Rapid blight is a new disease of cool season turfgrasses that affects several important turfgrasses used for overseeding Bermuda in Arizona such as Poa trivialis and Lolium perenne (perennial rye). It is caused by Labyrinthula terrestris, an unusual organism that causes collapse of susceptible hosts and usually occurs in turfgrasses irrigated with moderate to high salinity irrigation water (EC>2.0). Rapid blight has not been observed in the field in warm season grasses such as Cynodon sp. (Bermudagrass) although laboratory trials have shown that common Bermudagrass and other grasses may be hosts. Because the survival mechanism of Labyrinthula terrestris in the absence of cool season turfgrass hosts was unknown, this study was initiated to determine if L. terrestris "over-summers" in different Bermudagrass systems. Results of assays of several different Bermudagrass systems show that Bermudagrasses are good hosts for L. terrestris and explains why rapid blight is a perpetual threat year after year in the same locations.

Rapid blight is a new disease of cool season turf grasses that has occurred on over a dozen golf courses in Arizona. It is caused by Labyrinthula terrestris, an organism in a group referred to as the marine slime molds. A trial was conducted in fall 2005-winter 2006 to evaluate efficacy of selected fungicides for control of rapid blight at a golf course in central Arizona with a previous history of disease and high salinity irrigation water (about 5 dS/m). Plots were established in late October 2005 on a practice tee on which Bermuda was overseeded with Poa trivialis. Treatments included Insignia and Fore, alone and in combinations; elemental sulfur, potassium sulfate and potassium chloride as pre-plant applications on Bermuda; gypsum, Daconil Zn, Heritage TL, Soil Life and Soil Builder. Disease symptoms appeared immediately after the first mowing. Disease ratings at 3 weeks after first mow showed that applications of the high rate of Insignia at first mow and the pre-overseed application of sulfur gave excellent control. Moderate control was shown in applications with early applications of Fore alternated with the lower rate of Insignia, Fore alone, Soil Life, and of the high rate of Insignia combined with Fore applied as a curative at first disease. Treatments with Daconil Zn, Heritage TL, Soil Builder, and preoverseed treatments with potassium sulfate, potassium chloride and gypsum gave little or no control compared to the untreated control. At 10 weeks after first mow, treatments with Insignia and the high rate of sulfur were still effective but all other treatments were either marginal or not different from the untreated control. Results show that applications of Insignia at first mow are effective for severe early season disease, and extended intervals of Insignia applications give effective long term control. Results also show that treatments of Bermudagrass with elemental sulfur reduced disease dramatically indicating that preventive chemical applications before overseeding may be possible.

Rapid blight is a new disease of cool season turf grasses caused by Labyrinthula terrestris, an organism in a group referred to as the marine slime molds. A trial was conducted in fall 2006-winter 2007 to repeat an evaluation of efficacy of different rates and intervals of Insignia fungicide and elemental sulfur, both of which gave acceptable control in trials in 2005. The trial was conducted at a golf course in central Arizona with a previous history of disease and high salinity irrigation water (about 5 dS/m). Plots were established in August 2006 on a practice tee on which Champion 419 bermudagrass was overseeded with Poa trivialis "Laser". Treatments included pyraclostrobin (Insignia) as a preventive and as a curative, pyraclostrobin (Insignia) combined with Fore as a preventive, and elemental sulfur (DsiperSul) as a preventive. Disease symptoms appeared immediately after the first mowing. Disease ratings 15 days after first mow showed that applications of the high rate of Insignia at first mow gave excellent control. Moderate control was shown in applications with early applications of Fore combined with the lower rate of Insignia. Treatments with Insignia as a curative and with sulfur as a preventive were not acceptable.

Rapid blight is a new disease of cool season turf grasses caused by Labyrinthula terrestris. It is problematic in Arizona and ten other states in cool season turfgrasses at sites with elevated salinity of soil and/or irrigation water. L. terrestris colonizes Tifgreen bermudagrasses in the field, but causes no apparent disease. Laboratory trials have shown that as concentrations of sodium chloride in irrigation water increase, disease severity increases, and when calcium and potassium salts are used to increase salinity, disease is greatly reduced or not observed. In preliminary field assays of cool-season turfgrasses irrigated with effluent, L. terrestris was observed in laboratory cultures from non-symptomatic turfgrass. To further substantiate if L. terrestris and/or other Labyrinthula species were present in non-symptomatic turfgrass in the field and to determine if disease could be induced by increased salinity, a trial was conducted at the Karsten Turfgrass Research Facility of The University of Arizona. In August 2006, field plots were established in bermudagrass "Tifway 419" and overseeded with Poa trivialis "Laser" in October. Plots were treated with potassium chloride, potassium sulfate or sodium chloride salts to increase soil salinity. Other plots treated with fungicides that are ineffective in controlling rapid blight as well as a sulfur treatment also were included in the assays. Poa trivialis was sampled in December 2006 and April 200. In laboratory assays using a semi-selective medium, Labyrinthula was detected in all treatments. Incidence was significantly higher in the untreated control and fungicide treated plots than in the salt treated plots. Results show that increasing soil salinity did not induce disease or result in an increase in detection of Labyrinthula at this site. Results of this study on Poa trivialis and previous studies on Tifgreen bermudagrass suggest that Labyrinthula may be widespread in non-symptomatic turfgrasses.

O mosaico rugoso, causado pelo begomovirus ToSRV, é uma das principais doenças do tomateiro. Neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficácia de quatro inseticidas, ciantranilliprole foliar, ciantraniliprole solo, espiromesifeno e tiametoxam no controle das infecções primária e secundária do ToSRV, em tomateiros, transmitido por Bemisia tabaci biótipo B. Os tratamentos, confinados separadamente em gaiolas a prova de insetos, foram: controle, representado por tomateiros sadios e infectados, pulverizados com água, mais insetos avirulíferos; infecção primária, simulada com tomateiros sadios pulverizados com inseticida, mais insetos virulíferos e infecção secundária, simulada com tomateiros sadios e infectados com o ToSRV, pulverizados com inseticida, mais insetos avirulíferos. Nenhum inseticida foi eficiente no controle da infecção primária. No caso da simulação da infecção secundária, 4% e 16% respectivamente, dos tomateiros tratados com os inseticidas ciantraniliprole solo e ciantraniliprole foliar foram infectados, contra 84% e 74% de tomateiros infectados nos respectivos controles. Para os tratamentos com os inseticidas tiametoxam e espiromesifeno, na simulação da infecção secundária, 58% e 62% dos tomateiros foram infectados, respectivamente, contra 66% e 74% de plantas infectadas nos respectivos controles. O uso racional de inseticidas que reduzem a infecção secundária associado com a eliminação de fontes externas de inóculo poderá contribuir para o manejo da doença. / The severe mosaic, caused by ToSRV begomovirus, is a major disease of tomato. This study evaluated the efficacy of four insecticides, sprayed cyazypyr, drench cyazypyr, sprayed spiromesifen and thiamethoxam on controlling primary and secondary infections by ToSRV to tomato plants, transmitted by Bemisia tabaci biotype B. Treatments were confined separately in proof insects cages, which were: control, represented by healthy and infected tomato plants sprayed with water and aviruliferous insects releasing; primary infection, simulated by healthy tomato plants with insecticide spraying and viruliferous insects releasing, and secondary infection, simulated with healthy tomato plants and ToSRV infected tomato plants, sprayed with insecticide, and aviruliferous insects releasing. None of the insecticides was effective in controlling primary infection. In the case of secondary infection simulation, 4% and 16% of the tomato plants treated with soil and foliar cyazypyr insecticides, respectively, were infected; against 84% and 74% of infected tomato plants in their respective controls. For treatments with thiamethoxam and spiromesifen insecticides spraying, in secondary infection simulation, 58% and 62% of tomato plants were infected, respectively, versus 66% and 74% of infected plants in their respective controls. The rational use of insecticides to reduce secondary infection associated with elimination of external sources of inoculum may contribute to disease management.

Apesar de caracterizar-se como uma das enfermidades mais antigas e conhecidas no mundo, a tuberculose ainda permanece como um dos principais agravos à saúde. A busca de sintomáticos respiratórios representa um importante pilar dentre as estratégias implementadas para controlar a doença, visto que pretende antecipar os efeitos adversos do processo de adoecimento por tuberculose pulmonar. Imersos nesse contexto, encontram-se os gerentes locais dos serviços de saúde, dos quais é esperado, entre outras coisas, a assunção de responsabilidades junto às atividades realizadas para o desenvolvimento e implantação de uma política de organização dos serviços, cujo objetivo final é a oferta de cuidados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar discursivamente como os efeitos de sentido têm influenciado na operacionalização da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios da tuberculose no município de São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cuja fundamentação teórico-metodológica deu-se a partir dos postulados da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa (pêcheuxtiana). Constituíram como sujeitos do estudo, 14 gerentes locais, atuantes no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Adotou-se como critério de inclusão os sujeitos que estivessem no cargo há um ano ou mais, excluindo-se os que no momento da coleta de dados estivessem em licença médica ou que não agendassem a entrevista após três tentativas. A geração de dados fez-se através de entrevistas semidirigidas, gravadas em áudio e realizadas em locais e horários pré-acordados com os sujeitos. O material empírico foi transcrito na íntegra e gerenciado pelo software Atlas ti, o qual antecedeu às analises discursivas. O projeto de pesquisa foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados evidenciam que os sujeitos estão envoltos em formações ideológicas de assujeitamento às normas e metas pré-estabelecidas, ao mesmo tempo que, a partir dessas condições resistem às imposições, o que reflete em descontinuidades na operacionalização da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios. A partir disso concluímos que a demanda, por vezes desconexas das reais necessidades apresentadas pelos usuários/população dos serviços de saúde, geram ambientes pouco motivadores, sobretudo no que concerne ao controle da tuberculose por meio da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios. Portanto, faz-se necessária a (re)construção de uma gestão mais participativa, envolvendo os diversos níveis hierárquicos, a fim de que haja um ambiente mais proativo e favorável à efetivação de metas e normas que visem a prevenção de doenças e a promoção da saúde da população. / Although characterized as one of the oldest and best-known diseases in the world tuberculosis continues as one of the major health problems. The respiratory symptoms search is an important pillar among the strategies to control the disease because it aims to anticipate the adverse effects of the pulmonary tuberculosis disease process. The local health service managers are immersed in this process, of which is expected, among other things, the assumption of the responsibility for the development and implementation of a services organization policy whose ultimate goal is to provide care. The purpose of this study was to analyze discursively how the effects of meaning have influenced the search for tuberculosis respiratory symptoms in the city of São Jose de Rio Preto/SP, Brazil. The theoretical and methodological foundation of this qualitative study lies on the French Discourse Analysis Matrix (Pêcheuxtian). The study subjects consisted of 14 local managers operating in the Primary Health Care context. The criterion adopted for inclusion chose subjects that had been in office for a year or more, excluding those that at the time of data collection were on sick leave or that had not schedule an interview after three attempts. The data generation was done through semi-structured interviews, audio- recorded and performed in places and times pre-agreed with the subjects. The empirical material was transcribed verbatim and managed by Atlas TI software prior to the discursive analysis. The research project was presented to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Results show that the subjects are shrouded in ideological formations of subjection to rules and pre-set targets, whilst from this conditions resist impositions, resulting in discontinuities in the respiratory symptoms search operations. From this, we conclude that the demand, sometimes disconnected from the real needs presented by the health services users/population, generates unproductive environments, especially with regard to tuberculosis control through the pursuit of respiratory symptoms. Therefore, the (re) rebuilding of a more participatory administration is necessary, involving the various hierarchical levels, so that an environment more proactive and conducive to the realization of goals and standards for the prevention of disease and promotion of the health of the population.

Apesar de caracterizar-se como uma das enfermidades mais antigas e conhecidas no mundo, a tuberculose ainda permanece como um dos principais agravos à saúde. A busca de sintomáticos respiratórios representa um importante pilar dentre as estratégias implementadas para controlar a doença, visto que pretende antecipar os efeitos adversos do processo de adoecimento por tuberculose pulmonar. Imersos nesse contexto, encontram-se os gerentes locais dos serviços de saúde, dos quais é esperado, entre outras coisas, a assunção de responsabilidades junto às atividades realizadas para o desenvolvimento e implantação de uma política de organização dos serviços, cujo objetivo final é a oferta de cuidados. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar discursivamente como os efeitos de sentido têm influenciado na operacionalização da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios da tuberculose no município de São José do Rio Preto/SP, Brasil. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, cuja fundamentação teórico-metodológica deu-se a partir dos postulados da Análise de Discurso de matriz francesa (pêcheuxtiana). Constituíram como sujeitos do estudo, 14 gerentes locais, atuantes no contexto da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Adotou-se como critério de inclusão os sujeitos que estivessem no cargo há um ano ou mais, excluindo-se os que no momento da coleta de dados estivessem em licença médica ou que não agendassem a entrevista após três tentativas. A geração de dados fez-se através de entrevistas semidirigidas, gravadas em áudio e realizadas em locais e horários pré-acordados com os sujeitos. O material empírico foi transcrito na íntegra e gerenciado pelo software Atlas ti, o qual antecedeu às analises discursivas. O projeto de pesquisa foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os resultados evidenciam que os sujeitos estão envoltos em formações ideológicas de assujeitamento às normas e metas pré-estabelecidas, ao mesmo tempo que, a partir dessas condições resistem às imposições, o que reflete em descontinuidades na operacionalização da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios. A partir disso concluímos que a demanda, por vezes desconexas das reais necessidades apresentadas pelos usuários/população dos serviços de saúde, geram ambientes pouco motivadores, sobretudo no que concerne ao controle da tuberculose por meio da busca de sintomáticos respiratórios. Portanto, faz-se necessária a (re)construção de uma gestão mais participativa, envolvendo os diversos níveis hierárquicos, a fim de que haja um ambiente mais proativo e favorável à efetivação de metas e normas que visem a prevenção de doenças e a promoção da saúde da população. / Although characterized as one of the oldest and best-known diseases in the world tuberculosis continues as one of the major health problems. The respiratory symptoms search is an important pillar among the strategies to control the disease because it aims to anticipate the adverse effects of the pulmonary tuberculosis disease process. The local health service managers are immersed in this process, of which is expected, among other things, the assumption of the responsibility for the development and implementation of a services organization policy whose ultimate goal is to provide care. The purpose of this study was to analyze discursively how the effects of meaning have influenced the search for tuberculosis respiratory symptoms in the city of São Jose de Rio Preto/SP, Brazil. The theoretical and methodological foundation of this qualitative study lies on the French Discourse Analysis Matrix (Pêcheuxtian). The study subjects consisted of 14 local managers operating in the Primary Health Care context. The criterion adopted for inclusion chose subjects that had been in office for a year or more, excluding those that at the time of data collection were on sick leave or that had not schedule an interview after three attempts. The data generation was done through semi-structured interviews, audio- recorded and performed in places and times pre-agreed with the subjects. The empirical material was transcribed verbatim and managed by Atlas TI software prior to the discursive analysis. The research project was presented to and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo. Results show that the subjects are shrouded in ideological formations of subjection to rules and pre-set targets, whilst from this conditions resist impositions, resulting in discontinuities in the respiratory symptoms search operations. From this, we conclude that the demand, sometimes disconnected from the real needs presented by the health services users/population, generates unproductive environments, especially with regard to tuberculosis control through the pursuit of respiratory symptoms. Therefore, the (re) rebuilding of a more participatory administration is necessary, involving the various hierarchical levels, so that an environment more proactive and conducive to the realization of goals and standards for the prevention of disease and promotion of the health of the population.

A mancha preta dos citros (MPC) é causada pelo fungo Phyllosticta citricarpa e está entre as principais doenças citrícolas do Brasil. Esse fungo provoca lesões superficiais e queda precoce dos frutos. Essas lesões não comprometem a qualidade interna do fruto, porém limita a comercialização no mercado brasileiro de frutos e impede que o Brasil seja exportador do produto in-natura devido à presença dos sintomas. A MPC é uma doença quarentenária A1 na União Europeia (UE) por não estar presente em seus países membros. Essa é a principal razão pela qual o Brasil, embora seja o maior produtor mundial de frutos e suco, não apareça no topo dos países exportadores. O principal controle utilizado para a doença é o controle químico associado a práticas culturais. Os principais fungicidas utilizados são os cúpricos, os benzimidazóis e a mistura de estrobilurinas e triazóis. Porém, em 2012 os benzimidazóis foram retirados da lista de produtos permitidos em pomares com frutos destinados ao mercado externo. Nesse contexto, os produtores se veem com uma opção a menos para o controle da doença no campo. Sabe-se que o beneficiamento em packinghouse é um método de controle dos frutos em pós-colheita, porém a eficiência desse processo nunca foi avaliada. Por essa razão, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência do processo de beneficiamento em packinghouse na redução de incidência de frutos com MPC. Para isso, foi avaliado quinzenalmente, no período de abril de 2012 a maio de 2013 a incidência e a severidade de MPC nos frutos antes a após o beneficiamento pelo packinghouse. Para a avaliação da severidade foi utilizada a escala diagramática. A redução da incidência no lote chegou a 53,3 %, enquanto que a redução da severidade no lote chegou a 68 %. Foi observado que grande parte dos frutos se agrupa em intervalos baixos de severidade, entre 0,5 a 1,7 %. A eficiência do packinghouse aumenta com o incremento na classe de severidade, por exemplo, a redução da MPC é de 100 % em casos em que a severidade dos frutos é maior que 11,6 %. Os frutos com baixa severidade são dificilmente detectados e não são retirados da linha de beneficiamento, já que o packinghouse tem seus frutos destinados ao mercado interno e menos exigentes na questão fitossanitária. A quantificação de picnídios em lesões novas de mancha sardenta foi realizada em frutos que já apresentavam sintomas da doença. Os frutos foram mantidos em recipientes plásticos, a temperatura de 25 ? C sob luz constante, o acompanhamento era feito a cada dois dias. Foi verificado que o aparecimento de picnídios ocorre de 2 a 18 dias após o aparecimento da lesão e não foi verificado um padrão de produção dos picnídios em manchas sardentas. O efeito da aplicação de cera de carnaúba e fungicida imazalil nos sintomas pós-colheita foi realizado em frutos com três tratamentos, (1) cera de carnaúba, (2) cera de carnaúba + imazalil e (3) controle. Os frutos foram mantidos em recipientes plásticos, a temperatura de 25 ? C sob luz constante, a avaliação era feita a cada quatro dias. Foi verificado que a taxa de progresso da doença foi crescente para os tratamentos (1) cera de carnaúba + imazalil, (2) cera de carnaúba e (3) controle. As taxas diferiram estatisticamente pelo teste-t a 5 % de probabilidade. / The citrus black spot (CBS) is caused by Phyllosticta citricarpa fungus and is one of the main citrus diseases in Brazil. This fungus causes surface lesions and early fruit drop. These lesions do not compromise the internal quality of the fruit; however, they limit its commercialization in the domestic market and hinder exports of the fruit in-natura. The CBS is a quarantine disease classified as A1 by the European Union (EU) with no occurrence in its member countries. For this reason, the EU has tolerance zero for fruits contaminated with CBS. This is the main reason that stops Brazil, the world\"s largest fruit and juice producer, from being the top citrus exporter country. The disease is controlled mainly by the use of chemicals associated with cultural practices. The main chemical products used are cupric, benzimidazols and mixture of strobilurin and triazole. However, in 2012 benzimidazols were banned from the domestic market. Therefore, producers have fewer options for the control of the disease in the field. The processing of fruits at a packinghouse is a method of post-harvest fruit control; nevertheless, the efficiency of this process was never assessed. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of packinghouse process in reducing incidence of CBS in oranges. The incidence and severity of CBS in the fruits before and after packinghouse process were evaluated every fifteen days, from April 2012 to May 2013. The diagrammatic scale was used to assess the severity of CBS. Incidence reduction of these fruits can reach 50.5 %, whereas the reduction of fruits severity decreased up to 68 %. We observed that large quantities of fruits are aggregated to low severity breaks on the diagrammatic scale, from 0.5 to 1.7 %. For fruits with high severity, the detection is easier and they are removed from the processing belt, improving efficiency. The efficiency of a packinghouse in reducing the occurrence of CBS is 100% in cases where severity of fruits is greater than 11.6%. The behavior adopted by the packinghouse to detect fruits changes depending on severity. The fruits with low severity are hard to be detected on the belt and are not removed from the processing line, because the packinghouse studied allocates its fruits to the domestic market, which is less demanding in terms of plant health. Quantification of pycnidia in new freckled spot lesions was carried out in fruits that already show symptoms of the disease, the fruits were kept in containers at 25 ? C under constant light, the monitoring was done every two days. It was found that the appearance of pycnidia was between 2 and 18 days after onset of the injury and was not observed standard in pycnidia production. The appearance of freckles spot was performed with three treatments on fruit (1) carnauba wax, (2) carnauba wax + imazalil and (3) control. The fruits were kept in containers at a temperature of 25 ? C under constant light, the assessment was carried out every four days. It was found that the rate of progress of the disease increased for treatment (1) Carnauba wax + imazalil, (2) carnauba wax and (3) control. Rates differed statistically in the t-test at 5% probability.

The impact that mosquitoes and vector-borne diseases have on humans is vast and continues to grow with our expanding global interactions, such as international travel and shipping, so the need for effective vector controls is imperative. Aedes aegypti is a species of mosquito that spreads some of the most common vector-borne diseases, including zika virus, dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever. A. aegypti have yet to be successfully contained, so they are favorable targets for implementing these new vector-control techniques. A review of scientific literature was performed from 1965 to present, timeline was constructed of studies on A. aegypti and their diseases, with inclusion criteria of techniques like bacterial controls and genome editing. Bacterial controls, such as using an endosymbiont like Wolbachia, can result in sterilization of mosquitoes as well as inhibiting the ability for mosquitoes to be infected by pathogens. Genome editing techniques involve CRISPR and gene drives, allowing the manipulation of certain genes to decrease fitness or susceptibility of pathogens. Combining newly discovered genes that play a role in sterilization with the introduction of sterilizing Wolbachia bacteria could result in a more effective method for controlling A. aegypti. Neither technique is known to be entirely effective on its own, but research indicates that highly effective vector-controls could be developed by combining aspects from both fields.

This qualitative analysis of the framing of health issues by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one of the world’s premier health organizations, and by major U.S. newspapers analyzes the frames present in a sample of the CDC’s press releases, and the frames present in the contemporaneous (and often resulting) press coverage. This study focuses on communication surrounding public health events that occurred in the six-year period 2002–2007.