I dagens samhälle är den rådande normen baserad på marknadsekonomi. Systemet bygger på att konsumenten vill ha så mycket för sina pengar som möjligt vilket leder till att produktion med hög effektivitet gynnas. I Sverige har vi antagit vissa riktlinjer och regler för att företagens effektivitet och vinstintresse inte skall gå ut över miljön eller de anställda. Regleringarnas syfte är att – till så stor utsträckning som möjlig – bidra till att produkter inte framställs under oetiska förhållanden för vare sig människor eller miljö. Dock är detta inte fallet i många andra länder var människor och miljö får lida. I denna studie har Systembolaget, i sin roll som statligt ägt bolag, undersökts utifrån deras möjligheter, friheter, skyldigheter och ansvar när det kommer till etiska och miljömässiga aspekter. Studien är en aktörsanalys där olika aktörer som berörs av Systembolagets arbete har intervjuats. Fokus under studien har varit vid Systembolagets arbete med produktmärkningar så som Fairtrade och KRAV. Aktörerna som deltagit är representanter från Naturskyddsföreningen, Fairtrade Sverige, Konkurrensverket, Systembolaget, en politiker och Latinamerikagrupperna. Analysen, som utförts med hjälp av aktörsanalys, marknadsmodeller och Mapping Different Approaches, har placerat aktörerna inom olika områden inom hållbarhetsdebatten och förändringsprocessen; aktörerna ser på förändring på olika sätt, inom systemet och utanför systemet. Konkurrensverkets fokus och uppdrag ligger endast vid de ekonomiska aspekterna och därav platsar de inte inom hållbarhetsdebatten. Vidare anser Systembolagets aktörer samt Fairtrades aktör att det är viktigt att finna lösningar på problemen men att dessa går att finna inom det nu rådande samhällssystemet, vilket är baserat på marknadsekonomin. Resten av aktörerna rör sig mot att balansen i systemet är rubbade och att orättvisorna är stora i samhället och att rättvisa måste skapas för att systemet skall fungera. Några av aktörerna anser även att systemetidag måste göras om och prioriteringarna måste omfördelas för att ett hållbart system skall kunna ta dess plats.

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The acquisition of relational concepts plays an integral role and is assumed to be a prerequisite for analogical reasoning. Language and token-trained apes (e.g. Premack, 1976; Thompson, Oden, and Boysen, 1997) are the only nonhuman animals to succeed in solving and completing analogies, thus implicating language as the mechanism enabling the phenomenon. In the present study, I examine the role of meaning in the analogical reasoning abilities of three different primate species. Humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus monkeys completed relational match-to-sample (RMTS) tasks with either meaningful or nonmeaningful stimuli. For human participants, meaningfulness facilitated the acquisition of analogical rules. Individual differences were evident amongst the chimpanzees suggesting that meaning can either enable or hinder their ability to complete analogies. Rhesus monkeys did not succeed in either condition, suggesting that their ability to reason analogically, if present at all, may be dependent upon a dimension other than the representational value of stimuli.

A polimerização de monômeros vinílicos fotoiniciada por corantes foi estudada em diferentes meios (meio orgânico, ausência de solvente e meio hidrotrópico). A polimerização fotoiniciada do MMA pelo corante Vermelho Neutro na presença de trietilamina foi estudada com o objetivo de se determinar o mecanismo que leva à formação dos radicais iniciadores. Uma expressão para o rendimento de radicais livres foi deduzida a partir do mecanismo proposto, os valores experimentais para o equilíbrio e as constantes de reação para os estados fundamental, singlete e triplete do corante na presença de outras espécies e de trietilamina (co-iniciador) foram utilizadas para simular o comportamento do sistema de polimerização. A amina aromática 4-anisidina também foi utilizada como coiniciador. As cinéticas de fotopolimerização de monômeros multifuncionais foram acompanhadas com as técnicas de Fotocalorimetria Diferencial de Varredura (Foto-DSC) e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier em Tempo Real (RT-FTIR). Os iniciadores utilizados foram os corantes safranina e tioxantona. Os co-iniciadores usados foram as aminas TEA, TEOHA e EDB. Todos os sistemas foram estudados na ausência de solvente. Filmes poliméricos foram preparados para verificar a absorção de clorofórmio mediante a técnica de gravimetria. Tal estudo avaliou a relação entre a densidade de entrecruzamento dos polímeros e o fotoiniciador utilizado. Copolímeros de ESS e MMA ou HEMA foram preparados em meio hidrotrópico por polimerização fotoiniciada utilizando o corante catiônico safranina. A concentração de ESS utilizada foi de 0,5 M, pois nessa concentração há a formação de agregados de ESS, caracterizando o meio como hidrotrópico. As polimerizações dos monômeros MMA (hidrofóbico) e HEMA (hidrofílico) apresentaram comportamentos distintos frente ao meio hidrotrópico. / The photoinitiation of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate by the dye neutral red in the presence of thiethylamine was studied in order to determine the mechanism that leads to the formation of the initiating radicals. An expression for the yield of free radicals was deduced from the mechanism, and the experimental values for the equilibrium and reaction constants of the ground, singlet and triplet states of the dye in the presence of the other components of the formulation, were used to calculat the behaviour of the system when varying the concentration of the co-initiator triethylamine. The observed dependence fits closely the global polymerization rates obtained directly from polymerization kinetics studied by dilatometry. The amine 4-anisidine has also been used as co-initiator. The photoinitiated polymerization of multifunctional monomers was followed by real time infrared spectroscopy (RTIR) and by photo differential scanning calorimeter (Photo- DSC). Several parameters influence this kinetic such as temperature, photoinitiator concentration, light intensity, polymerizable function concentration, and material thickness. The initiators used in this study were the dyes safranine and thioxanthone. The co-initiators used were the amines TEA, TEOHA and EDB. The swelling of films of these copolymers were determined by chloroform absorption. A good inverse relationship was found between the swelling and the polymerization rates. Copolymers of styrenesulfonate and methyl methacrylate, or hydroxyethyl methacrylate, were prepared by photoinitiation polymerization using the cationic dye Safranine in hydrotropic medium. The reactions were be carried out at Stys concentrations higher than the MHC (minimum hydrotrope concentration) where the monomer forms aggregates.

Partially saturated soils are often dense with a high bearing capacity and will subsequently only suffer small amounts of compression under normal foundation loads. However, when wetted under load many such soils undergo a marked and sudden increase in settlement, the phenomenon which is known as collapse settlement. Prodigious development have taken place on potentially collapsible soils in South Africa, especially on the Berea Red Sands, the granitic soils of the Highveld, residual Basement Granite soils in the Lowveld (markedly the Witrivier, Tzaneen and Bushbuck Ridge areas) as well as recently on the Kalahari Aeolian Sands in the Lephalale area. Even though levels of development have been intense in such areas, the subject of collapsible soils has not received much attention in South Africa in recent years, with very little being published on the subject since Schwartz’s state of the art paper on collapsible soils in 1985. Soil suction can be considered one of the most important parameters describing the stress state at different moisture conditions in an unsaturated soil. Generally, porous materials have the ability to attract and retain water. This ability is described as suction, and can thus be seen as the attraction the soil exerts on the moisture. The collapse process in partly saturated soils is best considered in terms of two separate components of effective stress; the applied stress and the suction. During this research the collapse phenomenon in South African soils was investigated by focussing on the collapse mechanism of dry or partially saturated collapsible soils during the incremental increase in soil moisture content under constant load. Samples were collected from both typically collapsible residual and collapsible transported soils in an effort to relate the collapse behaviour of the material to its geological origin. The change in suction pressure with change in moisture content for the same materials was monitored and related back to the collapse process. Subsequently the influence of the applied stress and suction pressures on the collapse behaviour could be compared for each material.(hb) Copyright / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Geology / MSc / Unrestricted

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / This study is an investigation of how the policy of centralising government departments of the former homelands affected various stakeholders in the province. There is general concern from the people of this former homelands that there is poor service delivery in these areas since the creation of the new provincial government. In attempt to cover social, economic and, political impacts of centralisation, data were gathered through face to face interview, mailed questionnaires and, telephone interviews. The study concluded that there is a great need of devolving power to the former homelands which are now called regions in the province, as an attempt of bringing back service to where people are. In a calculated move to use the offices in the former homelands, the government may also remove the pietersburg components of government departments which are not critical to the functions of headquarters and place them in Venda, Gazankulu and, Lebowa.

This diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of perception of traffic signs and advertising areas in two different conditions day and night with focus on visual distraction of the driver. The introductory part deals with the analysis of the current state of the elements acting on the driver with an emphasis on mental processes and the senses of drivers affecting traffic safety. The analytical part draws on the videos from driving tests, the whose goals was to monitor the optical reactions of drivers. The resulting data were evaluated with goal to determine the time consuming views of the drivers on individual elements and the compared in different conditions. The last chapter includes the interpretation of the results of the analysis with suggestion of their use to increase traffic safety.

The Master's thesis is focused on classification of cost in te company Maxis, a. s. and post construction Cost-fiction in long and short period of time. It includes theoretic ground an suggestion of costruction Cost-fiction.

Experiment 1 A survey on the β-Carotene status of Holstein cows in different feeding systems In order to make meaningful recommendations with regard to β-Carotene supplementation is it necessary to know whether cows are deficient in β-Carotene. The objective of this study was to generate data on the β-Carotene status of Holstein cows under three different feeding systems in South Africa, namely; pasture-based, silage-based and hay-based feeding systems. A survey was conducted amongst 30 farms with 10 farms utilizing each of the three systems. Twenty multiparous cows were randomly selected from each farm. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein and analysed for plasma β-Carotene using the iCheck™, a hand held spectrophotometer (BioAnalyt, GmbH, Germany). Cows were then classified as deficient (< 1.5 mg/L), marginal (1.5 to 3.5 mg/L) or optimal (>3.5 mg/L). The average plasma β-Carotene levels differed between feeding systems and concentrations were 5.53, 2.98 and 1.71 mg/L for the pasture based, hay-based and silage-based feeding systems respectively. There was a wide variation in average plasma β-Carotene concentrations in cows on farms within the different feeding systems. Average values per farm ranged between 3.84 and 10.81 mg/L for the pasture based farms, 0.91 and 5.00 mg/L for the hay-based farms and between 0.78 and 3.38 mg/L for the silage-based farms. Results suggest cows on a pasture based feeding system have optimal β-Carotene status and do not need supplementation. Cows on hay-based systems are marginal and on farm testing is recommended. Cows on silage-based systems are generally deficient and β-Carotene supplementation is recommended. Experiment 2 Effect of prepartum β-Carotene supplementation on the postpartum β-Carotene status of Holstein cows. It has been recommended that cows be supplemented β-Carotene when blood plasma levels are deficient (< 1.5 mg/L) or marginal (< 3.5 mg/L) especially during the transition period which is characterised by low intakes and significant losses of β-Carotene through colostrum. The objective of this trial was to determine to what extent prepartum β-Carotene supplementation could maintain postpartum plasma β-Carotene concentrations above 3.5 mg/L in cows fed a lucerne hay-based TMR. Twenty multiparous Holstein cows were blocked into two groups of ten cows each and were fed either 8kg/d of a control TMR (DM) or the control diet supplemented with 1200mg of ROVIMIX® β-Carotene 10%. The experimental period was from 60d pre-partum until 56d postpartum; however the period of the β-Carotene supplementation for the one group was only from 60d prepartum until calving. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein once per week and analysed for plasma β-Carotene using the iCheck™, a handheld spectrophotometer (BioAnalyt, GmbH, Germany). Average plasma β-Carotene concentrations prepartum were higher (6.15 mg/L) (P < 0.05) for supplemented cows compared to the control cows (3.10 mg/L). For the first 5 weeks postpartum, plasma β-Carotene was higher (P < 0.05) for supplemented cows compared to control cows (3.00 mg/L vs. 1.39 mg/L), from weeks 6 to 9 there were no differences (P > 0.05). Overall the average postpartum plasma β-Carotene values were 1.50 mg/L for the control cows and 2.43 mg/L for the supplemented cows and did not differ. Supplemented cows maintained sufficient β-Carotene concentrations only for the first 2 weeks postpartum and were either marginal or deficient for the rest of the experimental period. Results suggest a minor carryover effect of β-Carotene after prepartum supplementation. / Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

The Amazon rainforest constitutes a quarter of the global biodiversity and is responsible for 15% of the terrestrial photosynthesis. It is important to protect the forest and limit the deforestation to not release more greenhouse gases, which aggravate climate change. There is a big problem today with deforestation, especially in the Peruvian Amazon. In Peru is the main driver to deforestation human activity, such as road infrastructure, markets and agriculture. It is most common with small-scale agriculture, especially in the Cusco region where this study is conducted. How the deforestation should be managed or if current instruments are working is there different perspectives on. In this essay are the different perspectives regarding the exploitation of the Amazon and its impacts being analyzed. The essay has an interview method and the interviews are carried out on members of non-governmental organizations and Cusco regional government. Our analysis shows that the different perspectives show similarities regarding the main drivers for the deforestation, the information and knowledge-gap regarding the impacts of deforestation. There is, however, a difference in the perspectives regarding funds. One perspective from the non-governmental members is that there is not enough funding to receive as well as that the funds that do exist go to people and projects that do not do the work properly. / Amazonas regnskog utgör en fjärdedel av den globala biologiska mångfalden och ansvarar för 15% av den markbundna fotosyntesen. Det är viktigt att skydda skogen och begränsa avskogningen att inte släppa ut mer växthusgaser, vilket förvärrar klimatförändringar. Det finns ett stort problem idag med avskogning, särskilt i Peruanska Amazonas. I Peru är den viktigaste drivkraften att avskogningen mänsklig aktivitet, såsom väginfrastruktur, marknader och jordbruk. Det är mest vanligt med småskaligt jordbruk, särskilt i Cusco-regionen där denna undersökning genomförs. Hur avskogningen ska hanteras eller om nuvarande instrument fungerar finns det olika perspektiv kring. I denna uppsats beskrivs olika perspektiv på utnyttjandet av Amazonas och dess konsekvenser. Uppsatsen har en intervjumetod och intervjuerna utförs på medlemmar i icke-statliga organisationer och Cuscos regionala regering. Vår analys visar att de olika perspektiven har likheter angående de viktigaste drivkrafterna för avskogningen och informations- och kunskapsklyftan om avskogningens effekter. Det finns dock en skillnad i perspektivet kring finansiering. Ett perspektiv från de icke-statliga medlemmarna är att det inte finns tillräckligt med finansiering att få och att de ekonomiska medel som finns går till personer och projekt som inte gör jobbet korrekt.