Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as hyaluronan (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) are important, natural polysaccharides which occur in biological (connective) tissues and have various biotechnological and medical applications. Additionally, there is increasing evidence that chemically (over)sulfated GAGs possess promising properties and are useful as implant coatings. Unfortunately, a detailed characterization of these GAGs is challenging: although mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most powerful tools to elucidate the structures of (poly)saccharides, MS is not applicable to high mass polysaccharides, but characteristic oligosaccharides are needed. These oligosaccharides are normally generated by enzymatic digestion. However, chemically modified (particularly sulfated) GAGs are extremely refractive to enzymatic digestion. This study focuses on the investigation of the digestibility of GAGs with different degrees of sulfation by bovine testicular hyaluronidase (BTH). It will be shown by using an adapted spectrophotometric assay that all investigated GAGs can be basically digested if the reaction conditions are carefully adjusted. However, the oligosaccharide yield correlates reciprocally with the number of sulfate residues per polymer repeating unit. Finally, matrix-laser desorption and ionization (MALDI) MS will be used to study the released oligosaccharides and their sulfation patterns.

Darbo tikslas – nustatyti maisto medžiagų kiekius išmatose, nustatyti pasisavinimo lygį vokiečių aviganių veislės suaugusių šunų (kalių ir patinų) organizme; įvertinti įtaką kraujo biocheminiams ir morfologiniams rodikliams; įvertinti išskiriamų išmatų konsistenciją. Mokslinio darbo naujumas –mūsų šalyje pirmą kartą atliktas virškinamumo-balansinis bandymas su suaugusiomis vokiečių aviganių veislės kalėmis ir patinais ir įvertintas ceolito poveikis sausosios medžiagos, organinės medžiagos, žalių baltymų, žalių riebalų, žalios ląstelienos, žalių pelenų ir neazotinių ekstraktinių medžiagų pasisavinamumui ramybės, kergimo, šuningumo, laktacijos laikotarpiuose. Praktinė darbo reikšmė – panaudojant naujus priedus gaminti ėdalus šunims bei katėms, kad galima būtų optimizuoti virškinimo ir rezorbcijos procesus šių gyvūnų organizme. Remiantis atliktų bandymų duomenimis nustatytas klinoptilolito teigiamas poveikis kai kurių maisto medžiagų pasisavinamumui gyvūnų organizme, sveikatingumui, o taip pat mažesnis taršos laipsnis aplinkai. Šunų šėrimui šiuo metu yra gaminama daugybė skirtingų ėdalų, panaudojant įvairius papildus bei priedus. Sudaromi pilnai subalansuoti ėdalų receptai, kurių sudėtyje pateikiami įvairiausi augaliniai ir gyvūniniai komponentai. Ėdalams gaminti panaudojami tik geros kokybės produktai, kurie lengvai gyvūno organizme suskaidomi, aukštame lygyje pasisavinami ir nekenkia jo sveikatingumui. Pastaraisiais metais susirūpinimas ėdalų sauga vis didėja, kokybė ir sauga... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aim of the study – to determine the volumes of nutrients in the faeces and to identify the level of digestion in German shepherd breed dog system (males and females); to assess the impact to the blood biochemical and morphological indexes; to evaluate the consistency of the faeces secretion. The novelty of scientific study – for the first time in our country a balance experiment of digestion was performed with grown up German shepherd breed female and male dogs and the influence of zeolite to the digestion of dry matter, organic matter, raw proteins, raw fat, raw fiber, raw ash and non-nitrogenous extractive materials during calm, mating, breeding and lactation periods. Practical significance of the scientific study – to produce dog and cat food by using new supplements in order of optimizing the digestion and absorption processes in these animals organisms. The positive effect of clynoptilolite to digestion of some nutrients, wellbeing and lower emission levels were identified by using the data of the performed experiments. Currently there is a vast range of mash manufactured by using various supplements and additives. Fully balanced mash recipes are composed, which contains various herbal and animal components. Only good quality products, which are easily digestable, have high level of absorption and doesn‘t have a negative impact to the health of an animal are used. The safety concerns of the mash are on the rise in the latter year and are becoming more relevant in the... [to full text]

Darbo tikslai: įvertinti klinoptilolito įtaką didelių, vidutinių ir mažų veislių šunims: maisto medžiagų pasisavinamumui, sveikatingumui, virškinamojo trakto mikrofloros kitimui. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. atlikti mokslinius ūkinius bandymus su skirtingų veislių šunimis prieš pradedant vartoti klinoptilolito preparatą ir atskirais laikotarpiais; 2. nustatyti ėdalo ir jame esančių maisto medžiagų suvartojimo kiekius atskirais augimo tarpsniais; 3. įvertinti klinoptilolito preparato sudėtį ir poveikio tendencijas; 4. nustatyti išskiriamų išmatų kiekius ir jų cheminę sudėtį; 5. paskaičiuoti maisto medžiagų pasisavinamumą organizme; 6. įvertinti sveikatos būklę. Praktinio darbo reikšmė: atliktais bandymais buvo parodytas klinoptilolito teigiamas poveikis organizmui: sveikatingumui, maisto medžiagų pasisavinamumui ir taršos aplinkai. 2012-2013 metais, tyrimas buvo atliktas su šiomis šunų veislėmis: jorkšyro terjerų patinais ir kalėmis, anglų kokerspanielių kalėmis ir vokiečių aviganių patinais. Mokslinis ūkinis bandymas trūko 6 mėn. Tyrimai buvo atliekami skirtinguose veislynuose. Rezultatai yra apibendrinami nustatant: šunų svorio kitimus atskirais laikotarpiais, ėdalo praėjimo greitis per virškinimo traktą, išmatų kiekių nustatymas, svorio skaičiavimas bandymo pradžioje ir pabaigoje ir ėdalo suvartojimo kiekiai. Mažų veislių šunų tiriamoji grupė suvartojusi sauso ėdalo su klinoptilolitu per parą 60,1 g, o kontrolinė grupė 62,8 g, išskyrė išmatų 44,3 g tiriamoji grupė ir 46,8 g... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Aims of the study: to evaluate the efficacy of clinoptilolite to overal wellness, changes made to GI tract microflora and digestibility of food substances for large, middle and small sized dogs. Objectives: 1. to perform household experiments with dogs of different breed before giving clinoptilolite and during various periods; 2. to evaluate consumption of food and different food substances during different growing periods; 3. to assess clinoptilolite’s composition and tendencies of effect; 4. to determine the amount and chemical composition of excreted feces; 5. to evaluate the consumption of food substances; 6. to assess the overall health. Significance of the study: the positive effect of clinoptilolite for wellness, consumption of food and effect for environment was proven by our experiments. In 2012-2013 year the experiment was conducted with both genders of Yorkshire Terriers, females of English Cocker Spaniel and German shepherd males. Household study took six months and experiments were made in different breeding grounds. Results were concluded by evaluating differences in body weight of dogs during different time periods, measuring amount of feces excreted, speed of food transition through the entire gastrointestinal tract, measuring body weight in the start and in the end of the experiment and measuring amount of consumed food. Experiment groups: small breed dogs consumed different amount of foods. Experiment group consumed 60,1 g of food with additive, and... [to full text]

Darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti didžiojo prieskrandžio turinio fermentacinių procesų aktyvumą ir nustatyti pašarų organinės medžiagos (OM) virškinamumą in vitro. Tyrimai atlikti su 9 Lietuvos juodmargių veislės karvėmis tvartiniu laikotarpiu. Didžiojo prieskrandžio turinys buvo paimtas ryklės-stemplės zondu GDZ-1 po rytinio šėrimo. Didžiojo prieskrandžio turinio rodikliai buvo fiziologinės normos ribose: pH buvo vidutiniškai 6,48 ± 0,21, redukcinis bakterijų aktyvumas – 114,2±41,06 s, gliukozės rūgimo reakcijos greitis – 1,69±0,71 cm3/h, LRR 98,33±12,06 mmol/l ir pirmuonių skaičius 226,2±48,63×103/ml. Inkubuojant pašarus su tiriamų karvių didžiojo prieskrandžio turiniu in vitro, nustatėme, kad siloso OM virškinamumas buvo 10,2 ir 36,4 proc. (p<0,001) didesnis nei atitinkamai šieno ir šiaudų. Šieno OM virškinamumas buvo 29,2 proc. didesnis nei šiaudų (p<0,001). / The goal of the study was to evaluate the level of activity of the rumen fermentation processes and determine the digestibility of organic matter (OM) of the feed in vitro. The researches were carried out with 9 Lithuanian Black-and-White cows during the indoor period. The rumen fluid was obtained by using a GDZ–1 pharyngeal and esophageal probe after the morning feeding. The tested physiological parameters of the contents of the rumen were within the normal range: pH was 6.48 ± 0.21 in average, the reduction activity of bacteria was 114.2 ± 41.06 s, the glucose fermentation reaction time was 1.69 ± 0.71 cm3/h, the free fatty acids (FFA) were equal to 98.33 ± 12.06 mmol/l and the number of protozoa was 226.2 ± 48.63 × 103/ml. During the incubation of the feed with the contents of rumen of the studied cows in vitro, we determined that the OM digestibility of silage was 10.2 and 36.4 per cent (p<0.001) which was higher than that of hay and straw. The OM digestibility of hay was higher by 29.2 per cent compared to the straw (p<0.001).

As aquaculture continues to expand, protein sources have become more costly and less available. Simultaneously, lipid-extracted algal meals (LEA) (co-products of bio-diesel production) are becoming increasingly available as alternative sources of energy are investigated. By integrating LEA into aquaculture diets, feed prices could be lowered and bio-diesel production would have an additional revenue stream. Three feeding trials each of 7 weeks duration were conducted to evaluate five different algal meals as partial replacements for fishmeal and soy protein concentrate in diets for juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for CP and energy in various LEAs also were determined with red drum and hybrid striped bass (HSB). In the first trial, whole algae meal and LEA derived from Navicula sp. replaced 5 or 10% of the crude protein (CP) in the reference diet. Weight gain, feed efficiency (FE), hepatosomatic index (HSI), as well as protein and energy retention were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. Algal inclusion significantly affected the ADCs of the various dietary treatments for dry matter, CP, and energy. The inclusion of ash in the form of diatomaceous earth improved digestibility of protein as well as weight gain, survival and FE. A second feeding trial evaluated LEA derived from Chlorella sp. processed at high temperatures, replacing 5, 10, 20, and 25% of the CP in the reference diet. Weight gain, FE, survival, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly reduced at substitution levels of 20 and 25%. The third feeding trial evaluated LEA derived from Nanochloropsis salina, replacing 5, 7.5, 10, and 15% of the CP in the reference diet. Weight gain, FE, survival, and PER were significantly affected by some dietary treatments, with the 15% substitution levels causing significant reductions in performance. Intraperitoneal fat ratio and whole-body lipids were significantly lower in the fish fed the 15% substitution diet. Based on the results of these experiments, replacement of up to 10% of CP from fishmeal and soy protein concentrate with LEA was possible without causing substantial reductions in fish performance, and the whole algae product provided a more nutritious product. Red drum and HSB showed similar responses in their ability to digest CP and energy from the various algal products, although ADCs varied greatly among the different products and processing methods.

This research project compares different chemical and spectroscopic techniques aimed at finding a quick and cheap replacement for the measurement of digestibility of phosphorus (P) in different inorganic feed additives for pigs. This research yielded a comparison of the digestibility of different feed additives. P digestibility was determined from in vivo studies of pigs. The animal feed in the in vivo studies contained P levels below the nutrient requirements. The basal diet was a corn soybean meal base. Assessment was performed on 6 different inorganic P sources, rock phosphate (tricalcium phosphate (TCP)), meat and bone meal (MBM), mono/dicalcium phosphate (MDCP) and three different dicalcium phosphates (DCPs). Eight pigs where selected and placed into separate pens. Two were given basal diets and the other 6 diets were randomly selected and supplied with the different inorganic P sources. P digestibility was calculated by difference. The apparent P digestibility of the sources were: TCP at 46 %, the MBM at 85 %, MDCP at 71 % and three DCPs ranged from 49 % to 73 %. This substantiated that the apparent P digestibility in the major inorganic sources of P is significantly less than 100%. The in vitro or chemical methods of assessing phosphorus availability in animal feed included the commonly used feed extraction methods of water solubility and 2 % citric acid. These two methods showed significant differences between each other. Other chemical methods used included calcium chloride, ammonium acetate, sodium bicarbonate extractions, and a double extraction using hydrochloric acid (HCl) followed by sodium bicarbonate. The chemical methods showed non-significant correlation coefficients when compared to in vivo P digestibility of the six phosphate ingredients used. Infra-red spectroscopy is now commonly used in feed production for many other nutritional tests. NIR, although being able to obtain an R2 above 0.999 for correlation curves and factor prediction curves, could not obtain a self prediction of the calcium phosphates due to the large Mahalanobis Distance. P digestibility predicted by MIR showed close agreement with the in vivo P digestibility. Again due to the small number of ingredients tested in the pig trial, the prediction of digestibility using MIR could only be compared to it self. Hence MIR can only be used as an estimate until more data can be obtained. The P31 SS-MAS-NMR indicated one of the DCPs was made up of 3 or more P compounds by displaying 3 major peaks. All the P chemical shifts from the faeces had different positions to the P peaks in the ingredients, indicating some sort of change in the P form. Overall the chemical methods were unable to predict P digestibility, and while the spectroscopic techniques showed promise, they still require more work to examine many more feed additives.Invitro, invivo, phosphorus, digestibility, swine, infra-red spectroscopy, solid state NMR

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning). Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.