Orientador: Sebastião Expedito Ignácio / Resumo: O presente trabalho investiga as manobras criativas e inventivas do sujeito do discurso. A autora analisa vinte redações do vestibular da Universidade Estadual Paulista, referentes ao ano de 2001, centrando o enfoque no processo discursivo do sujeito com o propósito de verificar as astúcias realizadas por ele... / Résumé: Ce travail est unes recherche sur les manoeuvres créatives et inventives du sujet du discours... / Doutor

哲學家多認為日常關于語意的陳述 (如:「單身漢」意即未婚男性)乃事實陳述，陳述語義事實。這些哲學家大都還認為語義事實有物理基礎。對此本文提出兩重反駁。首先，語義事實並無物理基礎，因此 (物理主義認為)根本不存在語義事實。其次，日常語義話語既不陳述語義事實，也不要求語義事實存在，而應理解為一種虛構。第一章論證第一點 (基于Kripke的論證，但据本文目的作了適當裁剪):任何具備表徵能力的物理系統皆等價於擁有某一獨特、確定功能的機器;若語義事實有物理基礎，則功能事實當有物理基礎，但功能事實並無物理基礎。第二章首先論證日常語義話語不要求語義事實存在 (因我們對其存在與否實無所謂)，其次論證虛構話語 (如「Crotone在意大利的足弓上」)乃理解日常語義話語的最佳模型。將語義話語理解為虛構，非但合理可信，且多有啟發。本文結論認為，自然主義本身雖毋庸置疑，尋求自然主義的意義/表徵理論卻是緣木求魚。 / Many philosophers believe that the folk talk of meaning (e.g. “ ‘Bachelor’ means unmarried man“) states facts about meaning, or semantic facts. Most of them further believe that these facts are grounded in the physical reality. I argue against both views: (1) there are no semantic facts, insofar as they must be physically grounded; (2) meaning-talk does not state semantic facts, is not committed to them, and should instead be understood as a kind of make-believe. Chapter 1 presents an argument for (1), rst expounded (I think) by Kripke and here modied for my purpose. The argument is that any physical system with any representational capacity at all can be regarded as having a unique, determinate function; thus if representation--hence meaning--is physically grounded, so must be the function; but no such function can be physically grounded. Chapter 2 argues, rst, that meaning-talk does not commit us to semantic facts because we are indifferent to their existence. Second, that make-believe utterances (e.g. “Crotone is on the arch of the Italian boot“) more than any other discourse provide a good model for meaning-talk. Construing meaning-talk as make-believe is plausible and illuminating. I conclude that, while naturalism (I believe) is true, the attempt to naturalise meaning and representation is misguided. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Shen, Jian. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-85). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / Introduction --- p.1 / The First Thesis --- p.1 / The Second Thesis --- p.6 / Chapter 1 --- To Repudiate an Ontology --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1 --- Argument for Semantic Anti-Realism --- p.9 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Premise One --- p.12 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Premise Two --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2 --- Naturalisers’ Program --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Against Dretske --- p.24 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Against Millikan --- p.28 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Against Fodor --- p.35 / Chapter 1.3 --- An Exegetical Appendix --- p.39 / Chapter 2 --- While Enjoying Its Benefit --- p.43 / Chapter 2.1 --- Argument for Non-Commitment --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2 --- Another Argument for Non-Commitment --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Objections and Replies --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- The Fictionalist Hypothesis --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Searching for a Model --- p.60 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Why the Model Is Good --- p.65 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Other Models --- p.71 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Objections and Replies --- p.73 / Conclusion --- p.82 / Bibliography --- p.83

Orientador: Marina Célia Mendonça / Banca: Ana Lúcia Furquim Campos Toscano / Banca: Assunção Aparecida Laia Cristóvão / Resumo: Fundamentado na perspectiva teórica do Círculo de Mikhail Bakhtin e através da análise de projetos editoriais e publicidades audiovisuais do jornal Folha de S. Paulo, o presente trabalho visou a ampliar a discussão em relação à noção de dialogismo entre gêneros diferentes e de esferas de atividade diferentes. O interesse principal desta pesquisa foi analisar, por meio do viés dialógico, como os valores, principalmente os relacionados à comunicação e à informação, são retratados em gêneros distintos. Com o intuito de alcançar o objetivo proposto, nós depreendemos, dos enunciados das publicidades que contemplam o córpus da dissertação, marcas, ideias e valores sobre a informação, e depois cotejamos esses aspectos com os aspectos encontrados nos enunciados dos projetos editoriais. Procuramos entender de que maneira se constrói a informação nesses discursos, observar aquilo que é considerado na constituição do saber discursivo. Por ser sempre ideológico, coexistem, nos signos, inúmeras contradições ideológico-sociais e ecoam diversas vozes. Portanto, cada palavra possui um grande emaranhado de significados distintos, complementares e, muitas vezes, totalmente antagônicos. Partindo da ideia defendida por Bakhtin de que as palavras são um signo linguístico e ideológico, estabelecemos duas categorias de análise para chegarmos ao resultado final da pesquisa, são elas: a imagem da Folha de S. Paulo e a vozes sociais que se manifestam nos discursos do córpus da dissertação. Embasados nesses resultados, olhamos para a informação no âmbito dos enunciados concretos e atentamos para a plurivalência social dos signos / Abstract: Based on the theoretical perspective of Mikhail Bakhtin's Circle and through analysis of audiovisual advertising and editorial projects of the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo, the present work aimed to broaden the discussion regarding the notion of dialogism between different genres and different spheres of activity. The main interest of this research was to examine, through the dialogical bias, how the values, especially those related to communication and information, are portrayed in different genres. In order to achieve the proposed goal, we inferred, from the advertising's statements, that include the corpus of the dissertation, marks, ideas and values about the information, and then we compared these aspects with aspects founded in the statements of editorial projects. We seek to understand how information is constructed in these discourses, to observe what is considered in the discursive constitution of knowledge. For being always ideological, coexist, in signs, numerous social-ideological contradictions and echo diverse voices. Therefore, each word has a big tangle of distinct meanings, complementary and often totally antagonistic. Starting from the idea advocated by Bakhtin that the words are a linguistic and ideological sign, two categories of analysis are established to arrive at the final result of the research, they are: the image of the Folha de S. Paulo and the social voices that appear in the speeches of the dissertation corpus. Based upon these results, we look at the information listed under the concrete statements and we pay attention for the social polyvalence of the signs / Mestre

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This dissertation investigates the social construction and discursive emergence of US nuclear weapons policy against the backdrop of the nuclear taboo and its associated anti-nuclear discourse. The analysis is drawn from poststructuralism with a focus on the discourses that construct the social world and its attendant “common sense,” and makes possible certain policies and courses of action while foreclosing others. This methodology helps overcome the overdetermined nature of foreign policy, or its tendency to be driven simultaneously by the international strategic environment, the domestic political environment, and powerful domestic organizations, and while being shaped and delimited by the discourses associated with the nuclear taboo. I apply this method to three different cases of presidential administration policymaking: Eisenhower, Reagan, and George W. Bush. In each, the analysis illuminates the coherent discourses that emerged, crystallized, and either became policy, or were usurped by competing discourses and their associated policies. I follow the actions of key actors as they stitched together existing discourses in new ways to create meaning for nuclear weapons and the US arsenal, as well as to limit what could and should be done with that arsenal. The case studies reveal the content of the strategic international, domestic political, organizational, and normative bases of US nuclear weapons policy. These results suggest that most challenges to the nuclear policy status quo emerge from new presidents whose own discourse is built upon personal conviction and critiques of their predecessors. Upon taking office, these sources compete with discourses emerging from organizations, especially the nuclear weapons complex, and anti-nuclear forces including: activists, the scientific community, the international public, US allied governments, and the US public. It was this political conflict and confrontation that made possible the pattern of nuclear weapons policy that characterized each administration. This work points to the strength of the nuclear taboo, and the effort that must be expended for its associated discourses to impact presidential policymaking. This insight provides an opening for managing the nuclear threat posed by the Trump administration’s new nuclear weapons policy.

Orientador(a): Luciane de Paula / Banca: Ekaterina Volkova Americo / Banca: Dantielli Assumpção Garcia / Resumo: Esta pesquisa desenvolve estudo da questão dos valores ideológicos e como estes influenciam na construção estética e no estilo constituintes dos discursos que se manifestam por meio de diferentes gêneros. Para tanto, analisa-se o discurso romanesco Anna Kariênina (1873-1877), de Liev Tolstói, e o da obra fílmica Anna Karenina, de 2012, a partir da teoria da filosofia da linguagem do Círculo de Bakhtin. O que norteia a reflexão deste estudo é a temática do adultério, uma vez que ele está presente nos dois textos que compõem o corpus da pesquisa. Esses enunciados ao tratarem dessa temática, cada qual com sua forma e seu estilo, em sua arquitetônica, refletem e refratam relações sociais no grande tempo da história humana. A relevância deste estudo se justifica por tentar proporcionar um estudo reflexivo acerca da dialogicidade da linguagem (colocada de maneira interdiscursiva/intertextual), o que pode contribuir com os estudos contemporâneos do discurso e dos gêneros do discurso, especialmente ao se considerar a caracterização verbivocovisual, particularmente, do gênero fílmico / Abstract: This research develops the study the issue of ideological values and how these influence the aesthetic construction and style constituents of discourses that manifest themselves through different genres. For this purpose, it is analyzed the novelistic discourse of Anna Karenina (1873-1877), by Leo Tolstoy, as the film Anna Karenina, work of 2012, according to the theory the philosophy of language of the Bakhtin's Circle. What guides the reflection of this study is the theme of adultery, once they are present in both texts that make up the corpus of the research and these utterances, when treat about this theme, each one with its form and style in its architectonic reflect and refract social relations in the big time in human history. The relevance of this study is justified by trying to provide a reflective study of the dialogical language (placed of interdiscursive/intertextual way), which may contribute to contemporary studies of the discourse and the speech genres, especially when considering the verbvocalvisual characterization, particularly, of the filmic gender / Mestre

In order to understand the influences that instructors and course materials have on student argumentation and conceptual understanding of thermodynamics I analyzed three cases studies of two instructors’ implementation of the Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) thermodynamic materials. The POGIL approach is designed to help students learn chemistry while encouraging the development of process skills such as communication and critical thinking. These materials are designed in accordance with the theory of constructivism and include learning cycles to help students’ work together to construct an understanding of chemistry content. However, the facilitation of the materials can vary by instructor and impact student learning. Two aspects of student learning that I was interested in was argumentation and coordination between the macroscopic, symbolic, and sub-microscopic levels of chemistry. I was interested in argumentation because this is a common form of communication in science and students need to learn how to support their claims using reliable evidence. Furthermore, chemistry can be viewed in terms the macroscopic, symbolic, and sub-microscopic levels, but in order to develop a complete understanding of a concept, one needs to understand the concept at all three levels. Therefore it is important for students to be able to use all three levels of reasoning and make connections between levels. Using discourse analysis I was able to examine how students’ reasoned through and developed an understanding of thermodynamics. By analyzing the student-instructor interactions and course materials I was able determine how these two aspects of a POGIL learning environment influenced students’ use of scientific argumentation and coordination of macroscopic symbolic, and sub-microscopic level reasoning. Data was collected by recording and transcribing student-instructor interactions and conversations from all three cases studies. Analysis involved the coding of classroom transcripts to identify arguments and the instructor’s discursive moves. This revealed how the students constructed arguments and how the instructor was able to encourage student argumentation. Next the arguments, instructor discourse, and course materials were analyzed in terms of macroscopic, symbolic, and sub-microscopic level reasoning. This enabled me to better understand how students’ used information they were presented with by the instructor and materials in their arguments. Lastly, the POGIL materials were analyzed to see how the design of the materials and the nature of the question prompts impacted student argumentation. It was found that both the instructor and the course materials impact students’ use of macroscopic, symbolic, and sub-microscopic level reasoning in their arguments. Instructors could use questioning moves to help scaffold student argumentation and encourage students to build connections between the macroscopic, symbolic, and sub-microscopic level. In addition, the materials emphasized symbolic level reasoning and many questions do not encourage students to explain their reasoning behind their answers.

In 2008, Baker et al. proposed a nine-step method that combines quantitative corpus linguistics with qualitative critical discourse analysis. To date this cycle has only been used to analyze a single language with a restricted corpus. Can this method, originally designed for this narrow focus, be applied cross-culturally to an unrestricted corpus? There are two over-arching goals for this paper, one linguistic and one methodological. The first goal is to learn about language ideologies in Indonesian and Malay newspapers; the second goal is to evaluate the efficacy of a mixed-methods corpus-driven approach to discourse analysis using the methods proposed by Baker et al. Our research will be based on the cross-cultural analysis of two 4-million-word corpora of newspaper articles; one Indonesian and one Malay. Malaysia and Indonesia are home to two peoples, living side by side and sharing a common language background, but reacting to the Islamic fundamentalist movement in different ways. Applying Baker et al.'s cycle, we will use keyword analysis, collocation, concordance lines, and qualitative analysis in this study. Whereas Baker employed a corpus restricted to articles about refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants, and migrants, our corpus encompasses articles on any topic; whereas their study focused solely on English, ours will compare Indonesian and Malay. To build a "useful methodological synergy" between qualitative and quantitative analysis (Baker, et al., 2008), this corpus-driven study will consider how Islam and related terms are being represented by government, historical, and religious sources. The results of this study will help us discern how these two countries are reacting to the fundamentalist movement. This study will also help evaluate the applicability of Baker et al.'s proposed methods to other types of sociolinguistic research and bring to light any modifications that could be made.