In this study, the nutritional value of wheat distillers grains and the effect of further processing of these products on their nutritional value for rainbow trout were investigated in five experiments. In experiments 1 and 2, wheat distillers grains with solubles (WDDGS) was fractionated using grinding, sieving and elutriation sequentially. Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE), acid ether extract (AEE), ash and amino acids (AA) did not differ between the original WDDGS and the WDDGS protein concentrate (P > 0.05). However, the ADC of crude protein (CP) was significantly higher for WDDGS protein concentrate (88.0 %) than the original WDDGS (84.9 %) (P < 0.05). In experiments 3 and 4, the effect of aqueous fractionation on nutritional composition of wheat wet distillers grains (WWDG) from two local ethanol plants (plant 1 and plant 2) was evaluated. Aqueous fractionation increased levels of CP and GE in the processed WWDG from both plants. Fractionation significantly increased the ADC of DM, GE and AEE (P < 0.05). In contrast, protein digestibility was not influenced by the plant or the processing method (P > 0.10). In experiment 5, a 56 d growth trial was performed to determine the effect feeding the aqueous fractionated WWDG to rainbow trout on growth performance. Rainbow trout (n=22/ tank; body weight 136 g and 3 tanks/ treatment) were fed diets containing 0, 75, 150, 225 and 300 g kg-1 of the processed WWDG from plant 2. There were no significant linear or quadratic relationships between inclusion rate and specific growth rate (SGR), average daily gain (ADG) or feed to gain ratios (feed:gain). However, there was a significant negative linear relationship between inclusion rate and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P < 0.05). The results of these studies suggest that both dry and aqueous fractionation are suitable methods to produce protein concentrates from wheat distillers grains but that the aqueous fractionation process was more effective in improving nutrient composition and increasing digestibility.

Objectives of this study were 1) to characterize the relationship between beef cattle efficiency, namely residual feed intake (RFI), and digestive, microbial, and fermentation parameters in growing beef calves and 2) to examine the effects of added dietary hydrolysable or condensed tannin on animal performance and efficiency, fermentation and carcass and non-carcass traits. To accomplish the first objective, multiple RFI studies were conducted and in all studies RFI was calculated as the difference between actual and expected dry matter intake (DMI) based on average gaily gain (ADG) and body weight0.75(BW). A total of 187 head selected out of a population of 600 head of growing beef calves were evaluated for diet and nutrient digestibility, ruminal and fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentrations and methane producing activity (MPA). Low RFI calves consumed less DMI and had lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) as compared to high RFI calves. Low RFI calves also had higher diet and nutrient digestibilities compared to high RFI calves. Residual feed intake was negatively correlated with diet and nutrient digestibilities such that more efficient animals had higher digestibilities. Low RFI calves tended to have lower ruminal propionate and higher acetate:propionate ratios when fed a high-forage diet. Calves with divergent RFI did not have different gross microbial populations as evidenced by the Firmicute:Bacteriodetes ratio, but low RFI calves tended to have higher fecal Prevotella spp. and lower fecal Spirochaetes and ruminal Cyanobacteria. The importance of these subtle shifts in microbial ecology is not evident at this time and more research is needed to fully elucidate the interaction of host and microbes to fully grasp the importance of minor microbial deviations. No differences in 3 h MPA were detected in low vs. high RFI calves but low RFI calves had higher fecal MPA when sampled at 24 h; however, calculated methane emissions were lower for low RFI calves. Tannin supplementation had no effect on animal performance and efficiency, ruminal fermentation VFA concentrations, MPA, or ammonia concentrations in finishing beef steers. There was also no detrimental effect of tannins on carcass traits; however, hydrolysable tannin supplementation resulted in increased empty rumen mass. Results from these studies indicate that diet and nutrient digestibility are affected by RFI such that more efficient calves had higher DMD, microbial ecology is responsive to RFI such that minor microbial shifts were observed, and tannin supplementation, at the current inclusion rate, had no effect on animal and carcass performance.

Renewable energy sources, such as lignocellulosic biomass, are environmentally friendly because they emit less pollution without contributing net carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Among lignocellulosic biomass, corn stover is a very useful feedstock to economically produce environmentally friendly biofuels. Corn stover was pretreated with an excess of calcium hydroxide (0.5 g Ca(OH)2/g raw biomass) in non-oxidative and oxidative conditions at 25, 35, 45, and 55oC. The optimal condition is 55oC for 4 weeks with aeration, determined by yields of glucan and xylan. The overall yields of glucose (g glucan hydrolyzed/100 g original glucan) and xylose (g xylan hydrolyzed/100 g original xylan) were 91.3 and 51.8 at 15 FPU/g cellulose, respectively. Furthermore, when considering the dissolved fragments of glucan and xylan in the pretreatment liquors, the overall yields of glucose and xylose were 93.2 and 79.5 at 15 FPU/g cellulose, respectively. The pretreatment liquor has no inhibitory effect on ethanol fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae D5A. At the recommended condition, only 0.073 g Ca(OH)2 was consumed per g of raw corn stover. Under extensive delignification conditions, 87.5% of the initial lignin was removed. Extensive delignfication required oxidative treatment and additional lime consumption. Deacetylation quickly reached a plateau within 1 week. Delignification highly depended on temperature and the presence of oxygen. Lignin and hemicellulose were selectively removed, but cellulose was not affected by lime pretreatment in mild temperatures (25 ?? 55oC). The delignification kinetic models of corn stover were empirically determined by three simultaneous first-order reactions. The activation energies for the oxidative delignification were estimated as 50.15 and 54.21 kJ/mol in the bulk and residual phases, respectively. Crystallinity slightly increased with delignification because amorphous components (lignin, hemicellulose) were removed. However, the increased crystallinity did not negatively affect the 3-d sugar yield of enzyme hydrolysis. Oxidative lime pretreatment lowered the acetyl and lignin contents to obtain high digestibility, regardless of crystallinity. The enzymatic digestibility of lime-treated biomass was affected by the change of structural features (acetylation, lignification, and crystallization) resulting from the treatment. The non-linear models for 3-d hydrolysis yields of glucan and xylan were empirically established as a function of the residual lignin fraction for the corn stover pretreated with lime and air.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of black Brassica napus (BBN), yellow Brassica juncea (YBJ) and yellow Brassica napus (YBN) in pig diets. In experiment 1, effect of multi-carbohydrase supplementation on SID of AA in BBN, YBJ and YBN was evaluated in growing pigs. The YBJ had similar SID of AA to BBN and enzyme did not affect SID of most of AA. The second and third experiments investigated the effect of high dietary inclusion of BBN and YBJ on weaned pig performance and nutrient digestibility with enzyme supplementation. The studies showed that weaned pigs can be fed diets containing up to 250 g/kg of either BBN or YBJ. Enzyme supplementation improved the nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, BBN and YBJ had similar digestible nutrient contents and there were no detrimental effects detected when pigs were fed up to 250 g/kg of BBN and YBJ in weaned pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritive value of black Brassica napus (BBN), yellow Brassica juncea (YBJ) and yellow Brassica napus (YBN) in pig diets. In experiment 1, effect of multi-carbohydrase supplementation on SID of AA in BBN, YBJ and YBN was evaluated in growing pigs. The YBJ had similar SID of AA to BBN and enzyme did not affect SID of most of AA. The second and third experiments investigated the effect of high dietary inclusion of BBN and YBJ on weaned pig performance and nutrient digestibility with enzyme supplementation. The studies showed that weaned pigs can be fed diets containing up to 250 g/kg of either BBN or YBJ. Enzyme supplementation improved the nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, BBN and YBJ had similar digestible nutrient contents and there were no detrimental effects detected when pigs were fed up to 250 g/kg of BBN and YBJ in weaned pigs.

No description available.

Subsidized harvest of invasive silver carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix and bighead carp H. nobilis (collectively referred to as Asian carp) from the Illinois River have been initiated in an effort to control their populations. However, market-driven control strategies have been suggested in an effort to reduce or eliminate the need for subsidies. Given that Asian carp are not a favored food fish in the U.S. and exporting to Asian markets is currently not economically feasible, industrial applications such as fish meal production have been explored. Fish meal production to support aquafeed manufacturing is potentially a high-value, high-volume market which is essential to a market-driven approach. However, the nutrient composition of Asian carp as a raw material from the Illinois River needs to be evaluated as well as the nutrient digestibility and production performance of a rendered Asian carp fish meal product to fully assess its suitability for use in aquafeeds. To determine the suitability of Asian carp to support aquafeed manufacturing, we evaluated seasonal and geographical differences in Asian carp harvested from the Illinois River, performed standard digestibility trials with hybrid striped bass and rainbow trout, and assessed production performance through standard feeding trials with hybrid striped bass, rainbow trout, and cobia. Results indicate slight geographical and seasonal variation in body composition, though both species represent protein-dense raw materials suitable for fish meal production. Additionally, Asian carp fish meal is a highly digestible feedstuff that closely resembles the nutrient content of traditional menhaden fish meal sources, although it is slightly less digestible. Production performance of fish fed practical Asian carp fish meal based diets was similar to those that used menhaden fish meal. Overall, Asian carp fish meal appears to be a highly-digestible, nutrient-dense ingredient suitable for inclusion in aquafeeds. Therefore, rendering Asian carp into fish meal appears to be a viable market-driven approach to help control Asian carp populations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 bazolli_rs_dr_jabo.pdf: 524903 bytes, checksum: 388e021d95e26286d8b83db9c3c5f671 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente tese teve como objetivo estudar, em rações extrusadas para cães, a influência do grau moagem do arroz, do milho e sorgo sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes e as respostas glicêmicas desencadeadas. O ensaio de digestibilidade seguiu um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo os dados comparados pelo teste de Tukey e realizado análise de regressão polinomial para descrever a relação dos CDA e características fecais em função do índice de gelatinização do amido (IG) das dietas e do diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) dos ingredientes. O CDA da MS e MO não apresentaram diferenças significativa (p>0,05) entre as fontes de carboidratos. Houve diferença entre as moagens (p<0,01) e interação entre as fontes de carboidratos e as diferentes moagens. Os CDAs do Amido e do ENN médios foram semelhantes para as dietas com milho e sorgo e superiores para a dieta à base de arroz. Para o milho e o sorgo, a moagem grossa apresentou um efeito negativo, com valores inferiores aos das dietas elaboradas com as moagens fina e média. Para o sorgo observou-se efeito linear de moagem (p<0,01) e quadrática para o milho (p<0,01). As fezes dos cães diante o consumo das dietas feitas com arroz tiveram maior teor de matéria seca (p<0,05), porém, sem mudanças no escore. Para o arroz, a moagem grossa proporcionou um menor teor de MS (p<0,01), sem influencia para as dietas com o milho e sorgo (p>0,05). Em relação ao pH, não houve efeito do ingrediente, mas houve efeito de moagem (p<0,001). Nos tratamentos com milho e sorgo, as maiores granulometrias levaram à produção de fezes com menor pH (p<0,05). Quanto ao escore fecal, também não houve efeito de ingrediente, apenas de moagem (p<0,001). A avaliação dos contrastes demonstra que quanto maior a granulometria, pior o escore fecal para as três fontes de amido (p<0,02)... / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of milling of rice, corn, and sorghum used in extruded dry foods on the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) of nutrients and on glycemic responses of dogs. Nine experimental diets were used in a factorial design with three ingredients (rice, corn and sorghum) and three degrees of milling. The digestibility trial was carried out in a completely randomized design, with six dogs per treatment. The metabolism assay was carried out in randomized blocks, with six blocks with six dogs each. The CAD of dry matter and gross energy did not suffer effect of ingredient (p<0.05). The others CAD were higher for diets with rice. Rice milling did not affect CAD of nutrients, except for the energy digestibility (p<0.01). A linear relationship was verified with milling and gelatinization in diets with sorghum, and in diets with corn, this relationship was quadratic (p< 0.01), higher gelatinization and smaller particles improved digestibility of nutrients. Dry matter was higher in feces of dogs that consumed the diets with rice (p<0.05), however, pH and score did not differ from the other ingredients. Milling effect was verified in dry matter of feces of dogs that consumed diets with rice (p<0,001), and in pH and fecal score of feces of dogs that consumed the diets with corn and sorghum (p<0.01). The contrasts evaluation demonstrated that increasing granulometry results in worse fecal score for the three starch sources (p<0.02). Mean glycemia was higher for rice in times 90 and 120 minutes than the ones for sorghum and corn (p<0.02), better seen by the AUC 0-360 minutes evaluation, which was higher in this treatment than for sorghum (p<0.02)...(Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address)

Orientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Alexandre de Mello Kessler / Banca: Cláudio Scapinello / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Banca: Telma Teresinha Berchielli Moreno / Resumo: A presente tese teve como objetivo estudar, em rações extrusadas para cães, a influência do grau moagem do arroz, do milho e sorgo sobre o coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente (CDA) dos nutrientes e as respostas glicêmicas desencadeadas. O ensaio de digestibilidade seguiu um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo os dados comparados pelo teste de Tukey e realizado análise de regressão polinomial para descrever a relação dos CDA e características fecais em função do índice de gelatinização do amido (IG) das dietas e do diâmetro geométrico médio (DGM) dos ingredientes. O CDA da MS e MO não apresentaram diferenças significativa (p>0,05) entre as fontes de carboidratos. Houve diferença entre as moagens (p<0,01) e interação entre as fontes de carboidratos e as diferentes moagens. Os CDAs do Amido e do ENN médios foram semelhantes para as dietas com milho e sorgo e superiores para a dieta à base de arroz. Para o milho e o sorgo, a moagem grossa apresentou um efeito negativo, com valores inferiores aos das dietas elaboradas com as moagens fina e média. Para o sorgo observou-se efeito linear de moagem (p<0,01) e quadrática para o milho (p<0,01). As fezes dos cães diante o consumo das dietas feitas com arroz tiveram maior teor de matéria seca (p<0,05), porém, sem mudanças no escore. Para o arroz, a moagem grossa proporcionou um menor teor de MS (p<0,01), sem influencia para as dietas com o milho e sorgo (p>0,05). Em relação ao pH, não houve efeito do ingrediente, mas houve efeito de moagem (p<0,001). Nos tratamentos com milho e sorgo, as maiores granulometrias levaram à produção de fezes com menor pH (p<0,05). Quanto ao escore fecal, também não houve efeito de ingrediente, apenas de moagem (p<0,001). A avaliação dos contrastes demonstra que quanto maior a granulometria, pior o escore fecal para as três fontes de amido (p<0,02)...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of milling of rice, corn, and sorghum used in extruded dry foods on the coefficients of apparent digestibility (CAD) of nutrients and on glycemic responses of dogs. Nine experimental diets were used in a factorial design with three ingredients (rice, corn and sorghum) and three degrees of milling. The digestibility trial was carried out in a completely randomized design, with six dogs per treatment. The metabolism assay was carried out in randomized blocks, with six blocks with six dogs each. The CAD of dry matter and gross energy did not suffer effect of ingredient (p<0.05). The others CAD were higher for diets with rice. Rice milling did not affect CAD of nutrients, except for the energy digestibility (p<0.01). A linear relationship was verified with milling and gelatinization in diets with sorghum, and in diets with corn, this relationship was quadratic (p< 0.01), higher gelatinization and smaller particles improved digestibility of nutrients. Dry matter was higher in feces of dogs that consumed the diets with rice (p<0.05), however, pH and score did not differ from the other ingredients. Milling effect was verified in dry matter of feces of dogs that consumed diets with rice (p<0,001), and in pH and fecal score of feces of dogs that consumed the diets with corn and sorghum (p<0.01). The contrasts evaluation demonstrated that increasing granulometry results in worse fecal score for the three starch sources (p<0.02). Mean glycemia was higher for rice in times 90 and 120 minutes than the ones for sorghum and corn (p<0.02), better seen by the AUC 0-360 minutes evaluation, which was higher in this treatment than for sorghum (p<0.02)...(Complete abstract, access undermentioned eletronic address) / Doutor

Orientador: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato / Banca: Dirlei Antonio Berto / Banca: João Batista K. Fernandes / Resumo: O conhecimento da digestibilidade dos subprodutos e co-produtos da agroindústria viabiliza o emprego de uma série de alimentos em rações balanceadas para peixes. Este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a composição nutricional e determinar, pela tilápia do Nilo, os nutrientes digestíveis da levedura de álcool (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) desidratada por spray dry, íntegra e autolisada. Para isso foi utilizada uma ração referência (purificada) a base de albumina e gelatina, marcada com 0,10% de óxido de crômio-III e duas rações com 30% de substituição da ração referência pelo ingrediente teste. Utilizaram-se 90 juvenis de tilapia do Nilo (peso médio de 141,58 ± 7,85 g), os quais foram alojados em nove gaiolas submersas em aquários para o manejo de alimentação e cinco aquários para coleta de fezes. Determinou-se a composição química e centesimal das leveduras íntegra (LI) e autolisada (LA) e valores digestíveis para matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e minerais (fósforo, cálcio, magnésio, sódio, potássio, cloro, enxofre, selênio, zinco, cobre, ferro e manganês). Conclui-se que a levedura íntegra (LI) e a levedura autolisada (LA) apresentam composição centesimal semelhante, com exceção da matéria mineral e fibra bruta; a levedura íntegra e a levedura autolisada apresentam, pela tilápia do Nilo, altos coeficientes de disponibilidade dos minerais; o processo de autólise melhora a digestibilidade da energia, e o valor absorvível dos minerais analisados com exceção do P, Na e S. / Abstract: The knowledge of digestibility values of agro industrial by-products and co-products aloud the utilization of several ingredients in fish feed manufacturing. This study aimed to describe the nutritional composition and determine, for Nile Tilapia, the nutrient availability of alcohol yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) present in two different ways spray dried: integral and autolyzed. Ninety Nile tilapia juvenile were used (average weight 141.58 ± 7.85 g). They were stoked in nine net cages submerged in the same number of tanks for feeding and handling. Five conical tanks were used for feces precipitation and collection. The fish were fed with a reference feed (purified) composed by albumin and gelatin, marked with 0.10% of chromium-III oxide and two feeds with 30% of substitution of the ingredient test were used. The chemical composition of integral and autolyzed yeast was determined as well as their digestible values of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and minerals (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, sulfur, selenium, zinc, copper, iron and manganese). We concluded that integral yeast (LI) and autolyzed yeast (LA) presented similar centesimal composition, except for mineral matter and crude fiber. Integral yeast (LI) and autolyzed yeast (LA) presents better availability of minerals; and the autolysis process increases digestibility of energy and minerals availability analyzed with exception of phosphorus, sodium and sulfur. / Mestre