Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_als_me_sjrp.pdf: 737162 bytes, checksum: 896c3e98f58c27543b68419f56630965 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o comportamento de Marcadores Discursivos (MDs) no processo de retextualização de entrevistas jornalísticas, atentando para a forma como esses elementos atuam na organização do texto retextualizado. O conceito de retextualização adotado neste trabalho advém de Marcuschi (2001), que defende haver um processo consciente na passagem de um texto de uma modalidade a outra do uso da língua, no caso do presente trabalho, da modalidade oral para a escrita. Assim, quando uma entrevista oral é transformada em uma entrevista escrita, entram em ação diversas operações baseadas em regularização lingüística, reformulação, adaptação e compreensão. Para a realização deste trabalho, adotamos a abordagem teórica da perspectiva textual-interativa (JUBRAN, 2006a), que considera que os elementos pragmáticos presentes na ação verbal não são externos à produção textual, mas fazem parte da formulação interacional do texto e podem ocorrer na materialidade textual. Além disso, tal perspectiva centra-se no estudo de fenômenos lingüísticos que se manifestam nas diversas situações reais de comunicação e tem como unidade de análise o Tópico Discursivo, caracterizado pela integração de enunciados sobre um mesmo referente e localizável em um determinado ponto do texto. Tal unidade abstrata guia nossa análise, na identificação de MDs que atuam na introdução de tópico, no seqüenciamento de tópico, na retomada tópica e no fechamento tópico. Para o estudo dos MDs, tomamos por base os trabalhos de Risso et al. (2006) e de Guerra (2007). Dos primeiros autores, adotamos a noção da gradiência entre as funções textuais interacionais e textuais dos MDs, em razão de um mesmo elemento poder projetar característica mais interacional, mais textual ou manter o... / The aim of this work is to describe the behavior of the Discourse Markers (DMs) in retextualization process of journalistic interviews, observing the way that these elements act in the organization of the retextualized text. The concept of retextualization adopted in this work is based on Marcuschi (2001), who believes that there is a conscious process in the passage of a text from one language modality to another, in this work, from the oral modality to the written. Therefore, when an oral interview is converted into a written one, many operations – based on linguistic regularization, reformulation, informational adaptation and comprehension – actuate. To the realization of this work, the textual-interactive perspective, as defined by Jubran (2006a), is assumed as the most appropriated theoretical approach. One of the main points of this perspective is that it considers that the pragmatic elements in the verbal action are not external to the textual production, but, instead, they are part of the interactional formulation of the text and can be observed in the textual materiality. Furthermore, this perspective concerns the study of the linguistic phenomena in the diverse real communication situations. The unit of analysis – the discourse topic – is characterized by the integration of utterances, about the same referent, and localized in a determined place in the text. This abstract unity guides our analysis, once we observe the actuation of the DMs in the topic introduction, in the topic sequencing, in the topic recapture and in the topic closing. We base our study of the DMs on the works of Risso et al. (2006) and Guerra (2007). From Risso et al. (2006), we adopt the notion of gradience between the interactional and textual functions of the DMs, because an element can project a more interactional or a more textual ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study presents a contrastive analysis of the pronominal uses of this and that in academic written discourse. As data, the pronominal uses of this and that are retrieved from journal articles on linguistics. From these journals, 586 articles are scanned for the pronominal uses of this and that and 198 tokens are analysed. The contrastive analysis is done in terms of the kind and span of referents this and that pick out in discourse, the types of centering transitions they signal and the rhetorical relations in which they are used. In order to investigate the types of transition they signal, the version of centering theory proposed by Grosz and Sidner (1986) and Grosz, Joshi and Weinstein (1995) is used. Also, Marcu&rsquo / s version (2000) of Rhetorical Structure Theory is used to analyze the rhetorical relations in which the expressions are used. The study also investigate the possible factors that lead an addresser to select one deictic expression instead of the other. The study concludes that this and that are cue phrases rather than discourse markers that construct local and global coherence.

Resumo: Este trabalho tem por objetivo descrever o comportamento de Marcadores Discursivos (MDs) no processo de retextualização de entrevistas jornalísticas, atentando para a forma como esses elementos atuam na organização do texto retextualizado. O conceito de retextualização adotado neste trabalho advém de Marcuschi (2001), que defende haver um processo consciente na passagem de um texto de uma modalidade a outra do uso da língua, no caso do presente trabalho, da modalidade oral para a escrita. Assim, quando uma entrevista oral é transformada em uma entrevista escrita, entram em ação diversas operações baseadas em regularização lingüística, reformulação, adaptação e compreensão. Para a realização deste trabalho, adotamos a abordagem teórica da perspectiva textual-interativa (JUBRAN, 2006a), que considera que os elementos pragmáticos presentes na ação verbal não são externos à produção textual, mas fazem parte da formulação interacional do texto e podem ocorrer na materialidade textual. Além disso, tal perspectiva centra-se no estudo de fenômenos lingüísticos que se manifestam nas diversas situações reais de comunicação e tem como unidade de análise o Tópico Discursivo, caracterizado pela integração de enunciados sobre um mesmo referente e localizável em um determinado ponto do texto. Tal unidade abstrata guia nossa análise, na identificação de MDs que atuam na introdução de tópico, no seqüenciamento de tópico, na retomada tópica e no fechamento tópico. Para o estudo dos MDs, tomamos por base os trabalhos de Risso et al. (2006) e de Guerra (2007). Dos primeiros autores, adotamos a noção da gradiência entre as funções textuais interacionais e textuais dos MDs, em razão de um mesmo elemento poder projetar característica mais interacional, mais textual ou manter o ...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this work is to describe the behavior of the Discourse Markers (DMs) in retextualization process of journalistic interviews, observing the way that these elements act in the organization of the retextualized text. The concept of retextualization adopted in this work is based on Marcuschi (2001), who believes that there is a conscious process in the passage of a text from one language modality to another, in this work, from the oral modality to the written. Therefore, when an oral interview is converted into a written one, many operations - based on linguistic regularization, reformulation, informational adaptation and comprehension - actuate. To the realization of this work, the textual-interactive perspective, as defined by Jubran (2006a), is assumed as the most appropriated theoretical approach. One of the main points of this perspective is that it considers that the pragmatic elements in the verbal action are not external to the textual production, but, instead, they are part of the interactional formulation of the text and can be observed in the textual materiality. Furthermore, this perspective concerns the study of the linguistic phenomena in the diverse real communication situations. The unit of analysis - the discourse topic - is characterized by the integration of utterances, about the same referent, and localized in a determined place in the text. This abstract unity guides our analysis, once we observe the actuation of the DMs in the topic introduction, in the topic sequencing, in the topic recapture and in the topic closing. We base our study of the DMs on the works of Risso et al. (2006) and Guerra (2007). From Risso et al. (2006), we adopt the notion of gradience between the interactional and textual functions of the DMs, because an element can project a more interactional or a more textual ...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves / Coorientador: Clélia Cândida Abreu Spinardi Jubran / Banca: Maria Beatriz Nascimento Decat / Banca: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin-Thomazi / Mestre

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A nossa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral analisar a utilizaÃÃo dos marcadores discursivos mais recorrentes na norma oral popular da cidade de Fortaleza, considerando os aspectos linguÃsticos (formais e funcionais), sociais (relativos ao sexo e ao tempo de escolaridade) e o aspecto interacional (relativo ao tipo de inquÃrito DIDdiÃlogo documentador â informante- documentador). As bases teÃricas que subsidiaram a anÃlise dos dados apoiaram-se na GramÃtica Funcional (Dik, 1997), na GramÃtica Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008), e nos pressupostos teÃricometodolÃgicos da AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo (Said Ali, 1930; GÃlich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brow e Levison, 1978, Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987, Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). A fim de investigarmos sobre as propriedades definidoras dos marcadores discursivos, fizemos um levantamento de 75 formas encontradas, no tipo de inquÃrito DID do corpus NORPOFOR (Norma popular de Fortaleza). Identificamos os marcadores discursivos mais frequentes na norma oral popular de Fortaleza, as principais funÃÃes, o condicionamento das caracterÃsticas associadas ao tipo de inquÃrito, as variÃveis sociais estabelecidas na pesquisa e, finalmente propomos um quadro com as propriedades identificadoras, porÃm nÃo absolutas, dos marcadores discursivos encontrados. / Our study aimed at analyzing the use of the most frequent discourse markers in the popular oral discourse of the city of Fortaleza, considering the linguistic aspects (formal and functional), social (pertaining to sex and length of schooling) and aspect interaction (on the type of investigation DID). The theoretical bases that supported the data analysis relied on Functional Grammar (Dik, 1997), on Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008) and on the theoretical and methodological analysis Conversation (Said Ali, 1930; GÃlich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brown; Levison, 1978; Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987; Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). In order to investigate the defining properties of discourse markes, we conducted a survey of 75 forms found in the type of survey DID corpus NORPOFOR (Norma Popular Fortaleza). We identify the most frequent discourse markers in oral discourse popular in Fortaleza, the principal functions, the conditioning of the characteristics associated with type of investigation, the social variables established in the research and finally we propose a framework with the identifier properties, but not absolute marker discursive matches.

Submitted by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-11-03T20:21:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Análise do emprego do marcador conversacional né na fala de Pelotas RS.pdf: 1724523 bytes, checksum: 62e0161562ce3ed19966354069e70d87 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2015-11-04T20:14:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Análise do emprego do marcador conversacional né na fala de Pelotas RS.pdf: 1724523 bytes, checksum: 62e0161562ce3ed19966354069e70d87 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T20:15:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Análise do emprego do marcador conversacional né na fala de Pelotas RS.pdf: 1724523 bytes, checksum: 62e0161562ce3ed19966354069e70d87 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar, através da análise de entrevistas narrativas transcritas, o emprego do marcador conversacional (MC) né? na fala de gaúchos da cidade de Pelotas/RS. O marcador supracitado é interpretado em seus contextos e condições de produção e não de forma isolada, uma vez que aparece nas atividades interacionais durante as entrevistas narrativas, sendo estas reconhecidas um gênero da pesquisa sociolinguística. Para tanto, nos valeremos de dois corpora, um escrito e um oral, o primeiro, formado em sua totalidade por 25 peças teatrais, datadas de 1842 a 1981, e que nos indicarão o percurso do MC né? da sua mais antiga até sua forma atual, em que situações ele é utilizado, e quais as características extralinguísticas das personagens que o utilizam; o segundo, composto por entrevistas narrativas pertencentes ao banco de dados VarX de 36 informantes (homens e mulheres), metade deles pertencente à classe média alta e metade pertencentes à classe baixa, todos moradores de Pelotas. A variável principal considerada neste trabalho foi classe social e, dentro deste corpus ainda foram considerados os fatores grau de instrução (escolaridade) e faixa etária dos entrevistados. Entendemos a variável linguística segundo a perspectiva laboviana, como um elemento variável interno ao sistema e controlado por uma única regra. Desta maneira, tornaram-se necessários estudos que envolvessem fatores de gramaticalização, segundo a perspectiva de Martelotta (2003), pois o MC objeto de análise deste trabalho sofreu/sofre mudanças e/ou variações lexicais, morfológicas, fonológicas e ainda semânticas; este aspecto será tratado sob o ponto de vista pancrônico com o intuito de perceber variações que se converteram ou não em mudanças. Analisamos com base nas concepções teóricas da Sociolinguística Variacionista e do Funcionalismo norte-americano, os aspectos que são peculiares a cada grupo e a identificação de características linguísticas próprias das comunidades de fala desta região (registros) bem como demonstramos que seus usos são muito frequentes nas mais diversas situações, estando presentes na fala de homens e mulheres, nas diferentes faixas etárias, classes sociais e níveis de escolaridade, não devendo, portanto, carregar o estigma de vícios de linguagem atribuídos a grupos sociais específicos. / This work aims to present, through the analysis of narrative interviews transcribed, the use of Discourse Marker né? in the speech of gauchos of Pelotas / RS. The above marker will be interpreted in their context and conditions of production and not in isolation, since appearing in interactional activities during the narrative interviews, as recognized a genre of sociolinguistic research. To do so, we will enforce two corpora, a textual and an oral. The first one was formed entirely of 25 theatrical pieces, dating from 1842 to 1981, that indicate the course of the MC né? from the oldest form till its present, in which situations it is used, and what extralinguistic characteristics of the characters that use it; the second, composed of interviews narratives who belong to the VarX data base from 36 respondents (men and women), half of them belonging to the upper middle class and the other half belonging to the lower class, all residents of Pelotas. The main variable considered in this study was social class and within this corpus were still considered the factors Education (schooling) and age of respondents. We understand the linguistic variable according to Labovian perspective as an internal variable element to the system and controlled by a single rule. On this way, studies involving grammaticalization factors are needed from the perspective of Martelotta (2003), because the MC object of analysis of this study suffered/ suffer changes and/or lexical, morphological, phonological and semantic variations; this aspect will be dealt from the panchronic point of view in order to realize that variations or not converted into changes. We analyzed, based on the theoretical concepts of Sociolinguistics Variationist and American functionalism, the aspects that are peculiar to each group and identifying characteristics of the speech speaking communities of this region (records) and show that their uses are very common in different situations, being present in the speech of men and women in different age groups, social classes and educational levels, should not, therefore, carry the stigma of addictions language assigned to specific social groups.

L’étude du lexème nu prend en compte : les représentations des participants de l’interlocution ; le domaine commun de connaissance entre eux et l’engagement sur un parcours vers une représentation résultante.L’énonciateur de nu place l’intercompréhension au centre de l’échange. L’intercompréhension suppose la mise en référence du discours dans un domaine de connaissance commun.Le schéma type du mécanisme du lexème nu est l’engagement sur un parcours vers une représentation commune. Ce schéma connaît cinq variations, marquées par la syntaxe et exprimant des valeurs précises.La première variation est l’acceptation de la représentation de l’énonciataire comme représentation résultante ; la deuxième traduit une mise en doute de l’engagement sur un parcours vers une représentation résultante (orientation rhétorique) ; la troisième signifie la nécessité d’un engagement dirigé vers la représentation de l’énonciateur comme représentation résultante ; la quatrième indique l’engagement mutuel des porteurs de représentations vers un compromis ; enfin, la cinquième variation met en évidence l’incompatibilité des représentations mises en concurrence.L’une des conséquences de l’étude est le rejet de la notion de mot parasite. Le lexème nu est intégralement un mot du discours.Le travail s’appuie sur la langue contemporaine saisie dans un important corpus littéraire : chaque remarque est illustrée par un exemple situé dans un contexte large. / This study of the enunciative mechanism of the lexeme nu is based on three elements of speech: competing representations, a shared field of knowledge and the initiation of a progression towards a “result representation” (which implies the presence of what Gustave Guillaume calls operative time).The enunciator of the lexeme places mutual understanding at the heart of the exchange. Mutual understanding is linked to the referencing of discourse in a shared field of knowledge. The typical pattern of the enunciative mechanism of the lexeme nu is the initiation of a progression towards a result representation. This pattern can lead to five variations, which are indicated by syntax and which produce precise values.The first variation contains an acceptance of the listener’s representation as a result representation ; the second variation (nu ?) expresses doubt concerning the commitment to a progression towards the result representation (this is the rhetorical aspect) ; the third variation indicates the need to commit to the enunciator’s representation as the result representation ; the fourth indicates that both the carriers of representation commit to a compromise (nu-ka) ; and the fifth variation (nu i) highlights the incompatibility of the competing representations.These conceptions of the lexeme justify a rejection of its description as a parasite word. The lexeme nu is a discourse marker. This research approaches contemporary Russian through a large number of literary texts: each analysis is illustrated by an example which is situated in a large cotext.

<p>  </p> <p>The present study describes the pragmatic functions and the social meaning of the discourse marker (DM) <em>órale</em>. <em>Órale </em>is a recognized and salient DM in Mexican Spanish (Mejía-Gómez, 2008; Mendoza-Denton, 2011; Navarro, 2005), but research on its pragmatic meanings and use in interaction and society is minimal. Considering previous literature on discourse markers and descriptions of <em>órale</em>, two research questions were addressed to examine the pragmatic and sociolinguistic uses of <em>órale</em>: (1) What are the pragmatic functions of <em>órale</em>? and (2) Do gender, age, and educational level affect the use of <em>órale</em>? By answering these research questions, the current investigation represents the largest and most systematic analysis of <em>órale</em> to date, and it offers both pragmatic and sociolinguistic understandings. </p> <p>The analysis considered all 189 <em>órale </em>tokens in the Corpus Sociolingüístico de la Ciudad de México (CSCM) (Butragueño & Lastra, 2011–2015)<a href="https://hammer.purdue.edu/account/home#_ftn1" target="_blank">[1]</a>. The pragmatic analysis relied on an iterative approach, using open coding and axial coding (Corbin & Strauss, 1990). In addition, it relied on the triangulation of prior descriptions of <em>órale</em>, turn position, and the speakers’ positioning in the social narrative. For the sociolinguistic analysis, descriptive statistics and statistical models were used to understand the effect of gender, age, and education on <em>órale</em> in general and its different functions.</p> <p>Results indicated three discourse functions of <em>órale</em> (i.e., exhortation, affirmation, reorientation), each with two subfunctions. Exhortation functions appeared in first pair part positions (i.e., initiating) and aided speakers in positioning as authoritative. Affirmation functions were in second pair part positions (i.e., responsive) and reflected a more agreeable positioning, and reoriention functions were turn­ medial. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of <em>órale</em> indicated that affirmation was the most frequent function, followed by reorientation and then exhortation. Regarding the sociolinguistic variables, a quasi-Poisson regression model and multinomial logistical models revealed that gender had a statistically significant effect on <em>órale</em> use, in that men used the DM more than women. In addition, in the analysis of the effect of the social categories on function of <em>órale</em>, education had a significant effect. The middle educational level relied more on <em>órale </em>for affirmation compared to other functions than the other groups. The interaction between social categories and functions was discussed with respect to the findings related to gender and level of education.</p> <p>A main contribution of this investigation was the typology of the pragmatic functions of <em>órale</em>. The analysis was sufficient to explain all data and more economical than some prior descriptions. Furthermore, the proposed typology relies on a triangulation of pragmatic function, turn position, and the positioning made by the speaker, which taken together provide validity to the analysis. Other contributions were the distribution of the functions of<em> órale </em>in discourse and among social categories. In addition, a theoretical contribution was made by the proposal of the core meaning, leading to more precise understanding of <em>órale</em>. </p> <p>  <br>    </p> <p><a href="https://hammer.purdue.edu/account/home#_ftnref1" target="_blank">[1]</a> The CSCM is a balanced corpus of 108 interviews with men and women across three social classes and three age groups. Interviews addressed thematic modules, including life threatening situations.</p>

Cette thèse présente une étude sémantico-pragmatique des emplois dialogiques de mais, oui, non et de leurs quatre combinaisons : mais oui, mais non, oui mais et non mais. Les enchaînements dialogiques « X – Mais Y » posent la question de l’unicité du sens du connecteur oppositif, étant donné que la relation entre les énoncés X et Y est très différente de celle qui s’établit entre les énoncés dans les configurations monologiques « X mais Y ». Dans cette thèse, les deux types d’enchaînement avec mais sont analysés dans le cadre de la sémantique dynamique, qui propose de décrire le sens des expressions linguistiques à partir de leur capacité à modifier le contexte. L’opération énonciative de mais est spécifiée à partir des contraintes imposées sur le contexte linguistique environnant, que l’examen de divers usages contextuels de mais en monologue et en dialogue a permis de révéler. Cet examen conduit à conclure que la spécificité des enchaînements dialogiques avec mais n’est pas liée à la sémantique du connecteur, mais à la progression du discours, différente en monologue et en dialogue. Les combinaisons de mais avec oui et avec non sont étudiées après une analyse détaillée du marqueur de validation et du marqueur de rejet. La façon dont ces deux marqueurs interagissent avec le contexte gauche témoigne de leur asymétrie sémantique, confirmée par la possibilité de les utiliser en tant que formes concurrentes pour valider un énoncé négatif. Dans les combinaisons de oui et de non avec mais, le second élément détermine le type de relation signalée : oui mais et non mais marquent l’opposition, tandis que mais oui et mais non traduisent la validation et le rejet. Néanmoins, le premier élément a des incidences sur l’interprétation du second. Ainsi, les réactions mais oui et mais non présentent l’information validée ou rejetée comme déjà admise dans le contexte ou, au contraire, comme exclue et donc impossible à envisager. En revanche, dans les réactions oui mais et non mais, le connecteur oppositif enchaîne sur l’information accessible à la suite de l’emploi du premier marqueur. / This dissertation presents a semantic-pragmatic study of dialogic uses of mais, oui, non and their four combinations : mais oui, mais non, oui mais et non mais. The dialogic sequences “X – Mais Y” raise the question of the uniqueness of the oppositive connector, because the relationship between the utterances X and Y is very different from that which is established between both utterances in the “X mais Y” monologic configurations. In this dissertation, the two types of linking with mais are analyzed in the framework of dynamic semantics, which aims to describe the meaning of linguistic expressions from their ability to change the context. The enunciative operation of mais is specified from the constraints on the surrounding linguistic context that the examination of various contextual uses of mais in monologue and dialogue revealed. This examination leads to the conclusion that the specificity of dialogic sequences with mais is not related to the semantics of the connector, but the progress of speech, which is different in monologue and dialogue. Combinations of mais with oui and non are considered after a previous detailed analysis of validation marker and rejection marker. The way these two markers interact with the left context reflects their semantic asymmetry, confirmed by the possibility of using them as competing forms to confirm a negative utterance. In combination of oui and non with mais, the second element determines the type of relationship: oui mais and non mais mark the opposition, while mais oui and mais non reflect validation and rejection. However, the first element has a clear implication on the interpretation of the second one. In that sense mais oui and mais non responses present the validated or rejected information as already accepted in the context or, on the contrary, excluded, and therefore impossible to consider. On the other hand, in reactions with oui mais and non mais the oppositive connector regards the information accessible next to the use of the first marker.

本研究旨在探討漢語母子對話中兒童「然後」的使用與其功能。研究語料來自於八位年齡介於兩歲七個月到五歲四個月的兒童，並分成兩組：年紀較小之兒童(平均兩歲十一個月)與年紀較大之兒童(平均四歲十個月)。本研究主要根據Su (1998)的分類，把兒童「然後」分為連接詞(connective)及言談標記(discourse marker)的使用。連接詞的使用有時間性(temporal)、遞增性(additive)、因果性(causal)及轉折性(contrast)四項功能。言談標記的使用有填補語(verbal filler)、主題接續(topic succession)及主題再開(resumptive opener)三項功能。研究結果顯示年紀較大之組的兒童使用「然後」的次數較多。隨著兒童年齡增長，言談標記使用的增加比連接詞的增加還多。「然後」當連接詞時，時間性功能使用得最多。與Yeh (2011)「然後」在敘述文中的研究比較，其顯示出「然後」在敘述文中出現得比在對話中還多。另外，時間性功能隨著年紀減少，而遞增性及因果性隨著年齡增加，可用Winskel (2003)的「概念複雜性」(conceptual complexity)來解釋。「然後」當言談標記時，兒童填補語使用得最多，其隨著年紀增加而減少使用。主題再開兩組都使用得少，而主題接續只出現在年紀較大之組別。總結，兒童在「然後」的使用上有發展上的不同。 / The study investigated Mandarin-speaking children’s different use of ranhou at different ages in mother-child conversations. Eight subjects aged from 2;7 to 5;4 were divided into two groups; a younger group (mean age: 2;11) and an older group (mean age: 4;10). In this study, the children’s use of ranhou was categorized into connective use and discourse marker use, mainly based on Su’s (1998) classification. The connective use of ranhou includes temporal, additive, causal, and contrast functions. The discourse marker use of ranhou contains verbal filler, topic succession, and resumptive opener functions. The results showed that older children used more tokens of ranhou than younger children. As children got older, the discourse marker use of ranhou increased much more than the connective use of ranhou. In the connective use of ranhou, temporal ranhou was the most frequent function. Compared with Yeh’s (2011) study of ranhou in narratives, it may be suggested that ranhou occurs more in narratives and less in conversations. Additionally, the temporal function decreased with age whereas the additive and causal functions increased with age, which could be explained by Winskel’s (2003) conceptual complexity. In the discourse marker use of ranhou, the verbal filler function was used the most and decreased with age. The tokens of the resumptive opener function were few in both groups, and the topic succession function only occurred in the older group. To conclude, the results suggest that there is a developmental difference in children’s use of ranhou.

NASCIMENTO, Júlio César Dinoá do. Marcadores discursivos na norma oral popular de Fortaleza. 2010. 193f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2010. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T11:41:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jcdnascimento.pdf: 1478802 bytes, checksum: a2c55690320030b399f3f08150e46727 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-26T12:57:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jcdnascimento.pdf: 1478802 bytes, checksum: a2c55690320030b399f3f08150e46727 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-26T12:57:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_tese_jcdnascimento.pdf: 1478802 bytes, checksum: a2c55690320030b399f3f08150e46727 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Our study aimed at analyzing the use of the most frequent discourse markers in the popular oral discourse of the city of Fortaleza, considering the linguistic aspects (formal and functional), social (pertaining to sex and length of schooling) and aspect interaction (on the type of investigation DID). The theoretical bases that supported the data analysis relied on Functional Grammar (Dik, 1997), on Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008) and on the theoretical and methodological analysis Conversation (Said Ali, 1930; Gülich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brown; Levison, 1978; Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987; Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). In order to investigate the defining properties of discourse markes, we conducted a survey of 75 forms found in the type of survey DID corpus NORPOFOR (Norma Popular Fortaleza). We identify the most frequent discourse markers in oral discourse popular in Fortaleza, the principal functions, the conditioning of the characteristics associated with type of investigation, the social variables established in the research and finally we propose a framework with the identifier properties, but not absolute marker discursive matches. / A nossa pesquisa teve por objetivo geral analisar a utilização dos marcadores discursivos mais recorrentes na norma oral popular da cidade de Fortaleza, considerando os aspectos linguísticos (formais e funcionais), sociais (relativos ao sexo e ao tempo de escolaridade) e o aspecto interacional (relativo ao tipo de inquérito DIDdiálogo documentador – informante- documentador). As bases teóricas que subsidiaram a análise dos dados apoiaram-se na Gramática Funcional (Dik, 1997), na Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (Hengeveld; Makenzie, 2008), e nos pressupostos teóricometodológicos da Análise da Conversação (Said Ali, 1930; Gülich, 1970; Pawley, 1973; Brow e Levison, 1978, Shiffrin, 1987; Fraser, 1987; Preti, 1987, Marcuschi, 1989; Risso; Silva; Urbano, 2006). A fim de investigarmos sobre as propriedades definidoras dos marcadores discursivos, fizemos um levantamento de 75 formas encontradas, no tipo de inquérito DID do corpus NORPOFOR (Norma popular de Fortaleza). Identificamos os marcadores discursivos mais frequentes na norma oral popular de Fortaleza, as principais funções, o condicionamento das características associadas ao tipo de inquérito, as variáveis sociais estabelecidas na pesquisa e, finalmente propomos um quadro com as propriedades identificadoras, porém não absolutas, dos marcadores discursivos encontrados.