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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Produção de enzimas extracelulares em haploides, heterocarios e diploides de aspergillus nidulans

Moscoso, Irma de Lourdes 15 July 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Yoko Bomura Rosato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-15T09:03:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moscoso_IrmadeLourdes_M.pdf: 4592907 bytes, checksum: 7da4f18d51329da239213f41b89bdef9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1987 / Resumo: Linhagens haplóides, bem como heterocários e diplóides do fungo Aspergillus nidulans foram analisados quanto à produção das enzimas extracelulares lipase, amilase, protease, fosfatase e urease. Foram utilizados três linhagens normais e oito mutantes morfológicos, além de diferentes combinações entre ambos. Os ensaios foram efetuados em meios de cultura sólidos, contendo cada qual, um substrato especifico. As linhagens morfológicas do tipo compacto foram também analisadas microscopicamente, e comparadas às demais, previamente descritas. Pelos resultados obtidos, foi constatado que as colônias de crescimento reduzido em um ou mais meios de cultura foram sempre as mais alteradas também no aspecto enzimático, bem corno no microscópico. As compactas B-VIII e B-6, bem corno os heterocários pp+M-32 e pp+M-35, destacaram-se por apresentar a maior produção de lipase, amilase, protease, enquanto que outras linhagens e heterocários mostraram maior produção em relação a apenas uma ou outra dessas enzimas. A linhagem compacta pp-6 constituiu uma exceção, já que não apresentou produção de protease, embora o heterocário MSE + pp-6 tenha produzido o mais alto nível de atividade dessa mesma enzima. Para fosfatase e urease ocorreu o inverso, isto é, as colônias de menores dimensões apresentaram evidências de menor atividade enzimática. Quanto aos diplóides, houve restauração do fenótipo enzimático original bm ou pp em todos os casos. As alterações aqui descritas foram discutidas, considerando-se a possibilidade de problemas de permeabilidade nos mutantes morfológicos utilizados / Abstract: The production of extracellular enzynes such as lipase, amylase, protease, phosphatase and urease by haploids, heterocaryons and diploids of A. nidulans were analysed. Three normal strains, eight morphological mutants and differents combinations among them were utilized. The enzymatic test were carried out using solid culture medium containing specific substrate for each enzyme under assay. The results shwed that slow growing colonies in one or more culture medium showed also more alterations in the enzyme production. In general compact colonies (B-VIII and B-6) and some heterocaryons (pp+M-32 and pp+M-35) showed higher production of lipase, amylase and protease. For specific enzymes there are others strains and heterocaryons that must be considered. The strain pp-6 was a special compact strain showing no activity of protease at all; however in the heterocaryon MSE + pp-6 there was a strong interaction producing the highest level of protease activity. For phosphatase and urease the results were quite different, the smaller colonies having lower enzymatic activity. There were no differences in the diploids and the level of enzymes production returned to the respective original strain bm ou pp. All the alterations described, specially in haploids and heterocaryons were discussed considering permeability problems in the morphological mutants / Mestrado / Genetica / Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
2

Pintura cromossômica multidirecional no genoma de synallaxis frontalis (passeriformes, furnariidae)

Garnero, Analía Del Valle 24 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-04-24T18:19:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Pintura cromossômica multidirecional no genoma de synallaxis frontalis (passeriformes, furnariidae).pdf: 883991 bytes, checksum: 31114ee6ec5eb33e14eb5784908a20fc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-24T18:19:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Pintura cromossômica multidirecional no genoma de synallaxis frontalis (passeriformes, furnariidae).pdf: 883991 bytes, checksum: 31114ee6ec5eb33e14eb5784908a20fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-24 / Durante o processo evolutivo os cariótipos das espécies se transformaram seguindo princípios nem sempre conhecidas, gerando uma imensa diversidade cromossômica. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo compreender a evolução cariotípica de uma espécie da família Furnariidae, Synallaxis frontalis, popularmente conhecido como Petrim. A metodologia utilizada para alcançarmos nosso objetivo foi a citogenética clássica (coloração com giemsa e bandeamento C) e molecular (Hibridização in situ fluorescente) de sondas do gene ribossomal 18S e sondas cromossômicas de Gallus gallus (GGA) e Leucopternis albicollis (LAL). A coloração com giemsa permitiu inferirmos que a espécie estudada apresenta um típico cariótipo para os passeriformes, com 82 cromossomos, sendo a maioria deles microcromossomos. Entretanto observou-se a presença de heteromorfismos na morfologia do primeiro e terceiro pares autossômicos. O bandeamento C demonstrou que a heterocromatina constitutiva está localizada principalmente nas regiões centromérica/pericentromérica dos macrocromossomos e microcromossomos e, em praticamente todo o cromossomo sexual W. Os sítios ribossomais foram encontrados em um par de microcromossomos, assim como a maioria das espécies basais. A pintura cromossômica com sondas de GGA mostrou que os cromossomos ancestrais 1 e 2 estão fissionados, enquanto que a hibridização dos cromossomos correspondentes ao GGA 3-10 mostraram o mesmo padrão proposto para o suposto ancestral das aves. As hibridizações com sondas de LAL confirmaram os resultados obtidos com GGA e permitiram a identificação de vários rearranjos intracromossômicos no cromossomo 1 (GGA1q) e no cromossomo 3 (GGA2q). As inversões no cromossomo 1 de Synallaxis frontalis foram similares às inversões já descritas para passeriformes, entretanto, esta espécie apresentou uma inversão extra, responsável pelo heteromorfismo neste cromossomo. De forma similar, no cromossomo 3, a inversão encontrada também foi responsável pelo heteromorfismo. Essas informações são importantes para melhor compreender a organização genômica e evolução cromossômica das aves, especialmente para a subordem Suboscines. / During the evolutionary process the karyotypes of the species were transformed following system not always known, generating an immense chromosomic diversity. Thus the present work aimed to understand the karyotype evolution of a species of the Furnariidae family, Synallaxis frontalis, popularly known as Petrim. The methodology used to reach our aim was classical cytogenetics (giemsa and Cbanding) and molecular (fluorescence in situ hybridization) with 18S ribosomal gene probes and chromosome probes of Gallus gallus (GGA) and Leucopternis albicollis (LAL). The giemsa staining allowed us to infer that the species studied presented a typical karyotype for birds, with 82 chromosomes, most of them microchromosomes. However, the presence of heteromorphisms in the morphology of the first and third autosomal pairs was observed. C-banding demonstrated that constitutive heterochromatin is located primarily in the centromeric/pericentromeric regions of macrochromosomes and microchromosomes and in practically the entire size of the W chromosome. The ribosomal sites were found in a pair of microchromosomes, as in the most of the basal species. The chromosome painting with GGA probes showed that the ancestral chromosomes 1 and 2 are fissioned, whereas the hybridization of the chromosomes corresponding to the GGA 3-10 showed the same standard proposed for the supposed ancestor of the birds. Hybridizations with LAL probes confirmed the results obtained with GGA and allowed the identification of several intrachromosomal rearrangements on chromosome 1 (GGA1q) and chromosome 3 (GGA2q). The inversions on chromosome 1 of Synallaxis frontalis were similar to the inversions already described for Passeriformes, however, this species presented an extra inversion, responsible for the heteromorphism in this chromosome. Similarly, on chromosome 3, the inversion found was also responsible for heteromorphism. This information is important to better understand the genomic organization and chromosomal evolution of birds, particularly for Suboscine. / SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................... 13 1.2 Importância da citogenética em aves .......................................................... 14 1.2 Genes Ribossomais .................................................................................... 15 1.3 Pintura cromossômica em aves .................................................................. 16 1.4 Família Furnariidae ..................................................................................... 16 2 OBJETIVOS ........................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Objetivo geral .............................................................................................. 20 2.1 Objetivos específicos .................................................................................. 20 3 CAPÍTULO 1 - Multidirectional chromosome painting in the genome of Synallaxis frontalis (Passeriformes, Furnariidae) reveals high chromosomal reorganization, involving fissions and inversions ............................................................................... 21 3.1 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 22 3.2 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 23 3.3 MATERIAL AND METHODS ....................................................................... 24 3.3.1 Samples and Chromosome Preparations ........................................ 24 3.3.2 Classical Cytogenetics .................................................................... 25 3.3.3 Fluorescent in situ hybridization ...................................................... 25 3.4 RESULTS ................................................................................................... 25 3.4.1 Classical Cytogenetics .................................................................... 25 3.4.2 FISH experiments ............................................................................ 26 3.5 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................. 32 4 CONCLUSÃO ......................................................................................................... 40 REFERÊNCIAS ......................................................................................................... 41
3

Species delienation and hybridization in the brown seaweed Ectocarpus complex / Délimitation d'espèces et hybridation chez l'algue brune Ectocarpus

Montecinos, Alejandro 08 November 2016 (has links)
Le genre Ectocarpus Lyngbye (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) regroupe des algues marines filamenteuses caractérisées par un cycle haploïde-diploïde. L'objectif de la thèse était de délimiter les espèces et d'étudier la spéciation dans ce genre. Nous avons commencé par clarifier le nombre d'espèces cryptiques en utilisant deux loci indépendants et une approche intégrative associant une analyse de détection de " barcode gap " avec des reconstructions phylogénétiques. Nos résultats montrent l'existence d'au moins 15 espèces qui se répartissent en un groupe monophylétique composé d'E. crouaniorum (Ecro) et de deux espèces proches ainsi que d'un mélange paraphylétique composé des 12 autres espèces incluant E. siliculosus (Esil). Deuxièmement, les analyses de séquençage Rad et de phylogénomique ont permis de résoudre les relations au sein du groupe paraphylétique. Les espèces se regroupent maintenant en deux clades divergents (Ecro and Esil). Des niveaux de divergence variables entre espèces sont révélés au sein du clade Esil. Des phénomènes d'hybridation entre les espèces les plus apparentées, et trouvées en sympatrie, sont suspectés. Finalement, l'importance de l'isolement reproducteur a été étudié entre les espèces Esil et Ecro, les plus communes, mais les plus divergentes, en utilisant des marqueurs spécifiques de chacune des espèces. Nos résultats indiquent que la méiose agit comme une forte barrière reproductive entre ces espèces et démontrent que les espèces du genre Ectocarpus sont d'excellents systèmes pour étudier les conséquences évolutives de l'hybridation et de l'introgression pour le maintien ou la divergence des espèces grâce à leur cycle haploïde-diploïde. / The genus Ectocarpus Lyngbye (Ectocarpales, Phaeophyceae) comprises marine filamentous algae characterized by an alternation between two independent multicellular organisms of different ploidy. The general objective of the thesis was to study species delineation and speciation within this genus. We started clarifying the number of cryptic species using two unlinked loci (COI-5P and ITS1) and an integrative approach associating barcode gap detection analyses with phylogenetic reconstructions. We showed the presence of at least 15 species partitioned within a monophyletic group composed of E. crouaniorum (Ecro) and two closely related species and a paraphyletic assemblage composed of the remaining 12 other species including E. siliculosus (Esil). Second, Rad sequencing and phylogenomics analyses allowed to resolve the relationships within the paraphyletic assemblage. The different species becomes well separated into two divergent clades (Ecro and Esil). A diversity of taxa with various levels of divergence was revealed within the clade Esil and hybridization between the closest and sympatric species was suggested. Finally, the importance of reproductive isolation among the two commonest but most divergent species Esil and Ecro was studied using species-specific nuclear and cytoplasmic markers jointly with 9 microsatellites. We showed that meiosis acts as a strong reproductive barrier among these two species and demonstrates that the species of the genus Ectocarpus are excellent systems to study evolutionary consequences of hybridization and introgression for the maintenance or breakdown of species because of their haploid diploid life cycle.

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