Published Article / The development of innovative products and their realisation by means of advanced manufacturing methods and process combinations is more becoming a key issue in international competitiveness. The industrial production is subsequently influenced ever more by the possibilities that Rapid Technologies -Rapid Modelling and Reverse Engineering, Rapid Prototyping and Tooling, Rapid Manufacturing can offer. Reverse Engineering (RE) is the process of digitising a physical object to obtain computerised data for further development as opposed to manufacturing a product from a digital model, e.g. CNC machining. This paper reflects experiences gained in the use of RE approaches for industrial applications, comparing specifically the use of tactile methods and digitising techniques based on photogrammetry principles. Process capabilities and the internal process chain are scrutinised. Practical case studies are presented and discussed with an emphasis on project lead times and dimensional accuracy obtained. Particular attention is paid to challenges related to surface recreation and manufacture of tooling for various components. The purpose of the paper is therefore to highlight the capabilities and wide range of applications for Reverse Engineering, while at the same time outlining pitfalls and limitations of this remarkable technology.

Leaves play a vital role in the development of a plant, as they are major resource collectors. Adequate models of leaves are therefore required for the modelling of plants. Such models may be used for visualisation purposes only, or they may incorporate leaf function such as photosynthesis. While the modelling of plant architecture has been researched extensively over the last decades, models of leaf surfaces have mostly not been generated with great accuracy or level of detail, and have often been handcrafted. This thesis aims to provide techniques for the creation of detailed, accurate models of leaf surfaces for the plant modelling community; models that may be used as parts of virtual plants for applications in fields as diverse as the arts, agriculture or computer games. These techniques are mathematical methods of surface fitting based on data that has been sampled from real leaves. First, leaf data needs to be collected. The digitising of leaf surfaces is described in detail in this thesis, and issues arising for three data collection techniques are discussed. The laser scanner is selected to sample data from leaf surfaces of four example leaf types. The two surface fitting methods which are applied to the data are finite element interpolation approaches. Since the size of a laser scanned data set can be enormous, an incremental algorithm is used to identify significant points that result in a surface fit that approximates all remaining data points to a specified accuracy. Interpretation of the positions of these points leads to the formulation of guidelines that describe the locations of significant points on a leaf surface. These are the points that should be digitised with a single-point device such as a sonic or magnetic digitiser, possibly the only digitising technique available to a plant scientist. Triangle-based finite element methods lead to surface models with piecewise linear viii boundaries in the triangulation reference plane. This may not be an issue for applications where the boundary of a model is not important. Leaf surfaces, however, possess a specific boundary. To generate a visually realistic model of a leaf surface the boundary needs to be captured; a method is introduced that improves the boundary of a triangle-based interpolant. A new boundary curve is specified that passes through all boundary points, and the surface is extended so that it matches the new curve. Visual criteria are listed for the acceptance or rejection of the boundary, and a preliminary discussion is made of numerical criteria. The research presented in this thesis is the first to model detailed and accurate leaf surfaces based on data points. It delivers a basis for further research both into the application of detailed models as well as into extensions of the presented model.

Šio darbo tikslas - nuodugniai išanalizuoti akademinių bibliotekų mokslinės literatūros skaitmeninimui ir perkėlimui į intranetą reikalingas priemones, bei pateikti geriausius metodus šių procesų įgyvendinimui. Identifikuoti dažniausiai iškylančias problemas susijusias su knygų konvertavimu į elektronines formas. Taikant kokybinius tyrimų metodus surasti tinkamiausius būdus ir reikalavimus, skaitmeninimo ir pateikimo sistemų įgyvendinimui. Pirmojoje darbo dalyje analizuojama dabartinė akademinių bibliotekų procesų ir turimų knygų ir e. knygų situacija, jų bibliotekose ateities perspektyvos. Antrojoje darbo dalyje analizuojami klausimai susiję su knygų skaitmeninimu. Pateikiami galimi skaitmeninimo būdai, bei globalūs knygų saugojimo formatai, tinkantys ilgalaikiam knygų saugojimui. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje pateikiamas terminalo koncepcinis modelis – leidžiantis pateikti suskaitmenintas e. knygas, nepažeidžiant autorinių teisių įstatymų. Sudaryti reikalavimai akademinių bibliotekų e. knygų terminalo sistemos projektavimui, atsižvelgiant į įstatymus, reikalingas apsaugas, patalpinimo terpes ir suderinamumą. / Purpose of this work is a detailed analysis of the academic libraries and their scientific literature, digitization and transfer to the intranet, necessary measures and how to provide the best methods to implement these processes. To identify the most frequently encountered problems associated with the conversion of books into electronic form. To identify the most appropriate methods and requirements for digital systems and the implementation using qualitative research methods. The first part analyzes the current processes of academic libraries and their books and e-books situation, future prospects for the libraries. The second part analyzes the issues related to the digitization of books. Made available for digitization techniques, and keeping global formats, suitable for long-term storage of books. The third part presents a conceptual model of the terminal - which enables to digitalize e. books without the copyright laws. Requirements are established for terminal system design of academic libraries, according to the laws necessary for the prevention, placing media and interoperability. .

Det offentliga Sverige digitaliseras i en snabb takt och om fördelarna med den tekniska utvecklingen ska kunna tas tillvara krävs det tillgång till ett antal grundläggande funktioner. En viktig grundfunktion är möjligheten att på ett säkert sätt kunna identifiera användare av e-tjänster och att kunna kontrollera att elektroniskt underskrivna handlingar är äkta. En nödvändig del av den grundläggande infrastrukturen för såväl e-förvaltning som för kommersiella aktörer är därmed elegitimering och e-underskrift. Den här studien syftar till att utforska processen för hantering av hyreskontrakt hos Uppsala kommun. För att utforska den här processen utgår studien från tre frågeställningar – (1) hur processen ser ut idag, (2) hur processen kan förbättras, samt (3) hur den förbättringen kan implementeras i organisationen. De problem som finns i processen idag är att processen är väldigt papperstung. Anledningen till att processen är papperstung är den stora mängden hyreskontrakt som hanteras. Hyreskontrakten hanteras i flera olika steg och de ska undertecknas i skrift av flera olika personer på flera olika exemplar. Teorin i den här studien är uppbyggt främst från kvalitetsteknikens egna teorier och modeller, men även från andra områden, såsom digitalisering. Kvalitetsteknikens teorier och modeller användes som en grund till förbättringsarbetet där digitaliseringen kom in och användes för att stärka upp förbättringen av det specifika fokusområdet. De metoder som användes vid datainsamlingen var främst intervjuer. De genomfördes i form av ostrukturerade intervjuer. Vid datainsamlingen gjordes även en insamling av kvantitativa data. Dataanalysen gjordes med hjälp av ett fiskbensdiagram där huvudkategorierna utgick från de olika typer av slöseri som Lean-konceptet använder. För att analysera de identifierade problemen i fiskbensdiagrammet ännu mer användes ”fem varför?” för att hitta rotorsakerna till problemen. Resultatet visade att den dåvarande processen var väldigt omfattande med alla dess steg samt komplicerad då hyreskontrakten skulle skickas mellan både interna och externa parter. Resultatet visar även att grundorsaken till majoriteten av problemen berodde på att Uppsala kommun inte har digitala funktioner som kan hantera underskrifter av hyreskontrakten. Slutsatsen av den här studien är att genom en digitalisering av processen skulle stora förbättringar kunna göras. Antal steg i processen skulle minska och hanteringen av varje avtal skulle bli enklare då processen skulle slippa hantering av papper. / Public Sweden is digitised at a rapid pace and if the benefits of technological development would be utilised, access to a number of basic functions is required. An important base is the possibility that in an appropriate way identify users of e-services and to verify that acts have electronic signatures. Electronic identification and e-signatures are a necessary infrastructure for both e-administration and commercial actors. This study leads up to explore the process for administration of rental agreements at Uppsala kommun. To be able to explore this process, the study is based on three question formulations - (1) how the process is working today, (2) how the process can be improved and (3) how the improvement can be implemented in the organisation. The current problem with the process is that it is mainly based on paper. The reason for that is the big amount of rental agreements being handled. The rental agreements are handled in many different steps and need to be manually signed by many different persons in many copies. This study is based on various theories and models from the Quality Technology, and also from the digitalisation area. The theories and models from the Quality Technology was used as a base for the work of improvements, where the digitalisation was used as a complement to strengthen the improvement of the specific area. The methods that have been used for the data collection were foremost interviews. They were made in an unstructured form. Through the data collection, quantitative data were also collected. The analyse of data was made through a fishbone diagram where the main categories were originated from the different kinds of waste from the Lean concept. To further analyse the identified problems in the fishbone diagram, the method 5 Whys were used to find the root cause of the problem. The result showed that the former process was extensive containing a lot of steps and also complicated because the rental agreements were distributed between internal and external parts. The result also shows that the main cause of the majority of the problems was caused by the fact that Uppsala kommun does not have digital functions that can handle signatures of the rental agreements. The conclusion of the study is that big improvements can be done if a digitalisation of the process would be done. The number of steps in the process would be reduced and the handling of every agreement would be easier if the process got rid of all papers.