International Dispute Settlement - selected aspects Abstract This diploma thesis deals with selected aspects of the international dispute settlement not only in current international public law but also in its history. The thesis is divided into five chapters which are also further divided into a number of subchapters depending on the complexity of each topic. The first chapter is dedicated to the definition of international dispute. Apart from that the chapter also deals with the obligation of states to settle their disputes and to settle them by peaceful means. The historical background of the international dispute settlement is described in the second chapter. Important events such as Hague Peace Conferences, founding of the League of Nations, the Briand-Kellog Pact and founding of the United Nations among others are all mentioned in this chapter because of their impact on the course of this field of international relations. The third chapter focuses on the analysis of the principle of the peaceful settlement of disputes and its link to other related principles of international law. The fourth chapter is dedicated to individual means of peaceful settlement. Every method is described individually, with a brief historical background, comparison to other methods and analysis of the application on specific...

"Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter deals with the pacific settlement of disputes. This is the chapter that contains the basis for keeping the peace between nations. The purpose of this paper is to determine, as nearly as possible, the extent to which it has been successful in keeping the peace. The following material has been divided into three parts or sections. Section II is a discussion of the six articles of Chapter VI. This discussion was considered necessary in order that the different cases that have been before the Security Council could be discussed intelligently. In Section III an attempt is made to summarize the most important cases that have been before the Council. An effort was made to secure a sampling sufficient to justify the remarks and conclusions in Section IV"--Introduction. / Typescript. / "June, 1948." / "Submitted to the Graduate Council of Florida State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts under Plan II." / Advisor: Marian D. Irish, Professor Directing Paper. / Includes bibliographical references.

No description available.

This thesis addresses the problem concerning the contribution of foreign investments to the economic development of the host State as a jurisdictional requirement under the Washington Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States (“ICSID Convention”). The ICSID Convention governs the jurisdiction of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes for the institution of arbitral proceedings between Contracting States and nationals of other Contracting States. While the institution of arbitral proceedings under the ICSID Convention is contingent upon the consent of the disputing parties, the jurisdiction of the Centre is limited to disputes that fulfill certain requirements. One of the core requirements of the jurisdiction of the Centre is that the dispute must arise out of an investment. Although the ICSID Convention lacks a definition of investment, most arbitral tribunals that had to define the function and content of the investment requirement concluded that the ICSID Convention contains a notion of investment that may not be waived by the consent of the disputing parties. The majority of these decisions considered that the contribution to the economic development of the host State would be one of the elements of such notion of investment. According to these decisions, the economic development requirement, as an element of the investment requirement of the ICSID Convention, could be inferred from the wording of the first recital of the Preamble of the ICSID Convention, which states that the ICSID Convention was concluded considering the role of private international investments in the economic development. It is submitted in this thesis, however, that these decisions were based on a misapplication of the general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which codified the existing customary international law rule of treaty interpretation, given that they ignore the ordinary meaning of the term “investment” as employed in the ICSID Convention. The general rule of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention establishes a method by which each source of the intention of the parties to the treaty plays a relevant role. Above all, treaty interpretation must be based on the text of the treaty, which must be interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning of its terms. The use of the object and purpose of a treaty is a second step and may not be relied on in order to contradict the ordinary meaning of the terms employed in the treaty and to confer a special meaning on them.

Social Media and Labour Law Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the relatively new social phenomenon of social networks and its influence on various labour law institutes. The main aim of the work is to map out the most striking disputes that were judged both in the Czech Republic and in the world at national level, or at European level by European Court for Human Rights and Court of Justice of the European Union. I analysed their course, solution, justification, and pointed out the possible contradiction between them and add my point of view of the issue and the legal regulation and its shortcomings. For the sake of clarity and systematicity, I have structured the text into two parts. In the first part, I focused on introducing the topic in which I mentioned the overlapping of the issue into constitutional law and the issue of conflict of two or more constitutional rights. Very often, in a legal dispute, we encounter a conflict of employee's right to freedom of speech and privacy and the rights of an employer to protect property. In this chapter, I also worked out the specifics of labour law disputes, as the disputes are crucial for the rest of this thesis. In the second part I deal with individual aspects of the influence of social networks on labour law institutes. This crucial area of work was...

The subject of the conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights is a complicated topic to research, because the normal rules of private international law and arbitration can be affected by the special characteristics of patents and trademarks. Some rules of these subjects might need to be reformed and in some cases there are principles that should be created to successfully handle cross-border disputes concerning patents and trademarks. Establishment of a special court with supranational jurisdiction may be required to resolve these types of disputes. Recently, this subject has been given enormous attention around the world. While the academics, legislators and forums in developed states have broadly discussed the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights, in Saudi Arabia, it has not been given noticeable attention. This thesis intends to make a significant contribution to Saudi law and provide appropriate approaches on the subject of conflict of laws and arbitration in intellectual property rights. The topics which will be covered in this thesis are the rules of international jurisdiction, the rules of choice of law, the rules for enforcement of foreign judgments and the rules of arbitration. The modification and the enhancement of the rules of private international law and arbitration established in Saudi law will be recommended and the arguments for each suggested approach will be presented.

Orientador: Paulo Roberto Raposo Alentejano / Resumo: A energia é hoje um fator central e estratégica na vida da humanidade, e ganha ainda mais centralidade neste momento de crise econômica. Das atuais fontes utilizadas, todas colocadas sempre em questão por problemas sociais, ambientais ou econômicos que geram, porém sempre defendidas pelos que querem retomar as taxas de acumulação do capital, o petróleo é uma das principais. No mundo sem dúvida o petróleo é hoje uma fonte de energia muito importante e intensamente disputada. As últimas invasões mundiais e massacre contra os povos, patrocinadas principalmente pelos Estados Unidos da América visam o controle das fontes de petróleo, em especial no Oriente Médio. No Brasil a exploração deste mineral inicia junto com uma grande luta de nosso povo afirmando que “O petróleo é nosso”, com a criação de uma importante empresa a Petrobras e do monopólio estatal. A partir dos anos 90, período neoliberal, esta configuração legal foi alterada abrindo-se a possibilidade de exploração por empresas privadas, que passam a serem donas do petróleo que conseguirem extrair em território brasileiro. A ascensão de um governo de composição neodesenvolvimentista, a partir de 2002, a descoberta do Pré-sal em 2006, traz à tona o debate sobre o destino desta importante riqueza, criando as condições para a aprovação de um novo marco legal para o pré-sal. A partir de 2006 percebe-se um grande movimento desta indústria, e em especial da Petrobras, que consolida o Brasil como país em boas condições para o seu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

La fragilité du tissu économique impose de porter une attention particulière à la résolution amiable et à la prévention des conflits collectifs du travail. Pour ce faire, il convient de s’intéresser à la manière dont le dialogue social est promu en période conflictuelle. Le dialogue social conflictuel peut être défini comme tout processus destiné à réinjecter du dialogue dans un « espace » de conflit. Le Code du travail organise depuis longtemps des procédures spéciales (conciliation, médiation, arbitrage) destinées à parvenir à un accord amiable. Ces dernières ne permettent pas une résolution pacifiée en raison du désintérêt qu’elles suscitent. Les parties préfèrent se tourner vers une négociation informelle lorsqu'elles ne choisissent pas de recourir au juge. L’immixtion quasi systématique des pouvoirs publics et le rapport de force existant emportent toutefois le risque d’altération des échanges. L’utilisation des mécanismes issus de la justice participative apporterait une réponse satisfaisante à ce problème. Il permettrait d’optimiser les négociations quitte à conférer à l’avocat une place nouvelle dans le processus de résolution. Ces traitements ont néanmoins une vocation purement curative. L’engagement d’une procédure d’incitation, sur le modèle de la RSE, pour favoriser la voie du dialogue social, en amont de toute situation conflictuelle, serait pertinent. Mais une pratique viable du dialogue social conflictuel impose de se questionner sur son cadre juridique. L’analyse des notions de conflits collectifs et de dialogue social, et l'instrumentalisation fréquente du procès dans ce contexte, révèlent les limites du droit. Il convient de tenter de les dépasser / The fragile economic fabric of society forces us to focus our attention on amicable solutions and on the prevention of collective labour disputes. To this end, it appears appropriate to consider the way social dialogue is promoted in times of conflict. The conflictual social dialogue can be defined as any process meant to reinject dialogue into an “area” of conflict. The labour code has long provided for special proceedings (conciliation, mediation, arbitration) intended to lead to an amicable. These ones do not allow for a pacified resolution given the little interest they arouse. The parties prefer to turn to an informal negotiation when they do not opt for a court action. The almost systematic interference of the public authorities and the power struggle that exists carry with them the risk of altering the exchanges. The use of the mechanisms originating in participatory justice would bring a satisfactory answer to this problem. It would enable the optimisation of the negotiations, even if it would thereby give the lawyer a new role in the resolution process. These devices however have a purely curative vocation. It would be relevant to start an incentive process, on the RSE’s model to give an edge to social dialogue ahead of any dispute. Still a viable use of conflictual social dialogue forces us to wonder about its legal framework. The analysis of the notions of collective disputes and social dialogue together with the frequent exploitation of lawsuits in this context show the limits of the law. We should try to go beyond them

La thèse sur la médiation et l’entreprise au Liban traite un sujet qui n’avait pas encore fait l’objet d’une étude systématique. La thèse a un double but : mettre en lumière la médiation grâce à une clarification de la notion de médiation et de son potentiel au Liban, et mettre en évidence son utilité pour l’entreprise. La problématique « La médiation : outil de gestion au service de l’entreprise et ses spécificités au Liban » m’intéressait, du fait de mon enthousiasme pour la médiation et de mon expérience professionnelle acquise au cours de plus de vingt-cinq ans de travail dans les ressources humaines, années durant lesquelles j’ai beaucoup tenu le rôle de médiateur informel sans en être consciente ni techniquement formée. Du fait aussi que ce domaine au Liban étant à ses débuts, il fallait découvrir les opinions et les points de vue des juges, médiateurs, ainsi que celles et ceux des professionnels d’autres sociétés sur le concept de la médiation. La médiation n’a pas seulement pour but de résoudre les conflits individuels ou collectifs du travail, elle agit aussi directement sur les relations de travail afin de les équilibrer. C’est un mécanisme de régulation des relations de travail. Je souhaite que ma recherche puisse fournir des explications et éclaircissements sur l’intérêt de la médiation en tant qu’outil de gestion au sein de l’Entreprise au Liban, et permette que les sociétés aient le moins possible recours aux tribunaux et services de contentieux lors de différends à résoudre et sachent favoriser le lien social pour un fonctionnement optimum. / The thesis on mediation and the enterprise in Lebanon analyzes a topic that has neverhas never been the subject of a systematic study to date. The objective of this thesis is to clarify and highlight the potential benefits of mediation in Lebanon and to demonstrate its usefulness to the business enterprise. The question, “is mediation a management tool at the service of an enterprise and its particularities in Lebanon” has always fascinated me by virtue of my enthusiasm for the topic derived primarily from my professional experience acquired over twenty five years of working in human resources. During that period, I often had to play the informal role of a mediator without actually having been conscious of that fact or having actually acquired the professional training to do so. Also, since this subject is in its infancy in Lebanon, it was necessary to solicit the opinions and the perspectives of judges, mediators, as well as professionals from other companies on the concept of mediation. The purpose of mediation is not only to solve individual and group conflicts at the workplace, but to also help shape employer-employee labor relations. I hope that my research can provide insight on the benefits of mediation as a management tool in the service of the Company in Lebanon, one that helps minimize the reliance of these companies on litigation to help resolve their labor differences and enhance the relationship among the employees for the optimal productivity.

After SACCOLA's expulsion from the International Organization of Employers in 1983 the committee decided to explore areas of domestic activity consistent with its objectives of discussing employer views on labour affairs, and representing these views where agreement amongst employers existed. As the National Manpower Commission had shortly afterwards published a lengthy report dealing, inter alia, with the role of the Industrial Court and the definition of the unfair labour practice concept, SACCOLA set up a working party to see if employer consensus could be achieved on these issues. SACCOLA succeeded in agreeing a 18 page document, which was submitted to the Department of Manpower on 28 August 1984. This was subsequently acknowledged by the Director General of Manpower to have been one of the most comprehensive reactions to this report. In his reaction to the report, however, Dr Van der Merwe noted that legislative change would be greatly facilitated by labour/employer agreement, and he therefore suggested that SACCOLA should discuss its proposals with union federations.