O poder, muitas vezes, é utilizado como sinônimo de violência, visto que identifica o Estado como possuidor do monopólio legítimo da força, sendo esta a manifestação última do poder. Para o direito, a relação entre poder e violência é valorada na sanção, servindo esta como diferenciação e identificação da norma jurídica. Apesar de muitos definirem poder e violência como opostos, a crise de legitimidade jurídica que surge quando o exercício da violência simbólica deixa de ser dissimulado e desconhecido por parte dos endereçados sociais, desperta o uso da violência contra a própria violência de modo não razoável e abusivo para se forçar a obediência ou mesmo manter as relações de poder. No entanto, a substituição do poder pela violência por parte da autoridade pode ter muitas consequências, tais como o aniquilamento do sujeito, a desconfirmação da autoridade, bem como o surgimento dos poderes informais. Em virtude do abuso do poder pela violência, surge o sentimento da injustiça, pois a violência não vai além de uma justificação, pois sempre trará em si a arbitrariedade, e, por isso, apesar de poder ser percebida como eficaz e até válida, não é capaz de afastar o inconformismo humano contra a perda do sentido das coisas, pois, em última instância, valeria a regra do mais forte sobre o mais fraco. De acordo com esta perspectiva, é possível analisar a relação entre direito, poder e violência no Brasil exposta no cinema nacional, especialmente no que se refere ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas e ao crime organizado. / The power is often used as synonymous with violence, because it identifies the state as having the legitimate monopoly of force, which is the latest manifestation of power. To the law, the relationship between power and violence is valued in sanction, this serving as differentiation and identification of the legal norm. While many define power and violence as opposed to legal legitimacy crisis that arises when the exercise of symbolic violence ceases to be concealed and unknown by the social addressed, awakens the use of violence against violence so unreasonable and abusive to compel obedience or even maintain power relations. However, the replacement of power by violence by the authority may have many consequences, such as the annihilation of the subject, disconfirmation of authority as well as the emergence of informal powers. Under the abuse of power by violence, the sense of injustice arises, because violence does not go beyond a justification, as always bring itself arbitrariness, and therefore, although it may be perceived as effective and valid until no is able to fend off the human discontent against the loss of the sense of things, because, ultimately, would the rule of the strong over the weak. According to this perspective, it is possible to analyze the relationship between law, power and violence in Brazil exposed on national cinema, especially in relation to drug trafficking in the slums and organized crime.

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

O poder, muitas vezes, é utilizado como sinônimo de violência, visto que identifica o Estado como possuidor do monopólio legítimo da força, sendo esta a manifestação última do poder. Para o direito, a relação entre poder e violência é valorada na sanção, servindo esta como diferenciação e identificação da norma jurídica. Apesar de muitos definirem poder e violência como opostos, a crise de legitimidade jurídica que surge quando o exercício da violência simbólica deixa de ser dissimulado e desconhecido por parte dos endereçados sociais, desperta o uso da violência contra a própria violência de modo não razoável e abusivo para se forçar a obediência ou mesmo manter as relações de poder. No entanto, a substituição do poder pela violência por parte da autoridade pode ter muitas consequências, tais como o aniquilamento do sujeito, a desconfirmação da autoridade, bem como o surgimento dos poderes informais. Em virtude do abuso do poder pela violência, surge o sentimento da injustiça, pois a violência não vai além de uma justificação, pois sempre trará em si a arbitrariedade, e, por isso, apesar de poder ser percebida como eficaz e até válida, não é capaz de afastar o inconformismo humano contra a perda do sentido das coisas, pois, em última instância, valeria a regra do mais forte sobre o mais fraco. De acordo com esta perspectiva, é possível analisar a relação entre direito, poder e violência no Brasil exposta no cinema nacional, especialmente no que se refere ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas e ao crime organizado. / The power is often used as synonymous with violence, because it identifies the state as having the legitimate monopoly of force, which is the latest manifestation of power. To the law, the relationship between power and violence is valued in sanction, this serving as differentiation and identification of the legal norm. While many define power and violence as opposed to legal legitimacy crisis that arises when the exercise of symbolic violence ceases to be concealed and unknown by the social addressed, awakens the use of violence against violence so unreasonable and abusive to compel obedience or even maintain power relations. However, the replacement of power by violence by the authority may have many consequences, such as the annihilation of the subject, disconfirmation of authority as well as the emergence of informal powers. Under the abuse of power by violence, the sense of injustice arises, because violence does not go beyond a justification, as always bring itself arbitrariness, and therefore, although it may be perceived as effective and valid until no is able to fend off the human discontent against the loss of the sense of things, because, ultimately, would the rule of the strong over the weak. According to this perspective, it is possible to analyze the relationship between law, power and violence in Brazil exposed on national cinema, especially in relation to drug trafficking in the slums and organized crime.

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

Many U.S. hospitals have historically failed to recognize nursing as essential to quality of care. Given the relationship between the patients' experiences, measured by the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS), and government reimbursement, stakeholders now value the role of nurses in the care experience. Some hospitals have pursued Magnet designation, which is a rigorous and costly process, in order to promote patient satisfaction through nurse autonomy and retention. The purpose of this study was to understand whether non-Magnet hospitals received similar HCAHPS scores. Expectancy disconfirmation theory provides a framework to understand the components of patient satisfaction within the context of organizational structures and norms addressed by the Bourdieu theory of cultural health capital. A quantitative study was conducted using secondary data from a stratified random sample of 317 non-Magnet hospitals and a purposive sample of 317 Magnet hospitals. Chi-square tests of independence were performed; Magnet designation was significantly related to nurse communication, pain management, timely responsiveness of care, explanation of medication, and willingness to recommend. Magnet designation consistently had a higher proportion of 3-star and 4-star ratings compared to the tendency of non-Magnet hospitals to be more normally distributed across all five ratings. Study results, combined with the climate of patient consumerism, provide the social impetus for healthcare improvement specialists to promote social change through Magnet-like culture and protocols using an evidence-based practice outcome approach to champion better care experiences through empowerment of both patients and nurses to match expected care with delivered care.

Abstract The main focus of this study is the identification of factors influencing the use and effectiveness of information system development methodologies (Le., systems development methodologies) in health information systems. In essence, it can be viewed as exploratory research, utilizing a conceptual research model to investigate the relationships among the hypothesised factors. More specifically, classified as behavioural science, it combines two theoretical models, namely the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and the Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory. The main aim of behavioural science in information systems is to assist practitioners (Le., social actors) in improving business processes and competitiveness, thus the effective use of information systems. A wider view of behavioural science incorporates other social actors (e.g., end users) and organisational actors (e.g., executives). In health information systems, the effective use of information systems is especially relevant Health information systems are vital in the area of health care, since only by having access to pertinent health information, can the correct decisions relating to diagnostics and curative procedures be made. The use of systems development methodologies in health information systems development is therefore crucial, since they can make the development process more effective, while improving software quality. By empirically evaluating the conceptual research model, utilizing a survey as the main research method and structural equation modelling as the main statistical technique, meaningful results were obtained. Focussing on the factors influencing the individual's behavioural intent, it was found that the compatibility of systems development methodologies to the developer's pre-existing software development style is vital. Furthermore, performance expectancy, self-efficacy, organisational culture, policies, customer influence, voluntariness and facilitating conditions, all directly influenced the use of systems development methodologies, with policies and customer influence playing a significant role, especially in relation to health information systems. No significant direct effects or indirect effects could be established for the factors effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and social influence. It appears that individuals working in the health care software development discipline are more autonomous, less influenced by others. Also, the lack of support for the factor effort expectancy may indicate that systems development methodologies have entered a mature state, with less concern on the effort required for use. Furthermore, with regard to effectiveness and the continued use of information systems methodologies, satisfaction had a significant direct effect, with confirmation having a significant indirect effect. Keywords: behavioural science; conceptual research model; direct effect; exploratory research; Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory; indirect effect; Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology; structural equation modelling; survey; systems development methodologies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Abstract The main focus of this study is the identification of factors influencing the use and effectiveness of information system development methodologies (Le., systems development methodologies) in health information systems. In essence, it can be viewed as exploratory research, utilizing a conceptual research model to investigate the relationships among the hypothesised factors. More specifically, classified as behavioural science, it combines two theoretical models, namely the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology and the Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory. The main aim of behavioural science in information systems is to assist practitioners (Le., social actors) in improving business processes and competitiveness, thus the effective use of information systems. A wider view of behavioural science incorporates other social actors (e.g., end users) and organisational actors (e.g., executives). In health information systems, the effective use of information systems is especially relevant Health information systems are vital in the area of health care, since only by having access to pertinent health information, can the correct decisions relating to diagnostics and curative procedures be made. The use of systems development methodologies in health information systems development is therefore crucial, since they can make the development process more effective, while improving software quality. By empirically evaluating the conceptual research model, utilizing a survey as the main research method and structural equation modelling as the main statistical technique, meaningful results were obtained. Focussing on the factors influencing the individual's behavioural intent, it was found that the compatibility of systems development methodologies to the developer's pre-existing software development style is vital. Furthermore, performance expectancy, self-efficacy, organisational culture, policies, customer influence, voluntariness and facilitating conditions, all directly influenced the use of systems development methodologies, with policies and customer influence playing a significant role, especially in relation to health information systems. No significant direct effects or indirect effects could be established for the factors effort expectancy, personal innovativeness and social influence. It appears that individuals working in the health care software development discipline are more autonomous, less influenced by others. Also, the lack of support for the factor effort expectancy may indicate that systems development methodologies have entered a mature state, with less concern on the effort required for use. Furthermore, with regard to effectiveness and the continued use of information systems methodologies, satisfaction had a significant direct effect, with confirmation having a significant indirect effect. Keywords: behavioural science; conceptual research model; direct effect; exploratory research; Expectancy Disconfirmation Theory; indirect effect; Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology; structural equation modelling; survey; systems development methodologies. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Computer Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Singularité et bien d'expérience, le film est source de grands plaisirs et de nombreuses déceptions qui participent à la construction de la carrière cinématographique des spectateurs. Alors que l'industrie cinématographique cherche à satisfaire le goût du public, les recherches sociologiques et économiques sur le cinéma se sont peu intéressées à la construction de la satisfaction et insatisfaction dans le temps.Cette thèse se propose de montrer que le degré de satisfaction est le résultat d'un processus qui commence avant la projection et s'achève bien après celle-ci. C'est un parcours personnel et social qui conduit le spectateur à rencontrer trois oeuvres : le film attendu, le film interprété et le film-souvenir. Elle constitue une approche de la manière dont ces trois représentations mettent en jeu les schémas personnels du spectateur et les influences externes auxquelles il est soumis. Elle s'appuie sur une analyse théorique pluridisciplinaire ainsi que sur des cas pratiques construits à partir de données :- qualitatives (tirées de 22 séries de quatre entretiens rapportant l'opinion de spectateurs sur le film Solaris - de Steven Soderbergh - avant et après la projection),- quantitatives (à partir d'une base de données portant sur 577 films répartis sur 11 genres différents)

[pt] Com crescente número de sites de consumo colaborativo, cresce também a necessidade de se criar ambientes online que permitam a geração de confiança entre indivíduos desconhecidos a partir de sistemas de reputação. Os sistemas de reputação online têm a função de coletar informações de comportamentos passados dos usuários para tentar prever seus comportamentos futuros. Diversos estudos sobre o assunto surgiram nos últimos anos, porém esses estudos apresentam definições de reputação online e descrições de sistemas de reputação que desconsideram o indivíduo, alvo da reputação, como agente formador de sua própria reputação, ou seja, para esses estudos, a reputação de um indivíduo pode ser influenciada apenas por terceiros. Este estudo esteve focado na geração de reputação em sites de hospedagem entre indivíduos, ou seja, sites que possibilitam que anfitriões (prestadores de serviço) aluguem seus imóveis ou parte deles, como um quarto, para hóspedes (consumidores), que na maioria das vezes são desconhecidas. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar se o alvo da reputação (anfitrião) poderia ser um agente influenciador de sua própria reputação online e se essa influência poderia gerar informações formadoras de reputação com mais qualidade. Além disso, buscou-se saber se esse envolvimento ativo do anfitrião gerou reputações mais precisas e consequentemente afetou a confiança e a desconfirmação de terceiros. Para realizar esse estudo, foi proposto um novo modelo gerador de reputações online e foram realizados 4 experimentos que buscaram investigar a influência do alvo da reputação: (1) na qualidade das suas informações de reputação; (2) na percepção de sua reputação por terceiros; (3) no impacto na confiança online de terceiros sobre ele; (4) e na confirmação (ou desconfirmação) da expectativa de seus parceiros de transação. Este trabalho contribui para literatura oferecendo uma nova definição para o construto reputação online. Ele também provê um novo método capaz de capturar informações de reputação mais acuradas e confiáveis, que se adotado por empresas de hospedagem online podem proporcionar a seus usuários informações mais relevantes para a escolha de anfitriões. / [en] With the growing number of collaborative consumption websites, there is also a growing need to create online environments, and online reputation systems that enable the creation of trust among unacquainted individuals. The function of online reputation systems is to collect and store information about the past behaviors of users and use it as a predictor of future behavior. In recent years, several studies on this subject have emerged, however, they present definitions of online reputation and descriptions of reputation systems that disregard the reputed individual as an agent in the creation of his/her own reputation. That implies that an individual s online reputation is solely determined by third parties, and that he/she plays no role in that process. This study focused on the generation of reputation parameters in peer-to-peer hospitality websites. These websites allow hosts (service providers) to rent their home, or part of it, such as in the case a single room, to guests (consumers) who are often unknown to them. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the reputation target (the host) could be an influencing agent in the formation of his/her own online reputation. Moreover, it sought to whether this active involvement of the host was likely to generate more accurate information about the his/her reputation, thus affecting the levels of trust and disconfirmations of guests. To develop this study, a new model for the generation of online reputation was proposed, and four experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of the reputation target (host): (1) on the quality of its reputation information; (2) on the perception of the host s reputation by third parties; (3) on the levels online trust that third parties (guests) display in relation to the host; and (4) on the confirmation (or disconfirmation) of these third-party expectations. This paper contributes to literature by offering a new approach to the online reputation construct. It also provides a novel method for the construction of more accurate and reliable online reputation parameters, which, if adopted by online hospitality companies could provide their users with subsidies to make better informed choices regarding hosts.