renda dos filmes brasileiros em relação aos estrangeiros. Os diferenciais entre público e renda devem-se ao valor captado pelos filmes nacionais através das leis de incentivo à cultura e à diferença de preços existente entre os filmes produzidos no Brasil e no exterior. / This paper evaluates the impact of the creation of the regulatory agency of the Brazilian cinema (Ancine) on Brazilian cinema. The econometric methodology used is the difference-in-differences, in which the control group is composed of foreign films and the treatment group by Brazilian films, all displayed in Brazilian cinemas. We will evaluate the impacts on income and moviegoers. Some controls are added to the regressions in order to discover and isolate the effect of other variables that may be causing changes in the variables explained, such as the average ticket price and the amount raised by the film producers obtained through national laws to encourage culture. The results indicate that there is no evidence that the creation of Ancine has created a positive differential nor the moviegoers as well as the income of Brazilian films towards foreigners. The spreads between moviegoers and income are due to the amount raised by the films through national laws to encourage culture and the price difference between the films produced in Brazil and abroad.

In January 2015, a zero gambling tolerance came into force in Jablonec nad Nisou, which prohibited casinos and playrooms. It is generally assumed that gambling increases criminality, but the effect in the Czech Republic has not been quantified yet. Based on the regression analysis of monthly data from 2013-2016 this work examines the hypothesis of the existence of a negative relationship between gambling regulation and crime by using the difference in differences method. The town of Semily was used as a control group. This hypothesis is confirmed based on the used model - the regulation of gambling in Jablonec nad Nisou is associated with the average monthly decrease of the total crime rate by 0.3622 crimes per 1000 inhabitants (16% decrease) and the average monthly decrease of the property crime rate by 0,3871 crimes per 1000 inhabitants (30% decrease).

I examine the impact of a health insurance program for the poor implemented in Indonesia in 2005 on labor supply and informal work measured by employment status outside of the private and public formal sector. As a first step to its ambitious plan for universal coverage, this program extended subsidized health insurance coverage to a large proportion of Indonesia’s poor and near-poor population. Using a rich longitudinal survey, I estimate the average treatment effect on the treated using a combined propensity score matching method with difference in differences. The richness of the data allows me to control for a set of observable characteristics used by the government to allocate the benefit as well as an extensive combination of controls at the individual, household and community level. I find a significant negative impact on labor supply. This impact is driven by women, both at the intensive and extensive margin of labor supply. These results are in line with the fact that individuals with higher value for health insurance are more inclined to modify their labor market behavior. This decrease in labor supply has important policy implications as it may cause a negative impact on economic development, poverty and socioeconomic status of women. The results are not suggestive of an impact on informality. This lack of an effect on informal status is encouraging for developing countries in the verge of implementing universal care reform.

The reunification of West Germany and East Germany occurred in 1990 and had a great impact on the country. This essay investigates the impact that reunification had on the poverty structure of West Germany on the long-run. The results indicate that reunification had a negative impact on poverty since it increased the poverty rate by 4.88 percentage point in 2000 and by 6.16 percentage point in 2005. The structure of the poor population slightly changed the year following the reunification. Five years later, the structure of the poor population was similar to what it was before the reunification. However, during this period, the income transfer became more efficient since it decreased poverty by 6 percentage point to 16 percentage point more after reunification than it used to do before.

This thesis examines the environmental effect of the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in the Czech Republic. Specifically, the impact of the EU ETS on CO2 emissions, carbon-fuel intensity and carbon intensity of production (measured by revenues) is analysed on installation-level financial, environmental and energy data throughout all three phases of the EU ETS over 2005 - 2019. The difference-in-differences approach with propensity score matching is used to infer the causal effect of the regulation. We find no effect of the EU ETS on carbon emissions and carbon intensities in the Czech Republic. This finding holds for various model specifications and different approaches we utilised. In the end, we discuss possible reasons why the EU ETS might not lead to any significant effect in the Czech Republic. JEL Classification O13, F18, Q54, Q58, H23, D22 Keywords EU ETS, environmental regulation, propen- sity score matching, difference-in-differences, the Czech Republic Title The impact of the EU ETS in the Czech Repub- lic

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Kvinnor har länge varit underrepresenterade i svenska börsnoterade bolagsstyrelser. I Sveriges närområde har länder adresserat detta genom att lagstifta om könskvotering, men i den svenska kontexten har detta inte fått stöd. Istället har samma mål lyfts fram i icketvingande regleringar. Beror den skeva könsfördelningen på diskriminering finns stöd för motverkande insatser för att nå samhällsoptimum, både på ett jämställdhetsplan och för företags konkurrenskraftighet. Denna studie undersöker vad effekten av revideringen av Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning har haft på andelen kvinnor i större svenska börsnoterade bolagsstyrelser, samt om det finns en effekt av en ökad andel kvinnor i svenska börsnoterade bolagsstyrelser på företags lönsamhet samt ESG och ESGC (hållbarhetsmått), vilket i synnerhet är intressant i relation till att kvinnor historiskt sett utelämnats från styrelseposter. Med hjälp av en Difference-in-Differences metod och en instrumentvariabelmetod, på ett paneldata om 53 svenska företag för åren 2012, 2013 och 2019, finner vi att revideringen av koden ökade andelen kvinnor med 10,37% på 0,1% signifikansnivå, medan någon positiv eller negativ effekt av ökad andel kvinnor på lönsamhet och ESG/ESGC inte går att fastställa.