O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

O presente estudo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o impacto de aspectos contingenciais no modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral de um serviço. Com base em estudos referentes à espera já realizados, o presente trabalho definiu o “modelo básico do efeito da espera na avaliação geral do serviço” que consiste no impacto negativo da espera na avaliação geral do serviço por meio da suscitação de emoções negativas. A influência de fatores contingenciais sobre o modelo é a principal contribuição do estudo, dado que essa abordagem não havia sido ainda estudada. Inicialmente, foi realizada uma etapa exploratória, qualitativa, para investigar as relações propostas no modelo teórico, assim como para compreender melhor os serviços de saúde, campo de estudo da pesquisa. Na sequência, a influência do envolvimento do consumidor, da singularidade do serviço, da pressão do tempo e do relacionamento interpessoal no modelo central foi investigada através da realização de uma survey com 382 pacientes As hipóteses foram testadas por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, com o software LISREL 8.51. Os resultados indicam que o envolvimento do consumidor tem impacto positivo no seu tempo de espera aceitável. Já o efeito da singularidade do serviço sobre essa mesma variável não foi confirmado. A pressão do tempo apresentou impacto positivo no tempo de espera percebido e o efeito moderador do relacionamento interpessoal na relação entre as respostas afetivas negativas e a avaliação geral do serviço também foi confirmada. Além das hipóteses propostas, foi realizado um teste exploratório segundo o qual se confirmou o efeito moderador da variável gravidade sobre as relações que compõe o modelo básico do efeito da espera da avaliação geral do serviço. No final, os resultados são discutidos, e as limitações do estudo e sugestões para futuras pesquisas são apresentadas. / The most important objective of the present study is to evaluate the impact of the contingency aspects on the basic model of the waiting effect in the overall service evaluation. Based on studies in reference to the wait already carried out, this study defined the "basic model of the waiting effect on the general evaluation of the service" as being the negative impact of waiting in the general evaluation of the service because of the rise of negative emotions. The influence of contingency factors over the model is the most important contribution of the study as this approach has never been studied before. Iniatially, there was a qualitative exploratory to investigate the proposed relations in the theoretical model, as well as to have a better understanding of health care services, the field study of the research. Following that, the influence of the consumer involvement, the uniqueness of the service, the time pressure and the interpersonal relationship in the central model was investigated through a survey conducted among 382 patients The hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with LISREL 8.51 software. The results showed that the consumer involvement have a positive impact in the acceptable waiting time. On the other hand the effect of the uniqueness of the service over the same variable was not confirmed. The time pressure indicated a positive impact on the perceived waiting time and the moderate effect of the interpersonal relationship of the connection between negative affective reactions and the overall service evaluation was also confirmed. Beyond the proposed hypotheses, it was performed a exploratory test whereby it was confirmed the moderator effect of the gravity variable on the relations that form the basic model of the waiting effect on the overall service evaluation. In the end the results are discussed, and the limitations of the study and suggestions for future surveys are presented.

Gaming är ett ständigt växande fenomen som för tillfället omfattar ca 2,5 till 3,25 miljarder gamers. En central aspekt av gaming är konkurrens och detta har senare utvecklats till E-sport. Tidigare forskning inom gaming inriktar sig ofta på negativa aspekter av fenomenet, men med tanke på att bilden av en gamer har förändrats under senare tid där de gick från att ses som en hobby för socialt utkastade till att klassas som officiella atleter i bland annat USA (Svenska e-sportförbundet 2021) saknas det viss forskning med tyngdpunkt på de positiva aspekterna av gaming. Syftet med denna studie var att jämföra sociala interaktioner, roller och affektiva reaktioner mellan etablerade respektive icke-etablerade e-sportlag. Detta undersöktes med utgångspunkt i de socialpsykologiska teorierna social interaktion, samarbetsbeteende , roller och rolltagning, teamwork och affektteori om socialt utbyte. Två fokusgrupper och fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer med totalt tolv respondenter genomfördes på ett urval där fokusgrupperna var etablerade lag och respondenterna till de semistrukturerade intervjuerna tillhörde icke-etablerade lag. Resultatet i undersökningen visar att sociala interaktioner, roller och affektiva reaktioner i etablerade lag tenderar att vara mer öppna, konsekventa och positiva, jämfört med i icke-etablerade lag. Mest sannolikt beror detta på de tidigare relationerna och kunskapen om varandra som finns i etablerade lag, något som de icke-etableradelagen saknar. / The phenomenon of gaming is continuously expanding and currently includes an approximate of 2,5 to 3,25 billion gamers worldwide. A central concept of gaming is competition which has then evolved into e-sport. Previous research of gaming tend to focus on the negative aspects of the phenomenon. Considering, however, that the view of a gamer has changed during recent times where gaming has previously been seen as a hobby for the socially excluded for now to be classified as official athletes, for instance in the USA (Svenska e-sportförbundet, 2021), there is a need to conduct research looking at the positive aspects of gaming.The purpose of this study was to compare the social interactions, roles and affective reactions between established and non-established e-sports teams. This was investigated on the basis of the social psychological theories social interaction, cooperative behavior, roles and role-taking, teamwork and affect theory of social exchange. Two focus groups and four semi-structured interviews with a total of twelve participants were conducted on a sample where the focus groups were established teams and the respondents to the semi-structured interviews belonged to non-established teams.The results of the study show that social interactions, roles and affective reactions in established teams tend to be more open, consistent and positive overall. This is most likely due to the previous relationships and knowledge of each other that exists in established teams, something that the non-established teams lack.

Notre recherche s’intéresse aux déterminants affectifs et axiologiques du choix d’investissement en equity crowdfunding. Nous défendons la thèse d’un choix de projets déterminé en partie par les valeurs et l’affectif de l’investisseur individuel. Notre revue de littérature est transversale à plusieurs champs des sciences sociales. Ainsi, le cadre théorique établi articule finance, marketing, GRH et psychologie. Un modèle explicatif par équations structurelles est proposé puis testé empiriquement grâce aux données d’une expérimentation de laboratoire. Nos résultats confirment que les valeurs ainsi que l’intérêt pour le projet, une variable affective, ont un effet sensible dans les choix des investisseurs et dominent le jugement analytique en l’absence d’interactions sociales réelles et virtuelles. Une théorie originale est proposée pour améliorer la compréhension du phénomène étudié, au-delà des apports de la théorie du signal. Cette théorie, le matching affectif, personnalise les comportements et offre un prisme de lecture reposant sur la congruence entre caractéristiques du projet et préférences de l’investisseur. Sa mise en œuvre par un modèle dérivant du modèle explicatif associé à une mesure de similarité ad hoc produit des résultats prédictifs encourageants. Notre travail se termine par un ensemble de suggestions managériales découlant de nos conclusions / Our research focuses on the emotional and axiological determinants of investment choice in equity crowdfunding. We defend the thesis of a projects choice determined in part by the values and emotions of the individual investor. Our literature review is transversal to several fields of social sciences. Thus, the established theoretical framework articulates finance, marketing, HRM and psychology. An explanatory model using structural equations is proposed and tested empirically using data from a laboratory experiment. Our results confirm that values and interest in the project, an affective variable, have a significant effect on investor choices and dominate analytical judgment in the absence of real and virtual social interactions. An original theory is proposed to improve the understanding of the studied phenomenon, beyond the contributions of the signal theory. This theory, emotional matching, personalizes behaviors and offers a prism of reading based on the congruence between characteristics of the project and investor preferences. Its implementation by a model derived from the explanatory model associated with an ad hoc similarity measure produces encouraging predictive results. Our work ends with a set of managerial suggestions arising from our findings.

Regardless of the changes in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa No. 108. of 1996, in terms of the acceptance of individuals irrespective of their sexual orientation and the prohibiting of discrimination against anyone on the grounds of their sexual orientation, the concept of homosexuality in the workplace is still a relatively unexplored phenomenon in South Africa. Limited research studies focus on the perspectives of homosexual individuals regarding their perception and attitudes towards their working environments. Culture can affect the way in which individuals act due to the dominance of certain behaviours, beliefs, and norms that are accepted as the 'standard' way of living. Within companies, the employees are on average expected to be productive and effective, and to present fruitful behaviour to benefit the organisation. Individuals can also at times be tacitly encouraged to portray images according to the general norm in the organisation, whether or not this image is true to the individuals themselves. This type of accepted standard norms and behaviours are therefore wordlessly conveyed to the employees as the cultural accepted standard in the organisation. Heteronormative cultures are described as the instance when the accepted standard of male and female behaviour is viewed in terms of masculine men and feminine women. Individuals who do not fit these specific descriptions may experience either explicit or implicit discrimination. The reactions that employees can have because of organisational culture are referred to as affective reactions and can have adverse costs for the organisation as employees may engage in less productive behaviour. The purpose of this research was to assess the relationship between a heteronormative culture and the affective reactions of homosexual employees working in Johannesburg and Pretoria. Work engagement and job satisfaction of the individuals were assessed in relationship to heteronormativity. Research done for this study includes the various aspects of the academic topics related to the study. Given the limited amount of empirical research on the topic, a mixed method study was conducted. Quantitative questionnaires instigated the research, designed to measure the following concepts:<ul> <li> Organisational culture, in terms of heteronormativity.</li> <li> Two affective reactions of employees - work engagement and job satisfaction.</li></ul> Explanatory qualitative interviews followed the questionnaires with the intention of understanding the results found during the quantitative phase. A purposefully selected sample of one hundred and sixty four homosexual employees working in Johannesburg and Pretoria completed the quantitative questionnaire, and a sample of eight homosexual individuals were selected out of the original sample to participate in the qualitative interview stage. Previously developed instruments were used to measure heteronormativity, work engagement and job satisfaction. The results indicated that homosexual employees within Gauteng do experience the culture of their respective organisations to support the perceptions of heteronormativity. Two hypotheses were tested which indicated a significant but small correlation between perceptions of heteronormativity and work engagement and job satisfaction. The qualitative results provided insight into how homosexual employees experienced heteronormative cultures in the workplace as well as how they react to the cultures encountered. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

La consommation de la cigarette constitue de nos jours un problème de santé publique. L’OMS a mis plusieurs outils à la disposition des Etats, dont les avertissements sanitaires pour lutter contre le tabagisme. Au Burkina Faso, l’avertissement sanitaire actuel en vigueur est sous forme textuelle de petite taille. La littérature en marketing social s’est intéressée à l’impact des avertissements sanitaires textuels et visuels sur les réactions affectives, cognitives et conatives des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. Des divergences existent toujours sur l’efficacité des avertissements sanitaires de façon générale et de façon particulière, ceux qui suscitent des émotions négatives. Aussi très peu de recherches ont été réalisées sur des individus non-lettrés. Partant de ces constats, la présente thèse s’est fixée pour objectif de tester l’impact sur les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs, de l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel en vigueur au Burkina Faso et des 72 nouveaux avertissements sanitaires visuels proposés par l’OMS pour les pays africains. Nous avons mené une étude qualitative à travers des entretiens individuels. Les résultats indiquent que l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel a peu d’impact sur les réactions affectives, cognitives et les intentions comportementales des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. En revanche, les avertissements sanitaires visuels ont plus d’impact sur les fumeurs et les non-fumeurs comparativement à l’avertissement sanitaire textuel. Les avertissements sanitaires qui suscitent plus d’émotions négatives (peur) ont plus d’impact sur l’intention comportementale des fumeurs et des non-fumeurs. Une étude quantitative a ensuite été réalisée pour comparer l’avertissement sanitaire textuel actuel en vigueur au Burkina Faso à 4 nouveaux avertissements sanitaires visuels choisis parmi les 72, à l’issue de l’étude qualitative. Les résultats de l’étude quantitative vont dans le sens de ceux de l’étude qualitative. A l’exception de la variable « lecture », le niveau d’instruction des fumeurs (lettré ou non-lettré) n’exerce pas une influence sur l’impact des avertissements sanitaires. Le sexe et la tranche d’âge des individus n’ont pas aussi d’effet significatif sur l’impact des avertissements sanitaires. La présente thèse contribue à enrichir la littérature sur les avertissements sanitaires dans les pays en développement et sur des cibles non-lettrées. Sur le plan de la santé publique, nos résultats suggèrent l’apposition des avertissements sanitaires visuels sur les paquets de cigarettes au Burkina Faso pour la lutte contre le tabagisme. / Smoking cigarettes is nowadays a public health issue. The World Health Organization has made several tools available to the States, including health warnings for nicotinism. In Burkina Faso, the current health warning in force is in small size textual form. Social marketing literature has focused on the impact of textual and visual health warnings on the affective, cognitive and conative responses of smokers and non-smokers. Divergences still exist on the effectiveness of health warnings in a general way and particularly, those which arouse negative emotions. Thus, very little research has been carried out on illiterate individuals. Based on these observations, the present thesis aims to test the impact on smokers and non-smokers, of the current textual health warning in force in Burkina Faso and the 72 new visual health warnings proposed by the WHO for African countries. We conducted a qualitative study through individual interviews. The results show that the current textual health warning has little impact on the emotional, cognitive and behavioral intents of smokers and non-smokers. But, visual health warnings have a greater impact on smokers and non-smokers compared to the textual health warning. Health warnings that cause more negative emotions (fear) have more impact on the behavioral intent of smokers and non-smokers. A quantitative study has then been carried out to compare the current textual health warning in force in Burkina Faso with 4 new visual health warnings selected from the 72, following the qualitative study. The quantitative study’s results are in line with those of the qualitative study. With the exception of the « reading » variable, smokers’ level of education (literate or non-literate) does not influence the impact of health warnings. Gender and age range of individuals do not also have a significant effect on the impact of health warnings. This thesis helps to enrich the literature on health warnings in developing countries and on non-literate people. In terms of public health, our results suggest the addition of visual health warnings on cigarette packets in Burkina Faso to fight against smoking.

Vor dem Hintergrund der Bedeutung moralischer Emotionen für moralisches und prosoziales Verhalten geht die vorliegende Studie der Fragestellung nach, wie sich gemischte moralische Emotionen entwickeln und wie diese mit dem Emotionswissen zusammenhängen. Darüber hinaus soll die Frage fokussiert werden, wie moralische Emotionen entwicklungsadäquat erfasst werden können. Es wurde vermutet, dass 8- und 10-Jährige häufiger gemischte moralische Emotionen zuschreiben als 6- Jährige und dass gemischte moralische Emotionen mit einem ausgeprägten Emotionswissen zusammenhängen. Außerdem wurde vermutet, dass berichtete negative Emotionen mit beobachteten negativen Gesichtsreaktionen zusammenhängen und ältere Kinder im Kontext moralischer Konfliktsituationen stärkere negative Gesichtsausdrücke zeigen als jüngere Kinder. Um diese Hypothesen zu prüfen, wurden 96 Grundschulkinder (N = 96) im Alter von 5 bis 10 Jahren interviewt. Zur Erfassung moralischer Emotionen wurde das Happy-Victimizer-Interview mit vier verschiedenen Vignetten eingesetzt (Schubsen, Stehlen, Versprechen brechen und Mogeln). Das Interview wurde videografiert und inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet. Zusätzlich wurden die Mikroausdrücke der Kinder während des Interviews mit der FaceReader-Software (FaceReader 8.0) hinsichtlich der Intensität der Basisemotionen (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002) analysiert. Die moralischen Emotionen und Begründungen wurden einem Kategoriensystem zugeordnet und anschließend quantifiziert. Die Hypothesentestungen der Zusammenhänge erfolgten angepasst an das Skalenniveau mittels Chi-Quadrattest und Korrelationsanalysen. Erwartungskonform zeigen die Ergebnisse einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen dem Alter der Versuchspersonen und dem Berichten gemischter moralischer Emotionen. 8-Jährige berichteten häufiger gemischte moralische Emotionen als 6-Jährige. Kinder, die gemischte moralische Emotionen benannten, verfügten zudem über ein signifikant höheres Emotionswissen. Erwartungswidrig berichteten 10-Jährige nicht mehr gemischte moralische Emotionen als 8-Jährige. Hinsichtlich der spontanen affektiven Reaktionen konnte in einer Konfliktsituation ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen berichteten negativen Emotionen und spontanen Angstreaktionen gefunden werden. Außerdem fanden sich bei älteren Kindern in einer physischen Gewaltsituation signifikant höhere Ekelreaktionen im Gesicht. Es zeigten sich darüber hinaus keine weiteren Zusammenhänge zwischen berichteten Emotionen und spontanen affektiven Gesichtsreaktionen. Die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich der spontanen affektiven Reaktionen könnten auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen berichteten und spontanen Emotionen hindeuten, sollten aber aus verschiedenen Gründen vorsichtig betrachtet werden. Methodische Aspekte, Limitationen und die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die entwicklungsadäquate Erfassung moralischer Emotionen werden diskutiert. Im Hinblick auf das Entwicklungsmodell moralischer Emotionen konnte die Studie einen ersten Hinweis liefern, dass gemischte moralische Emotionen ab einem Alter von 8 Jahren auftreten. Da die Kinder in der Lage sind, verschiedene Perspektiven zu koordinieren, könnte dies als Vorläufer von Reziprozität und Fairness und damit für eine hohe moralische Kompetenz sprechen. Der gefundene Zusammenhang zwischen den gemischten moralischen Emotionen und dem Emotionswissen könnte einen vorsichtigen Hinweis darauf liefern, dass schulische Förderprogramme, die Emotionswissen befördern, möglicherweise einen positiven Effekt auf die Entwicklung der moralischen Emotionen nehmen könnten.:Abstract 2 Kurzzusammenfassung 3 Inhalt 5 I Einleitung 9 II Theorieteil 12 1 Determinanten moralischen Handelns: Zum Zusammenspiel von Kognition und Emotion 12 2 Moralische Emotionen 18 2.1 Emotion und Handlung aus Perspektive der Emotionsforschung 19 2.2 Modell moralischer Emotionen 21 2.2.1 Ereignis 21 2.2.2 Bewertungsprozesse 22 2.2.3 Aufmerksamkeit, physiologische und faziale Reaktionen 23 2.2.4 Motive 25 2.2.5 Motivdienliches Verhalten 26 2.3 Kategorisierung moralischer Emotionen 27 2.3.1 Die Orientation-Valence Taxonomie 28 2.3.2 Schuld und Scham als negative moralische Emotionen 28 2.3.3 Moralischer Stolz 30 2.3.4 Other-oriented moral emotions 31 2.4 Moralische Emotionen und moralisches Handeln 32 2.4.1 Kategorisierung moralisch relevanter Verhaltensweisen 33 2.4.2 Moralische Emotionen und antisoziales beziehungsweise delinquentes Verhalten 34 2.4.3 Moralische Emotionen und prosoziales Verhalten 36 3 Entwicklung moralischer Emotionen 37 3.1 Entwicklung moralischer Emotionen im Kleinkindalter (Vorläuferemotionen) 38 3.2 Entwicklung moralischer Emotionen im Kontext von moralischen Konfliktsituationen 39 3.2.1 Das Happy-Victimizer-Phänomen 39 3.2.2 Kontextfaktoren 40 3.3 Entwicklungsmodell moralischer Emotionen in der Kindheit 43 3.4 Gemischte moralische Emotionen 46 4 Entwicklungsbedingte Voraussetzungen für das Verständnis gemischter Emotionen 49 4.1 Die Entwicklung des kindlichen Emotionsverständnisses 50 4.2 Konzeptualisierung und Erfassung gemischter Emotionen 51 4.3 Entwicklung gemischter Emotionen im Kindesalter 54 5 Methodische Begrenzungen bei der Erfassung moralischer Emotionen im Rahmen des Happy-Victimizer-Paradigmas 57 6 Zusammenfassung und Herleitung der Hypothesen und Fragestellungen 60 6.1 Fragestellung und Hypothesen bezogen auf die Entwicklung gemischter moralischer Emotionen 60 6.2 Fragestellung und Hypothesen bezogen auf die methodischen Zugänge zur Erfassung von moralischen Emotionen 66 III Methode 67 7 Design 67 8 Stichprobe 69 9 Instrumentenentwicklung 70 9.1 Interview 71 9.1.1 Vorüberlegungen 71 9.1.2 Vignettenentwicklung und Pilotierung 72 9.1.3 Interviewleitfaden 74 9.2 Verhaltensbeobachtung 77 9.2.1 Vorüberlegungen 77 9.2.2 Affektive Gesichtsreaktionen 77 9.2.3 Stimulusmaterial und Versuchsaufbau 79 9.3 Weitere Variablen 80 9.3.1 Sprachliche Fähigkeiten 80 9.3.2 Soziale Erwünschtheit 81 9.3.3 Emotionswissen 83 10 Durchführung 84 10.1 Stichprobenakquise 84 10.2 Durchführung 86 11 Auswertung 89 11.1 Interviewdaten 89 11.1.1 Transkription der Interviewdaten 90 11.1.2 Kategorisierung der Emotionen 90 11.1.3 Kategorisierung der Begründungen von Urteilen und Emotionen 93 11.1.4 Vignettenübergreifender „Gesamtscore-Mixed-Emotions“ sowie „Moral-Emotions-Score“ 100 11.1.5 Gütekriterien 100 11.2 Beobachtungsdaten 100 11.2.1 Funktionsweise des FaceReaders 101 11.2.2 Vorgehen bei der Auswertung 103 11.3 Statistische Auswertung 104 IV Ergebnisse 104 12 Deskriptive Daten und statistische Hypothesenprüfung 104 12.1 Gemischte Emotionen und Alter 105 12.1.1 Deskriptive Daten: Gemischte Emotionen und Alter 105 12.1.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Gemischte Emotionen und Alter 105 12.2 Gemischte Emotionen und Kontext 114 12.2.1 Deskriptive Daten: Gemischte Emotionen und Kontext 114 12.2.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Gemischte Emotionen und Kontext 114 12.3 Intensität der berichteten moralischen Emotionen 115 12.3.1 Deskriptive Daten: Intensität der berichteten Emotionen 115 12.3.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Intensität der berichteten Emotionen 116 12.4 Begründungen der moralischen Urteile 117 12.4.1 Deskriptive Daten: Begründungen der moralischen Urteile 117 12.4.1 Hypothesenprüfung: Begründungen der moralischen Urteile 120 12.5 Begründungen der Emotionen 123 12.5.1 Deskriptive Daten: Begründungen der Emotionen 123 12.5.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Begründungen der Emotionen 126 12.6 Emotionswissen 128 12.6.1 Deskriptive Daten: Emotionswissen 129 12.6.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Emotionswissen 129 12.7 Affektive Reaktionen 130 12.7.1 Deskriptive Daten: Affektive Reaktionen 130 12.7.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Affektive Reaktionen 132 12.8 Berichtete Emotionen und affektive Reaktionen sowie soziale Erwünschtheit 132 12.8.1 Deskriptive Daten: Berichtete Emotionen und affektive Reaktionen sowie soziale Erwünschtheit 132 12.8.2 Hypothesenprüfung: Berichtete Emotionen und affektive Reaktionen sowie soziale Erwünschtheit 133 V Diskussion & Ausblick 134 13 Inhaltliche und Methodische Diskussion 134 13.1 Gemischte moralische Emotionen 135 13.2 Methodische Aspekte 144 14 Ausblick 147 Literatur 151 Anhang

Ce mémoire vise à vérifier l’impact des réactions affectives à un évènement corporatif sur les attitudes des employés d’une institution financière à l’égard de l’organisation et d’un changement organisationnel. Plus précisément, nous tenons à déterminer si les réactions affectives positives ou négatives des employés à l’évènement corporatif auquel ils ont assisté améliorent ou diminuent leur engagement organisationnel affectif, leur désir de collaborer dans le cadre du changement organisationnel et leur satisfaction anticipée à l’égard du changement organisationnel. Basée sur les données recueillies à l’aide d’un sondage électronique à trois moments distincts, notre étude longitudinale confirme certaines de nos hypothèses. D’abord, les réactions affectives positives à l’évènement corporatif sont associées à l’amélioration du désir de collaborer dans le cadre du changement organisationnel et à la satisfaction anticipée à l’égard de ce changement quelques jours après l’évènement corporatif alors que les réactions négatives ont l’effet contraire. Les résultats révèlent que les réactions affectives à l’évènement corporatif n’influencent pas les attitudes des employés plus d’une semaine après l’évènement à l’exception des réactions affectives positives qui améliorent leur désir de collaborer dans le cadre du changement organisationnel. / This research aims to determine the impact of affective reactions related to a corporate event on the attitudes of employees of a financial institution with regards to the organization and the organizational change. Specifically, we wish to determine whether employees’ positive or negative affective reactions to a corporate event enhance or diminish their affective organizational commitment, their desire to collaborate within the organizational change, and their expected satisfaction towards the organizational change. Based on data collected through an electronic survey at three separate times, our longitudinal study confirms some of our assumptions. First, positive affective reactions to a corporate event enhance the desire to collaborate within the organizational change and anticipated satisfaction regarding this change a few days after the corporate event while negative reactions have the opposite effect. The results show that emotional reactions associated to the corporate event do not influence the attitudes of the employees one week after the event with the exception of positive affective reactions enhancing the desire to collaborate within the change.

In the present study, the differential effects of two different feedback-delivery methods (written feedback vs. written plus verbal feedback) were compared on the utility and affective reactions of the feedback providers (i.e., raters) and the recipients (i.e., ratees) toward the feedback process, and also on the job performance of the feedback recipients in a military sample. Using a quasi-experimental design, 77 supervisors (who provided feedback) and 71 subordinates (who received feedback) participated in the study. Results indicated that the feedback-delivery technique was differentially effective on the utility and affective reactions of the supervisors. Both the utility and affective reactions of the supervisors who provided written plus verbal feedback were more favorable than those of the supervisors who provided written-only feedback to their subordinates. However, neither the reactions nor the job performance of the subordinates in the two feedback conditions differed significantly from each other.