Os ovinos apresentam grande potencial de aproveitamento de produtos que não seriam empregados na alimentação de animais monogástricos. Dentre esses produtos estão os coprodutos da cadeia do biodiesel. Porém os ruminantes produzem metano durante o processo digestivo, um dos gases de efeito estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o farelo de algodão e a glicerina bruta na alimentação de ovinos em substituição ao farelo de soja e do milho. Neste trabalho foram realizados três experimentos. O primeiro foi realizado ensaio in vitro de produção de gases e de degradabilidade da matéria orgânica para avaliar dietas com feno de Tifton (70%) e concentrado (30%) com milho e farelo de soja. As dietas experimentais foram elaboradas substituindo-se o farelo de soja pelo farelo de algodão e o milho por glicerina bruta nos níveis de 25, 50, 75 e 100%, totalizando 25 dietas. Como resultado, foi encontrada redução na produção de gases com o aumento na proporção de farelo de algodão, além do aumento na produção de gases até 75% de glicerina bruta, sendo que acima deste nível houve redução na produção de gases. Para a degradabilidade das dietas, houve aumento com a substituição de até 50% de farelo de algodão. Quanto à produção de metano, houve aumento de acordo com o aumento nos níveis de glicerina, não sendo influenciada pela presença de farelo de algodão. Com os resultados deste primeiro experimento, foram selecionadas dez dietas que apresentaram maiores valores de degradabilidade e menor produção de metano, as quais foram utilizadas nos ensaios in vitro de degradabilidade e digestibilidade pós ruminal da proteína; bem como a quantificação dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) produzidos no ensaio de produção de gases. Para os resultados de degradabilidade da proteína foi observado que a adição de glicerina bruta promoveu redução, enquanto que para a digestibilidade da proteína pós-rúmen, a presença de glicerina bruta não teve efeito. Para os AGCC se observou aumento na produção de propionato e redução na de acetato, em relação à adição de glicerina bruta. Após os dois ensaios, foram selecionadas cinco dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados de degradabilidade in vitro para estimar a síntese microbiana in vitro. Não foram observadas diferenças entre as dietas testadas para síntese microbiana. De acordo com os resultados dos ensaios in vitro, foram selecionadas duas dietas que apresentaram os melhores resultados para a digestibilidade da proteína e da matéria orgânica, bem como para a produção de metano. Foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro com 15 animais e o segundo com 6 animais. Como resultados foram observados redução na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro e da proteína bruta para as dietas testadas. Quanto à concentração de AGCC in vivo, houve redução na concentração de acetato e aumento na de propionato. A produção de metano in vivo foi menor nos animais que receberam as dietas testadas. Como conclusão pode-se afirmar que tanto o farelo de algodão como a glicerina bruta podem substituir os ingredientes tradicionais farelo de soja e milho na dieta para ruminantes / Sheep have great potential for using products that usually would not be used in feeding of monogastric animals. Among these products are the byproducts of the biodiesel chain. However ruminants produce methane during the digestive process, one of the greenhouse gases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin in diets for sheep to replace soybean meal and corn respectively. This work was carried out in three experiments. The first trial was an in vitro gas production and organic matter degradability assay for evaluating diets with 70% Tifton hay and 30% concentrate (soybean meal and corn). The experimental diets were formulated by replacing soybean meal by cottonseed meal and corn by crude glycerin at levels of 25, 50, 75 and 100%, totaling 25 diets. As results, it was observed a decreased in the gas production with the increase in the proportion of cottonseed meal, and it was also observed an increase when crude glycerin was increased up to 75%, and above this level, there was a reduction in the gases production. For degradability, it was increased with the replacement of up to 50% of cottonseed meal. Methane production was increased in accordance with increasing levels of glycerin, and it was not influenced by the presence of cottonseed meal. After this experiment, it was selected ten diets which showed higher degradability and lower methane production, and then they were used for in vitro degradability and post ruminal digestibility of protein tests, as well as the quantification of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) produced during the gas test. The result of degradability of the protein was observed that the addition of crude glycerin caused a reduction in degradability of the diets; as for the digestibility of protein post-rumen, the presence of crude glycerin did not affect digestibility, whereas the highest values were observed in the diets which had lower degradability. SCFA quantification showed an increase in propionate production and decreased in acetate production as reflecting the addition of crude glycerin. After the two tests, it was selected five diets in order to evaluate its potential for in vitro microbial synthesis; with no differences observed among the tested diets. According to the results from the in vitro assays, it was selected two diets which showed best results for digestibility of protein and organic matter as well as methane production. These two diets were used to conduct an in vivo digestibility trial and quantification of enteric methane production. Two experiments were conducted, the first with 15 animals and the second with 6 animals. As results, it was observed reduction in neutral detergent fiber and crude protein digestibility for the tested diets. As for the concentration of SCFA in vivo, reduction in the acetate concentration with increase in propionate concentrations was observed. For methane production in vivo, there was a reduction in methane production by animals fed the tested diets. As a conclusion, it can be stated that both the cottonseed meal and crude glycerin can replace the traditional ingredients soybean meal and corn in diets for ruminants

Quatro potros machos, sem raça definida, com peso médio de 197,25 Kg, foram utilizados em um delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino 4X4 (quatro animais e quatro períodos), com arranjo fatorial do tipo 2X2, para tratamentos, onde os fatores foram: processamento do feno de alfafa (em cubos X em ramas); com adição ou não de óleo refinado de soja, (com óleo X sem óleo), adicionado no cocho, sobre o concentrado em dietas contendo concentrado comercial na forma de peletes para : avaliar a digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e a viabilidade econômica das dietas estudadas. A adição de óleo refinado de soja afetou positivamente a digestibilidade aparente total da MS (66,18%), (p< 0,0093), MO (70,66%), (p< 0,0111), para a dieta com a alfafa na forma de cubos; EE (90,52%), (p< 0,0001) e FDN (53,24%), (0,0257) da dieta com feno de alfafa na forma de ramas. O processamento da alfafa interferiu positivamente sobre a digestibilidade aparente total da PB (80,02%), (p< 0,0048), para a dieta com feno na forma de cubos; FDN (47,92%), (p< 0,0147) e FDA (43,40%), (p< 0,0237), para a dieta com feno na forma de ramas. Independentemente do processamento sobre o feno de alfafa, a adição de óleo refinado de soja aumentou de maneira significativa e econômica a digestibilidade da fração EE. Feno de alfafa na forma de ramas, com adição de óleo, seria a opção mais econômica para utilização na dieta de potros devido ao custo de mercado ser mais baixo. A adição de óleo refinado de soja na dieta composta por : concentrado comercial, em uma base volumosa de feno de alfafa, aumentou a densidade calórica (NDT ou ED (predita)) das dietas estudadas, não deprimindo a digestibilidade aparente total dos macros nutrientes orgânicos e de maneira economicamente viável, para as condições desse experimento. / Four male weanlings, without defined breed, were used in this study, with middleweight 197, 25 Kg in an experimental Latin-square design for four (four animals and four periods), with factorial arrangement of the type 2 X 2 for treatments, where the factors were: processing of the alfalfa hay (cubes X long-stem) and addition or not of refined soybean oil top dressed (with oil X without oil). Diets containing commercial concentrate in the pellets form aimed: to evaluate the total apparent digestibility of the crude matter, organic matter, crude protein, fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and the economical aspects. The addition of refined soybean oil, affected positively the total apparent digestibility of the CM (66,18%), (p < 0, 0093), OM (70,66%), (p <0, 0111), for cubes fat diet; EE (90,52%), (p <0, 0001) and NDF (53,24%), (p <0, 0257), for long-stem hay more fat diet. The processing in the alfalfa hay interfered positively on the total apparent digestibility of CP (80,02%), (p < 0, 0048), for cube diet; NDF (47,92%), (p <0, 0147) and ADF (43,40%), (p <0, 0237) for long-stem diet. Independently of the processing on the alfalfa hay, the addition of refined soybean oil increased, significant and economical way the total apparent digestibility of the fat fraction. Alfalfa hay in the long-stem forms, with soybean oil addition, would be the most economical option for use in the diet of colts due to the cost of lower market. The addition of refined oil of soy in the composed diet for: commercial concentrate, in a forage base of alfalfa hay, increased the caloric density (TDN or DE (predict)) in the studied diets, not depressing the total apparent digestibility of the organic nutritious macros and in way economically viable, for the conditions of that experiment.

Durante 60 dias foram utilizados seis garanhões de raças variadas, com peso médio inicial de 472,67±90,48 kg, alimentados duas vezes ao dia com dietas compostas por feno de Tifton (Cynodon dactylon) e concentrado comercial, suplementadas com 300 mL de óleo vegetal (óleo de arroz ou óleo de soja), além de sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. Foi avaliado o efeito da suplementação com óleo de arroz semi-refinado com alto teor de gama-orizanol sobre a aceitabilidade da dieta, ganho de peso, escore corporal, lipídeos plasmáticos, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta (Matéria Seca MS, Matéria Orgânica MO, Proteína Bruta PB, Fibra em Detergente Neutro FDN e Fibra em Detergente Ácido FDA), além da qualidade espermática e testosterona plasmática. Para tal observação, foram colhidas amostras sangüíneas com 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após o início do tratamento para mensuração das concentrações plasmáticas de testosterona, triglicérides, colesterol total e suas frações, tais como lipoproteína de densidade muito baixa (VLDL-C), lipoproteína de densidade baixa (LDL-C) e lipoproteína de densidade alta (HDL-C). Para avaliação da digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta, os animais passaram por três dias de colheita total de fezes. Para avaliação da qualidade espermática, os garanhões passaram por colheita seminal com 0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias do tratamento. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado com medidas repetidas no tempo e as médias foram comparadas considerando-se o nível de 5% de significância. Os valores médios obtidos para a digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, EE, FDN e FDA foram respectivamente 64,34; 68,03; 71,95; 83,37; 62,15 e 55,05% para o tratamento com óleo de soja, e 58,97; 62,61; 66,96; 81,94; 54,85 e 45,87% para o tratamento com óleo de arroz. Não houve diferença (p < 0,05) em relação à digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta para os tratamentos propostos. Os valores médios para testosterona, colesterol total, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C e triglicérides foram respectivamente 75,93 ng/dL; 92,73; 61,47; 26,99 e 4,28 mg/dL para o tratamento com óleo de soja; e de 62,13 ng/dL; 110,20; 66,73; 38,44 e 5,02 mg/dL para o tratamento com óleo de arroz. Em relação à qualidade espermática, também não se observou (p < 0,05), e os valores médios para volume, motilidade, vigor, concentração, defeitos maiores, defeitos menores e defeitos totais, foram respectivamente, de 71,87 mL; 69 %; 2,63; 123 x 106 espermatozóides/mL; 17,73%; 4,60% e 22,33 % para o tratamento com óleo de soja, e de 78,67 mL; 70,67%; 2,93; 115,67 x 106 espermatozóides/mL; 17,96%; 6,03% e 22,63% para o tratamento com óleo de arroz. Podemos concluir que a suplementação da dieta com óleo de arroz semi-refinado, com alto teor de gama-orizanol, proporciona melhora do ganho de peso e do escore corporal, não afeta a qualidade espermática ou a concentração plasmática de testosterona, VLDL-C, HDL-C e triglicérides, porém, eleva as concentrações plasmáticas de colesterol total e de LDL-C. / Using up six stallions of various breeds during 60 days, with initial average weight of 472,67 ¬± 90,48 kg, fed twice a day with a diet consisting of Tifton hay (Cynodon dactylon) and commercial concentrate, supplemented with 300 mL. of a vegetable oil (rice bran or soybean), moreover mineralized salt and ad libitum water. The experiment evaluated the effect of the supplementation of diet with rice bran oil, with high level of gamma-oryzanol, about acceptability of the diets, weight gain, body score, levels of plasmatic lipids, apparent digestibility of nutrients of the diets (dry matter - DM, organic matter - OM, crude protein - CP, ether extract - EE, neutral detergent fiber - NDF and acid detergent fiber ADF), and spermatic quality and plasmatic testosterone. Blood samples were also held with 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after starting treatment, for analysis of the values of testosterone, triglycerides, total cholesterol and its fractions (HDL-C, LDL-C and VLDL-C). To evaluation of the apparent digestibility of the nutrients of the diet, the animals had passed for three days of total fecal collection. To evaluation of the sperm quality, the sires had passed for seminal collection with 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of the treatment. It was used completely randomized design for repeated measures design with repeated measures over time and the means were compared under 5 % significance level. The gotten average values for the apparent digestibility of the DM, OM, CP, EE, NDF and ADF were respectively 64,34; 68,03; 71,95; 83,37; 62,15 and 55.05 % for the treatment with soybean oil, and 58,97; 62,61; 66,96; 81,94; 54,85 and 45.87 % for the treatment with rice bran oil. There was no statistical difference (p < 0,05) from the apparent digestibility of nutrients of the diet. The average values for testosterone, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, VLDL-C and triglycerides had been respectively 75,93 ng/dL; 92,73; 61,47; 26,99 and 4,28 mg/dL for the treatment with soy oil; and of 62,13 ng/dL; 110,20; 66,73; 38,44 and 5,02 mg/dL for the treatment with rice bran oil. In relation to the spermatic quality, also did not have difference (p < 0,05), and the average values for volume, motility, vigor, concentration, defects, lesser defects and total defects, had been respectively, of 71,87 mL; 69%; 2,63; 123 x 106 sptz/mL; 17.73%; 4.60% and 22.33% for the treatment with soybean oil, and 78,67 mL; 70.67%; 2,93; 115,67 x 106sptz/mL; 17.96%; 6.03% and 22,63% for the treatment with rice bran oil. The supplementation of diet with semi-refined rice bran oil, with high level of gamma-oryzanol, provided better weight gain and improves the body score, do not affect the sperm quality or plasmatic levels of testosterone, VLDL-C, HDL-C and triglycerides, however, it increase plasmatic levels of total cholesterol and LDL-C.

A glicerina, na alimentação, pode ser considerada uma boa fonte energética. Assim, sua utilização como substituta em parte de grãos e outros alimentos ricos em amido é amplamente estuda já que esses alimentos podem causar alterações metabólicas e digestivas quando em alto consumo. Neste estudo, objetivou-se comparar níveis de adição de glicerina na dieta de equinos. Foram utilizados oito pôneis machos, castrados, da raça Mini-Horse, com idade aproximada de 9 anos ± 6 meses, peso corporal médio de 149,80 &#177; 17,20 kg e escore corporal médio de 5,4 &#177; 0,7. Os animais foram alojados em baias individuais. Adotou-se consumo diário individual de 1,75% do peso corporal (PC), sendo 1% do PC em matéria seca (MS) proveniente do volumoso e 0,75% do PC em MS do concentrado, com proporção 60:40 (volumoso:concentrado). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino duplo 4 x 4 contemporâneos. As dietas diferiram quanto ao nível de inclusão de glicerina (0, 4, 8 e 12%) que foram calculados com relação á porcentagem de concentrado fornecidos por animal. As avaliações foram realizada em quatro períodos, sendo 14 dias de adaptação à dieta, 5 dias de coleta total de fezes (CTF) e 2 semanas de intervalo entre os períodos. Avaliou-se a digestibilidade aparente total dos nutrientes e fermentabilidade da glicerina a partir da CTF, por meio das análises de respostas glicêmicas, insulinêmicas, ácido graxos da cadeia curta, ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA) e pH das fezes. Também foram realizadas análises de segurança e aceitabilidade que se constituiu de análises de função hepática e renal, triglicerídeos, colesterol e frações além da avaliação do comportamento alimentar dos animais. Além de análise de implicações econômica a partir da simulação de substituição do milho pela glicerina bruta. Os dados foram submetidos à análise pelo programa Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 2010). Para os resultados significativos, foi utilizado o teste de Tukey com P&lt;0,05. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos em nenhuma das análises realizadas (P&lt;0,05). A glicerina se mostrou palatável e com aceitabilidade. A substituição de milho por glicerina, mesmo em valores de 1%, representa economicamente 0,42% de ganho. A suplementação de glicerina bruta na dieta de equinos se apresenta como segura não afetando o comportamento alimentar, a higidez e a saúde digestiva dos animais, possuindo justificativa econômica para uso. / Glycerin in food can be considered a good source of energy. Thus, its use as a substitute part of grains and other starchy foods is widely studied since these foods can cause metabolic and digestive changes when in high consumption. The objective of this study was to compare levels of glycerin addition in the equine diet. Eight male, castrated Mini-Horse male ponies, aged approximately 9 years ± 6 months, mean body weight of 149.80 &#177; 17.20 kg and mean body score of 5.4 &#177; 0.7 were used. The animals were housed in individual stalls. Individual daily consumption of 1.75% of body weight (CP) was used, with 1% CP in dry matter (DM) from bulky and 0.75% CP in DM from concentrate, with a ratio of 60:40 voluminous: concentrate). The experimental design used was the contemporary 4 x 4 double Latin square. The diets differed in the glycerin inclusion levels (0, 4, 8 and 12%) that were calculated in relation to the percentage of concentrate supplied per animal. The evaluations were performed in four periods, 14 days of adaptation to the diet, 5 days of total collection of feces (TCF) and 2 weeks of interval between periods. The total apparent digestibility of nutrients and fermentability of glycerol from the TCF were evaluated through glycemic, insulinemic, short chain fatty acid, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and faecal pH analyzes. Safety and acceptability analyzes were also performed, which consisted of analyzes of liver and renal function, triglycerides, cholesterol and fractions, besides the evaluation of the animals\' feeding behavior. In addition to analysis of economic implications from the simulation of substitution of corn by crude glycerin. The data were submitted to analysis by the Statistical Analysis System (SAS Institute Inc., 2010). For the significant results, the Tukey test was used with P &lt;0.05. There were no differences between treatments in any of the analyzes performed (P &lt;0.05). Glycerin was palatable and acceptable. The substitution of corn for glycerin, even at 1%, represents economically 0.42% gain. The supplementation of crude glycerin in the equine diet presents itself as safe, without affecting the alimentary behavior, the hygiene and the digestive health of the animals, with economic justification for use.

O presente estudo foi conduzido em dois experimentos (I e II) cujos objetivos foram: Experimento I: avaliar o efeito do tempo de ensilagem sobre a degradabilidade in situ e o perfil fermentativo da silagem de milho reidratado. Para silagem de MRE, 22 amostras de milho moido (2 mm) com 67% (±3) vitreosidade foram reidratados para obter umidade final de 34% MS e ensiladas com densidade de 880 Kg/m3. Durante um período de 330 dias, foi realizada coleta de duas amostras mensais as quais foram congeladas (-20ºC). Após 330 dias, as amostras foram descongeladas para análise de MS, pH, PB e amido e para ensaio de degradabilidade in situ. Para o ensaio de degradabilidade foram utilizados dois novilhos da raça nelore previamente adaptados, portadores de fístulas ruminais. As amostras de MRE foram incubadas por 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 horas. A fração rapidamente degradável da MS (fração A) aumentou ao longo do tempo de ensilagem ao mesmo tempo em que a fração lentamente degradável da MS (fração B) foi diminuída com a evolução do tempo de ensilagem. A taxa de degradação da fração lentamente degradável (fração C) também foi elevada de acordo como tempo de ensilagem. No experimento II, objetivou-se de avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho seco moído (MSM) por milho reidratado e ensilado (MRE), sobre o consumo, digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal, produção e composição do leite. Doze vacas da raça Holandesa com 550(±30) kg peso vivo e 220(±40) dias em lactação foram distribuídas em 3 quadrados latinos 4x4 com 4 tratamentos e 4 períodos, com 14 dias para adaptação e 7 dias para coleta de amostras e dados. As dietas experimentais consistiram de quatro níveis (0, 33, 66 e 100%), de substituição de MSM por MRE. A silagem de cana-deaçúcar foi a fonte de volumoso utilizado nas dietas, perfazendo um total de 46% MS. As vacas foram alimentadas duas vezes ao dia com dieta total formulada para ser isoenergética (1.55 Mcal/Kg MS) e isoproteica (150 g/Kg MS), tendo como única fonte de variação entre as dietas a substituição gradual do MSM por MRE. Os consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína, carboidratos não fibrosos e carboidratos totais foram maiores em vacas alimentadas com dieta de 100% de substituição do MSM por MRE em comparação com a dieta com 0% de substituição. O consumo de amido foi menor para vacas alimentadas com de100% em relação à dieta com 0% de substituição. As vacas que foram alimentadas com a dieta 100% de substituição obtiveram maior produção de leite, leite corrigido para gordura, produção de gordura, proteína, caseína e lactose maiores em relação a dieta controle. A digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, estrato etéreo, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e amido foi maior em vacas alimentadas com a dieta com 100% de substituição em relação a dieta com 0% de substituição de MRE por MSM. A produção relativa de ácido propiônico foi maior e aconcentração de N-NH3 foi menor 3 horas após a alimentação no fluido ruminal para vacas alimentadas com a dieta de 100% de substituição em relação a dieta cm 0% de substituição. O tempo de ensilagem atua progressivamente a velocidade de degradação da MS do MRE. Além disso, a substituição total do MSM por MRE na dieta de vacas leiteiras aumentou o consumo, digestibilidade, produção de leite e sólidos, diminuiu a concentração de amônia e aumentou a proporção de ácido propiônico no fluido ruminal. / This study was conducted in two experiments (I and II) whose objectives were: Experiment I: evaluating the effect of time of ensiling on in situ degradability and fermentation characteristics of corn kernel silage rehydrated. For silage MRE, 22 samples of ground corn (2 mm) with 67% (±3) vitreousness were rehydrated for final moisture content of 34% DM and ensiled with density of 880 kg/m3. Over a period of 330 days monthly collection of two samples which were frozen (-20°C) was performed. After 330 days, the samples were thawed for analysis DM, pH, and starch and PB for testing in situ. To test the degradability of two young bulls Nelore previously adapted, suffering and cannulated were used. MRE samples were incubated with 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours. The rapidly degradable fraction of DM (fraction A) increased over time silage while the slowly degradable fraction of DM (fraction B) was decreased with the time evolution of silage. The rate of degradation of the slowly degradable fraction (fraction C) was also high according to time of ensiling. In the second experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing dry ground corn (DGC) for rehydrated and ensiled corn (REC) on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, milk production and composition. Twelve Holstein cows with 550 (±30) kg body weight and 220 (±40) days in milk were distributed in 3 4x4 Latin square design with 4 treatments and 4 periods, with 14 days for adaptation and 7 days for sample collection and data. The experimental diets consisted of four levels (0, 33, 66 and 100%), replacement of DGC with REC. Silage cane sugar was the source of roughage in the diets used, totaling 46% MS. Cows were fed twice daily with complete diet formulated to be isocaloric (1.55 Mcal/kg DM) and isoproteic (150 g/kg DM), whose only source of variation between diets gradual replacement of MSM with SRM. The intake of starch was lower for cows fed DE100% compared to diet with 0% replacement. Cows that were fed diet 100% replacement had higher milk yield, fat corrected milk yield, fat yield, protein, casein and lactose higher compared to the control diet. The apparent digestibility of dry matter, ether layer, total carbohydrates, no fiber carbohydrates, organic matter, crude protein and starch was higher in cows fed the diet with 100% replacement diet compared with 0% replacement of SRM by DGC. The relative production of propionic acid was higher and the concentration of NH3-N was lower 3 h after feeding in ruminal fluid for cows fed the diet 100% replacement diet compared with 0% replacement. The relative production of propionic acid was higher and aconcentração of NH3-N was lower 3 hours after feeding in ruminal fluid for cows fed diet 100 % replacement diet cm compared to 0 % replacement. The time of ensiling progressively operates the degradation rate of MS MRE. Also complete replacement of DGC by REC in the diet of dairy cows increased intake, digestibility, milk yield and solids decreased the ammonia concentration and increased the proportion of propionic acid in the rumen fluid.

Foram utilizados quatro éguas, da raça brasileiro de hipismo, com idade aproximada de 24 meses, com peso médio de 500 Kg, em um delineamento experimental Quadrado Latino balanceado 4X4, com arranjo fatorial 2X2 dos tratamentos e medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo o primeiro fator dois concentrados, um somente peletizado (CT) e o outro peletizado com pré-extrusão do ingrediente milho (CM), e o segundo fator é constituído pela diferença na ordem de fornecimento do concentrado e do volumoso onde um o concentrado é fornecido às 7:00h e às 19:00h e o volumoso às 9:00h e às 21:00h (C7V9); e o outro o inverso (V7C9). Não houve efeito dos tratamentos na aceitabilidade, na digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca (51,2; 54,5; 53,4; 58,2%) da matéria orgânica (54,1; 57,5; 56,1; 60,7%), do amido (98,2; 98,3; 98,2; 98,2%), da proteína bruta (65,6; 70,3; 68,9; 72,6%), da fibra em detergente neutro (42,5; 44,6; 42,9; 49,3%) e da fibra em detergente ácido (34,8; 37,3; 37,0; 42,3%), porém noto-se uma tendência de melhora para os fatores V7C9 e CM. A resposta glicêmica plasmática foi analisada pela área abaixo da curva de glicose com valores obtidos para CTC7V9 de 493,7; CTV7C9, 407,6; CMC7V9, 430,7 e CMV7C9, 387,8, porém não houve efeito do fator concentrado, já o fator sistema de alimentação sofreu diferença estatística com aumento para o sistema C7V9, o que demonstra uma curva menos acentuada para V7C9, demonstrando uma absorção mais uniforme da glicose. / Four mares had been used, of the race Brazilian of jumping, with approach age of 24 months, average weight of 500 kg, in balanced Latin Squared experimental delineation 4X4, with factorial arrangement 2X2 of the treatments and measures repeated in the time, being the first factor two concentrates, one only pelletized (CT) and the other pelletized with daily pay-drawing of the ingredient maize (CM), and as the factor is constituted by the difference in the order feeding the concentrate and the voluminous one where one the concentrate is feeded 7:00h and to 19:00h and voluminous 9:00h and 21:00h (C7V9); e the other the inverse one (V7C9). It did not have effect of the treatments in acceptability, in the total apparent digestibilidade of dry substance (51,2; 54,5; 53,4; 58,2%) of organic substance (54,1; 57,5; 56,1; 60,7%), of starch (98,2; 98,3; 98,2; 98,2%), of rude protein (65,6; 70,3; 68,9; 72,6%), of the fiber in neutral detergent (42,5; 44,6; 42,9; 49,3%) and of the fiber in acid detergent (34,8; 37,3; 37,0; 42,3%), however I notice a trend of improvement for factors V7C9 and cm. The plasmatic glucose it was analyzed by the area below of the glucose curve with values gotten for CTC7V9 of 493,7; CTV7C9, 407,6; CMC7V9, 430,7 and CMV7C9, 387,8, however did not have effect of the concentrated factor, already the factor feeding system suffered to difference statistics with increase for system C7V9, what it less demonstrates an accented curve for V7C9, demonstrating an absorption more uniform of the glucose.

Objetivou-se avaliar a utilização de doses crescentes de enzima fibrolítica exógena na alimentação de vacas leiteiras e seus efeitos sobre o consumo e digestibilidade aparente total da matéria seca e nutrientes, cinética ruminal, fermentação e síntese de proteína microbiana ruminal, produção e composição do leite, perfil metabólico e balanço de energia e nitrogênio. Foram utilizadas 24 vacas da raça Holandesa, multíparas, em delineamento Quadrado Latino 4x4, com 646,75 &#177; 77,54 kg de peso corporal, 3,02 &#177; 0,56 de escore de condição corporal, com 176 &#177; 82,27 dias em lactação e produção de leite de 33,72 &#177; 7,63 kg/dia, no início do estudo. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber os seguintes tratamentos: 1) Controle (0), composta por dieta basal sem a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica; 2) com inclusão de 8 g/vaca/dia de enzima fibrolítica; 3) com inclusão de 16 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica; 4) com inclusão de 24 g/vaca/dia da enzima fibrolítica (Fibrozyme&reg; - Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY). A utilização de enzima fibrolítica nas dietas resultou em aumento linear no consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica e da fibra em detergente neutro. Foi detectado aumento linear no consumo de partículas longas com a suplementação de enzima. Houve efeito quadrático na ruminação e na atividade mastigatória. O aumento no consumo de matéria seca refletiu no aumento linear de consumo de energia líquida e no balanço de energia líquida. Houve efeito quadrático na concentração de N-NH3 ruminal e aumento linear na quantidade de ácido acético, propiônico e butírico com o aumento da dose de enzima suplementada. Houve efeito quadrático na síntese de proteína microbiana com a inclusão de enzima fibrolítica. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de leite e na produção de seus componentes, entretanto houve aumento linear no ganho de peso corporal com utilização de enzima fibrolítica. Houve efeito quadrático positivo na excreção via urina e efeito quadrático negativo no balanço de nitrogênio mostrando maior retenção de nitrogênio com a suplementação intermediária de enzimas fibrolíticas. Conclui-se que a enzima fibrolítica exógena é efetiva em aumentar o consumo de matéria seca e FDN e também melhorar a eficiência fermentativa de vacas leiteiras melhorando o balanço energético, entretanto não foi efetiva em aumentar a produção de leite de vacas da raça holandesa no terço médio da lactação / The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of exogenous fibrolytic enzyme in lactating cows diets and their effect on intake and total-tract apparent digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, fermentation and synthesis of ruminal microbial protein, milk yield and composition, metabolic profile and energy and nitrogen balance. Twenty-four multiparous Holstein cows were used in 4x4 Latin Square design, with 646.75 &#177; 77.54 kg of body weight, 3.02 &#177; 0.56 of body condition score, 176 &#177; 82.27 days in milk and 33.72 &#177; 7.63 kg/day of milk yield at the start of the study. Animals were randomized to receive the following treatments: 1) Control (0), comprises basal diet without the addition of fibrolytic enzyme; 2) with addition of 8 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme; 3) with the inclusion of 16 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme; 4) with inclusion of 24 g/cow/day of fibrolytic enzyme (Fibrozyme&reg; - Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY). Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes in feed resulted in increased of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber intake. Long particles intake increased linearly with fibrolytic enzyme inclusion in the diet. Cows supplemented with fibrolytic enzyme showed quadratic effect on the rumination and chewing activities. The increase in dry matter intake reflected in the linear increase in net energy intake and net energy balance. There was quadratic effect on the concentration of ruminal NH3-N and a linear increase in the amount of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in the rumen. There was quadratic effect in the ruminal microbial synthesis. There were no differences in milk yield and components production. There was a linear increase in the body weight gain with use of fibrolytic enzyme. There was quadratic effect in nitrogen urine excretion with quadratic effect on the nitrogen balance. Thus, exogenous fibrolytic enzyme is effective in increasing dry matter and NDF intake and improve the fermentation efficiency of dairy cows increase energy balance, but was not effective in increase the milk yield of Holstein cows in the third of lactation

<div><p>The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of type and level of digestibility index marker (DIM) and dietary characteristics including dietary fiber type, dietary protein sources, and inclusion of xylanase in pigs and broiler chickens.</p><p> An experiment was conducted to investigate if (i) the apparent digestibility of gross energy (GE) and nitrogen (N) were influenced by the type of DIM and dietary fiber; (ii) the concentration pattern of DIM was influenced by dietary fiber, ileal digesta collection day (Day), and time period (TP). Eighteen barrows (initial BW = 24.2 ± 0.3 kg) fitted with a T-cannula at the end of the ileum were used in a 2-period study. Three corn-soybean meal-based diets were formulated with corn starch, corn bran or oat bran at 100 g/kg. Acid insoluble ash (AIA), chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃), and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were included as DIM in each diet. Each period consisted of a 7-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total fecal collection period and a 3-d ileal digesta collection period, where ileal digesta was collected every 3 h between 09:00 to 21:00 h with 4 TP on each of the 3 day. The DIM had similar effect on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of GE and N within each diet, but different effects among the 3 diets. However, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE or N of corn starch and the ATTD of N of corn bran determined by the 3 DIM were not different. The recovery of TiO₂in feces of pigs fed the oat bran was 78.3%, which was the least among the 3 diets (<i>P</i>< 0.05). The distribution of Cr concentration in ileal digesta of pigs fed cornstarch, corn bran, and oat bran was similar to that of Tiand AIA irrespective of TP. In conclusion, the AID of GE or N was more influenced by the choice of DIM compared with ATTD; the recovery of TiO₂in pigs fed oat bran was less than corn starch or corn bran; the Day had limited effect on DIM concentration; and the three DIM moved synchronously in diets irrespective of TP.</p><p> Another study was conducted to investigate if the AID of GE or N was influenced by inclusion level and type of DIM and inclusion level of OB, and if the ATTD of GE or DIM recovery was influenced by the three aforementioned factors and duration of feces collection. Six diets were formulated as a 2 ´3 factorial arrangement with two levels of OB (0 or 100 g/kg) and three levels of DIM (2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 g/kg). BothCr₂O₃and TiO₂were added to the same diet as DIM and their inclusion levels were consistent in each experimental diet.<b></b>In Exp. 1, eighteen barrows (initial BW = 24.2 ± 0.3 kg) fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were used in a triplicate 6 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 6 dietary treatments and 2 periods. The ileal digesta were collected for 3 d after 5-d adaptation. In Exp. 2, a total of 72 barrows (initial BW = 26.9 ± 0.5 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design, and the feces were collected for either 3 or 5 d after a 7-d adaptation according to the assignment. Experimental diets were same as Exp. 1. The AID of GE and N determined by TiO₂were greater (<i>P</i>< 0.05) than Cr₂O₃regardless of the OB level and DIM level. Neither the OB level nor the DIM level affected the AID of GE or N. The DIM level and duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE and DIM recovery. The ATTD of GE were greater (<i>P</i>< 0.05) determined by TiO₂than that determined by Cr₂O₃. Similarly, the recovery of TiO₂was greater (<i>P</i>= 0.007) than Cr₂O₃. Inclusion of 100 g/kg OB did not affect the recovery of DIM. In conclusion, the AID of GE and N, the ATTD of GE, and the recovery of Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were affected by DIM type, but not DIM level; the inclusion of OB had no effect on AID of GE and N, and DIM recovery; and the duration of feces collection had no effect on ATTD of GE, and DIM recovery.<b></b></p><p> The additivity of AID and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in mixed diets containing wheat, canola meal (CM), meat and bone meal (MBM), and sorghum distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to pigs with Cr₂O₃and TiO₂as DIM was investigated in the third study. Four diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, MBM, or DDGS as a sole source of N; three mixed diets were prepared to contain wheat, CM, and MBM; wheat, MBM, and DDGS; or wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS; and a N-free diet was prepared to estimate the BEL of CP and AA. Both Cr₂O₃and TiO₂, each at 5 g/kg were incorporated into each diet. Sixteen barrows (initial BW = 34.7 ± 0.6 kg) surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with 8 experimental diets and 4 periods. Chromic oxide and TiO₂determined similar BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA. In wheat-CM-MBM diet, the measured AID of CP and most AA determined with Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were not different from the predicted values. The results indicated that the determination of BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA were not affected by DIM type;the additivity of AID and SID of CP and most indispensable AA in mixed diets was not affected by DIM type; and more accurate prediction of ileal digestibility of AA was achieved using SID rather than AID in mixed diets containing wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS.</p><p> The aim of the last study was to investigate the growth performance and nutrient utilization responses of broiler chickens and the nutrient utilization of pigs to xylanase, experimental diet formulation method for energy (FME), and DIM. In Exp. 1, a total of 448 male broiler chickens were used in a randomized complete block design with BW as a blocking factor. Seven dietary treatments were prepared in a 3 × 2 + 1 factorial arrangement with inclusion of sand, diatomaceous earth (DAE), or wheat bran (WB) as FME and without or with xylanase (26,400 unit/kg of diet) plus positive control, which contained sufficient energy content for animals. Each of Cr₂O₃and TiO₂were incorporated at 5 g/kg in diets. In Exp. 2, twenty-one barrows (initial BW = 33.0 ± 0.3 kg), fitted with simple T-cannulas at the distal ileum, were used in a triplicate 7 × 2 incomplete Latin Square design with 7 dietary treatments, which were prepared by the same arrangement as in broilers. In Exp. 1, the growth performance of birds was not affected by xylanase, but was affected by the choice of FME. There were interactions (<i>P</i>< 0.05) between xylanase and FME for AID of CP, His, Met, Thr, and Trp. In Exp. 2, there were interactions (<i>P</i>< 0.05) between xylanase and FME for AID of dry matter, GE, Arg, and Lys. The DIM type had no effect on responses in pigs. In conclusion, the efficacy of xylanase on ileal energy and AA digestibility depends on the choice of FME in broilers and pigs, and DIM affects ileal digestibility in broilers.</p><p> In summary, the AID of GE or N was more influenced by the DIM type compared with ATTD, and the three DIM moved synchronously in diets irrespective of TP. The AID of GE and N, the ATTD of GE, and the recovery of Cr₂O₃or TiO₂were affected by DIM type, but not DIM level. However, the choice of DIM had no effect on the determination of BEL, AID, and SID of CP and AA, and additivity of AID and SID of CP and most indispensable AA in mixed diets. In addition, more accurate prediction of ileal digestibility of AA was achieved using SID rather than AID in mixed diets containing wheat, CM, MBM, and DDGS. Finally, the efficacy of xylanase on ileal energy and AA digestibility depends on the choice of FME in broilers and pigs, and DIM affects ileal digestibility in broilers.</p></div><p></p>

Small ruminant species are utilized for their diverse products including meat, dairy products, and wool. Effective and humane management are essential to maintain high production rates and comfortable animals. To attain this objective, managers needs to have an extensive knowledge of husbandry techniques, understanding of physiological processes, and familiarity with nutritional requirements. We examined the effects of varying feed components on two different ruminal species. In Chapter 1, we conducted a study to evaluate"¯the effects"¯of a low metabolizable energy (LME) and high metabolizable energy (HME) diet on twenty-two Friesian/Lacuane"¯cross ewes and lamb nutritional status."¯Effects on milk production during early lactation stages"¯and the growth of the neonatal lambs were also investigated. We anticipate energy levels will have an effect on milk production and lamb growth. Our results indicate that ewes on the LME diet produced more milk with higher concentrations of fat though this group maintained lower body condition. We concluded that neither the HME nor the LME diet met the needs of the sheep due to the shift in nutrient partitioning towards milk production rather than allocating nutrients to maintaining both body condition and milk production. Limited energy requirements are further evidenced by the decline in back fat (BF) for both the HME and LME groups for the duration of the study. We determined the degradation parameters of grass hay supplemented with soybean meal (SBM) and the effects of SBM on compartment 1 (C1) ammonia and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations in alpacas. Our findings show that the degradation rate was not different for dry matter (DM), but it was for crude protein (CP) (P<0.05). With this data it can be concluded that SBM can be a CP supplement when the diet is insufficient to improve microbial yield. It should be noted that care should be taken to avoid causing a protein-energy imbalance. The results of these two studies indicate shifts in nutrients availability and changes in feeding strategies can affect both the health of the animal and their subsequent offspring.

Excessive phosphorus (P) excreted by animals can affect water quality and cause eutrophication. Better understanding of factors that influence P utilization and excretion in horses may reduce the environmental impact of P. Two animal experiments were conducted that examined P excretion by horses. The efficacy of titanium dioxide as an external marker to calculate digestibility was studied concurrently with both animal experiments. Additionally, pasture P concentrations were evaluated over the growing season using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Experiment 1 examined P excretion by post-lactational mares fed a low P diet immediately prior to weaning compared to non-lactating controls fed an adequate P diet. Post-lactational mares excreted more P compared to controls. Experiment 2 compared P excretion in horses fed to lose, maintain, or gain weight. Horses fed to lose weight tended to excrete more fecal P compared to horses fed to gain weight and had increased markers of bone turnover. The efficacy of titanium dioxide for estimating fecal output from limited fecal grab samples was variable. Titanium dioxide may be useful in situations where many fecal samples are collected over 5 d, but may not be as accurate if one fecal grab sample is expected to be representative of fecal output. Experiment 3 focused on examining the changes in pasture mineral concentration over the season using NIRS. A discussion of how these results may inform equine P supplementation programs is included. Overall, the work in this dissertation suggests that factors that influence P excretion in the horse include the dietary availability of P, physiological status, and active weight change. These variables can be incorporated into feeding programs to meet horses’ needs more closely while minimizing P excretion in the environment.