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Communal land and tenure security: analysis of the South African Communal Land Rights Act 11 of 2004Johnson, Ebrezia 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Private Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this thesis, the Communal Land Rights Act 11 0f 2004 is analysed in order to
determine whether it can give effect to the constitutional mandate in terms of
which it was promulgated, namely section 25(5), (6) and (9) of the Constitution.
Land policy pertaining to land tenure reform is discussed to see how and to
what extent it finds application in the Act. The time-consuming process
pertaining to the registration of the community rules is investigated, and the
implications where a community fails to adhere to this peremptory provision in
the Act are explained.
The thesis also analyses and discusses the functions of statutorily created
institutions, like the land administration committee and the land rights boards, in
the efficient management of land in rural areas. The aforementioned land
administration committee is particularly problematic, since the Act provides that
in cases where a recognised tribal authority exist, that institution “may” be
considered as the land administration committee, subject to prescribed
composition requirements as contained in the Act. The Traditional Leadership
and Governance Framework Act will also be discussed since it intersects with
the Communal Land Rights Act in this regard.
The pending constitutional challenge which relates to this potentially
problematic issue, will be discussed. The constitutional challenge of the Act by
four communities’ is explored in order to indicate just how potentially
problematic the institution of traditional leadership could be.
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This study also discusses and analyses the compromise contained in the Act,
regarding the registration of the land title of a community and the registration of
“new order rights” in the name of individuals. In this context the impact of this
process on the efficacy on the current Deeds registration system is
investigated. The Ministerial determination and its constitutional implications is
yet another issue, examined in this study. All of these issues will have a
negative impact on the implementation of the Communal Land Rights Act and
especially on achieving tenure security. / AFRIKAANS OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word die Wet op Kommunale Grondregte 11 van 2004
geanaliseer om te bepaal of dit inderdaad voldoen aan die grondwetlike
mandaat soos voorsien in art 25(5), (6) en (9) van die Grondwet. Die beleid van
toepassing op grondbeheerhervorming word bespreek om te bepaal tot watter
mate dit wel in die Wet aanwending vind. Die tydrowende prosedure van die
registrasie van gemeenskapsreëls word ondersoek, asook die implikasies
indien ‘n gemeenskap nie aan die voorskriftelike bepaling voldoen nie.
Die tesis bespreek en evalueer ook die funksies van die twee instellings wat
statutêr geskep is, naamlik grond administrasie komitees en grondregte rade.
Die twee instellings is geskep met die doel om van hulp te wees in die
effektiewe administrasie van grond in die kommunale areas. Dit is veral die
grond administrasie komitee wat problematies is, omdat die Wet op Kommunale
Grondregte bepaal dat waar ‘n gemeenskap ‘n erkende tradisionele owerheid
het, hierdie owerheid beskou sal word as die grond administrasie komitee van
daardie spesifieke gemeenskap. In hierdie konteks is ‘n bespreking van die Wet
op Tradisionele Leierskap en Regeringsraamwerk, noodsaaklik.
Die betwiste grondwetlike kwessie wat tot op hede nog onbeslis is wat hiermee
verband hou, sal ook bespreek word. ‘n Kort uiteensetting word gedoen van die
vier gemeenskappe wat die Wet op grondwetlik gronde aanveg om presies te
probeer aantoon hoe problematies die instelling van tradisionele leierskap is.
Hierdie studie bespreek en analiseer verder ook die kompromis wat getref is
tussen registrasie van die titelakte in die naam van ‘n gemeenskap en die
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registrasie van sogenaamde “nuwe orde regte” in die naam van individue. Die
impak van hierdie magdom registrasies op die bestaande registrasiesisteem
word ook oorweeg.
Die grondwetlikheid van die ministeriële besluitnemingsbevoegdheid word
breedvoerig bespreek in hierdie studie. Al hierdie genoemde kwessies mag
nadelige impak hê op die implementering van die Wet op Kommunale
Grondregte en spesifiek ook op grondbeheerhervorming.
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Tenure security in urban rental housingMaass, Sue-Mari 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLD (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ABSTRACT ENGLISH: The dissertation considers the tenure rights of urban residential tenants in the post-1994 constitutional dispensation. The 1996 Constitution mandates tenure reform in two instances. Firstly, section 25(6) (read with section 25(9)) mandates the legislature to enact legislation that would provide legally secure tenure rights for a person or community whose tenure of land is insecure as a result of past racially discriminatory laws or practices. This form of tenure reform is race-based. Secondly, section 26(3) mandates the courts to consider all relevant circumstances during eviction proceedings. In terms of this provision the court can refuse to grant the eviction order on the basis of the occupier's socio-economic weakness, which is a more general form of class-related tenure reform.
The Constitution also ensures the right to have access to adequate housing, while the legislature must introduce measures that would give effect to this right (sections 26(1) and 26(2)).
To determine whether the current landlord-tenant regime in South Africa is able to provide tenants with secure occupation rights and access to rental housing, it is compared to landlord-tenant regimes in pre-1994 South Africa, the United Kingdom, New York State and Germany. The landlord-tenant regimes are considered in light of changing socio-economic circumstances where the state had to assist households during housing shortages. The dissertation assesses the efficiency of landlord-tenant law, combined with regulatory measures that ensure substantive tenure rights and rent restrictions, as a form of tenure that could help alleviate housing shortages and initiate a new landlord-tenant regime for South Africa that would give effect to the Constitution.
The dissertation concludes that the current substantive tenure rights of urban residential tenants are largely based on the common law, which is associated with weak tenure security. The landlord-tenant laws, namely the Rental Housing Act 50 of 1999 and the Social Housing Act 16 of 2008, fail to provide urban residential tenants with substantive tenure rights. The legislature has failed to enact a law that gives effect to section 25(6) in the landlord-tenant framework. The legislature did enact the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act 19 of 1998 (PIE) in order to give effect to section 26(3). Recently the courts interpreted PIE to provide marginalized tenants with substantive tenure protection during eviction proceedings. However, to give effect to section 25(6) legislation should grant residential tenants substantive tenure rights that are legally secure prior to eviction.
The legislature enacted the Rental Housing Act and the Social Housing Act to give effect to the right to housing (section 26 of the Constitution) in the landlord-tenant framework. These laws fail to promote access to rental housing as a form of tenure that could help alleviate housing shortages. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die proefskrif oorweeg die okkupasieregte van stedelike residensiële huurders in die post-1994 konstitusionele bedeling. Die 1996 Grondwet bepaal dat okkupasieregte in twee gevalle hervorm moet word. Eerstens gee artikel 25(6) (gelees met artikel 25(9)) opdrag aan die wetgewer om wetgewing te verorden wat okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid aan 'n person of gemeenskap sal verleen indien so 'n person of gemeenskap tans grond okkupeer met okkupasieregte wat onseker is as gevolg van vorige rasgebaseerde wetgewing. Hierdie tipe hervorming is rasgebaseer. Tweedens gee artikel 26(3) opdrag aan die howe om alle relevante faktore te oorweeg as deel van enige uitsettingsprosedure. In terme van hierdie bepaling is die howe gemagtig om 'n uitsettingsbevel te weier op die basis van die okkupeerder se sosio-ekonomiese kwesbaarheid. Hierdie tipe hervorming is 'n meer algemene klasgebaseerde hervorming.
Artikel 26(1) (gelees met artikel 26(2)) van die Grondwet bepaal dat elkeen die reg op toegang tot geskikte behuising het, terwyl die staat redelike wetgewende en ander maatreëls moet tref om hierdie reg te verwesenlik.
Ten einde te bepaal of die huidige huurbehuisingstelsel in Suid-Afrika voldoende is, met inagneming van die stelsel se vermoë om huurders te voorsien van okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid en van toegang tot huurbehuising, word dit vergelyk met die huurbehuisingstelsels in Suid Afrika voor 1994, die Verenigde Koninkryk, New York Staat en Duitsland. Hierdie huurbehuisingstelsels word bespreek met inagneming van veranderinge in die sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede waartydens die staat gedurende behuisingstekorte huishoudings moes ondersteun. Die doeltreffendheid van huurbehuising word beoordeel met verwysing na regulasies wat substantiewe okkupasieregte verseker en beperkings plaas op huurpryse om 'n vorm van verblyfreg daar te stel wat die behuisingstekort kan verminder ten einde 'n nuwe huurbehuisingstelsel vir Suid-Afrika te inisieër wat gevolg aan die Grondwet sal gee.
Die proefskrif lei tot die gevolgtrekking dat die huidige substantiewe okkupasieregte van stedelike residensiële huurders grotendeels op die gemenereg gebaseer is. Die gemenereg maak nie voorsiening vir sterk substantiewe okkupasieregte nie. Die huidige huurbehuisingswetgewing, naamlik die Wet op Huurbehuising 50 van 1999 en die Wet op Maatskaplike Behuising 16 van 2008, slaag nie daarin om substantiewe okkupasieregte vir stedelike residensiële huurders te voorsien nie. Die wetgewer het nie daarin geslaag om 'n wet te promulgeer wat in die huurbehuisingsraamwerk aan artikel 25(6) effek gee nie. Die wetgewer het wel die Wet op die Voorkoming van Onwettige Uitsetting en Onregmatige Besetting van Grond 19 van 1998 verorden om effek te gee aan artikel 26(3) van die Grondwet. Hierdie Wet is onlangs so deur die howe geïnterpreteer dat dit kwesbare huurders tydens uitsettingsprosedures met substantiewe okkupasieregte beskerm. Om aan artikel 25(6) te voldoen moet wetgewing egter substantiewe okkupasieregte met verblyfsekerheid aan residensiële huurders verskaf voordat hulle uitgesit word.
Die wetgewer het die Wet op Huurbehuising en die Wet op Maatskaplike Behuising verorden ten einde effek aan die reg op behuising (artikel 26 van die Grondwet) in die gebied van huurbehuising te gee. Geeneen van hierdie wette slaag daarin om toegang tot behuising, en veral huurbehuising as 'n vorm van okkupasie, te bevorder ten einde die behuisingtekort te verminder nie.
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The child's right against exploitation in the form of pornography on the Internet : a South African perspectiveVan der Westhuizen, Lize January 2001 (has links)
Thesis (LL.M.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the arrival of the Internet, the availability of pornography, and especially
child pornography, has increased tremendously. This rapidly developing
technological wonderworld has brought the dark syndicate of sexual exploitation
of children to the living room of each home equipped with a computer.
In South Africa the right of the child to not be sexually exploited or abused is
enshrined in section 28 of the Constitution, 108 of 1996, as well as in several
international documents. This thesis analyses the legislative framework in this
regard and comes to the conclusion that South African legislation concerned
shows much room for improvement. Legislation concerning sexual offences
against children makes use of archaic terms that are outdated in the present
context. It is also vague, inconsistent and provides insufficient protection to
children in this regard. The sexual exploitation of children does not, despite
promises made by the South African government in ratifying several international
documents, receive high priority in the South African community.
This finding is made in view of the examination of certain key concepts to the
subject, international documents such as the United Nations Convention to the
Rights of the Child, 1989, and the activities of international organisations
combating the sexual exploitation of the child. An analysis of the manner in which
countries such as the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom,
Germany and Japan has implemented protection measures against this form of
abuse, is also made. Proposals to increase the protection of children in South
Africa are submitted in conclusion.
Although this new domain needs urgent measures of regulation, it is not an
impossible task to govern the Internet. Formulating comprehensive, consistent
and effective legislation is a fundamental part in the battle against the sexual
exploitation of children. The co-operation of all relevant sectors, including the government, the Internet industry and members of the community, however,
remains essential. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskikbaarheid van pornografie, en veral kinderpornografie, het met die
koms van die Internet onrusbarend toegeneem. Hierdie vinnig ontwikkelende
tegnologiese wonderwereld het die seksuele eksploitasie van kinders vanuit die
donker onderwereld na die voorkamer van elke huis met 'n rekenaar gebring.
In Suid-Afrika word die reg van die kind om teen seksuele uitbuiting en
mishandeling beskerm te word in artikel 28 van die Grondwet, 108 van 1996,
asook verskeie internasionale dokumente verskans. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die
wetgewende raamwerk rakende die groeiende probleem van seksuele
eksploitasie op die Internet en vind dat Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing in hierdie
verband nog ver te kort skiet. Wetgewing met betrekking tot seksuele misdade
teen kinders maak tans gebruik van arqaise terme wat glad nie meer in vandag
se konteks relevant is nie. Dit is voorts ook onsamehangend, onduidelik en
verskaf onvoeldoende beskerming aan kinders in hierdie verband. Ten spyte van
beloftes deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, gemaak tydens die ratifisering van
verskeie internasionale dokumente, geniet die aangeleentheid van beskerming
van die kind teen seksuele uitbuiting op die Internet nog nie prioriteit in die Suid-
Afrikaanse samelewing nie.
Hierdie bevinding word gemaak in die lig van die bestudering van definisies van
sekere kernbegrippe, internasionale dokumente soos die Verenigde Nasies se
Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind, 1989, en die werksaamhede van
internasionale organisasies bemoeid met die bekamping van seksuele
eksploitasie van die kind. Daar word ook veral aandag gegee aan die wyse
waarop lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, Kanada, die Verenigde
Koninkryk, Duitsland en Japan te werk gegaan het om kinders in die onderskeie
lande te beskerm. Voorstelle ten einde die beskerming van Suid-Afrikaanse
kinders teen seksuele eksploitasie op die Internet te verbreed, word ter konklusie
gegee. Alhoewel die nuwe terrein dringend regulering benodig, is dit nie In totaal
onmoontlike taak om die Internet te kontroleer nie. Die formulering van
omvattende, eenvormige en effektiewe wetgewing in die verband is In
fundamentele proses in die stryd om kinders te beskerm. Die samewerking van
relevante rolspelers en veral die regering, die Internet sektor en lede van die
gemeenskap is egter van uiterste belang.
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The interpretation and effect of section 197 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995Jones, Jonathan 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Section 197 of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 ensures the transfer of a contract of
employment from an old employer to a new employer on the transfer of a business as a
gomg concern.
Although section 197 is mostly based on European and British statutes and regulations,
one should not rely on foreign provisions when interpreting section 197 without careful
consideration. It is only when we understand the inherent limitations of applying these
provisions, that they can be of any help to formulate definitions for the terms "transfer",
"business" and "going concern".
The two most important effects that section 197 has, is that it ensures the transfer of the
contract of employment and that it protects the terms and conditions of employment
when such a transfer takes place. Unfortunately, this section does not regulate
dismissal on the transfer of a business. Section 197 also does not deal satisfactorily
with the transfer of contracts of employment on the transfer of an insolvent business.
As a result of the above-mentioned and other shortcomings of the current section 197, it
was decided to amend the Act. The Labour Relations Amendment Bill 2000 relies
heavily on precedents from foreign law, but unfortunately it does not adequately address
all the current problems. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Artikel 197 van die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge 66 van 1995 verseker die oordrag van
'n dienskontrak van 'n ou werkgewer na 'n nuwe werkgewer by die oordrag van 'n
besigheid as 'n lopende onderneming.
Alhoewel artikel 197 gebaseer is op Europese en Britse wetgewing en regulasies, moet
die leser versigtig wees om sulke bepalings sonder skroom aan te wend by die
interpretrasie van artikel 197. Wanneer ons die inherente beperkings daarvan begryp,
mag die bepalings van hulp wees om definisies te vorm van die begrippe "oordrag",
"besigheid" en "lopende onderneming".
Artikel 197 het hoofsaaklik twee uitwerkings: dit fasiliteer die oordrag van die
dienskontrak en verseker dat die terme en voorwaardes van indiensneming onveranderd
bly. Die artikel reguleer nie ontslag by die oordrag van 'n besigheid nie. Artikel 197
reguleer ook nie genoegsaam die oordrag van dienskontrakte waar 'n insolvente
besigheid oorgedra word nie.
As gevolg van bogenoemde en ander tekortkominge is besluit om die Wet te wysig.
Die Wysigingswetsontwerp op Arbeidverhoudinge 2000 steun op buitelandse
presedente, maar spreek ongelukkig ook nie al die huidige probleme suksesvol aan nie.
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Constitutionality of the rules governing sectional title schemesvan der Merwe, Zerlinda 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Various types of rules govern many areas of life in a sectional title scheme. The
Sectional Titles Act 95 of 1986 prescribes model management and conduct rules in
its regulations. Other non-prescribed rules are adopted by either the developers
initially or later by the trustees of the body corporate. These rules provide for the
control, management, administration, use and enjoyment of the sections and the
common property in the scheme. Sectional owners and other occupiers have the
entitlements of use and enjoyment of their individual sections and their share in the
common property of the sectional title scheme, in proportion to their participation
quota. These entitlements are restricted by the rules in operation within the scheme.
Although these rules limit the entitlements of sectional owners and other occupiers in
the interest of the sectional title community, they may not be unreasonable in their
application and effect. In some instances, the application of the rules might exceed
the bounds of reasonableness and result in unfair discrimination, arbitrary
deprivation, unfair administrative action or restrictions on access to courts for dispute
resolution. If certain rules are unreasonable in their application, based on one or
more of the abovementioned grounds, the court must interpret the potentially
impermissible rules and if the court cannot avoid a declaration of invalidity by
implementing a constitutional remedy such as reading-up, reading-down, reading-in
or severance, these impermissible rules will need to be substituted, amended or
repealed and replaced because they are potentially unconstitutional and invalid.
After a statutory and constitutional enquiry into the nature, scope, application,
operation and effect of the rules governing sectional title schemes, it can be
concluded that the various types of rules governing sectional title schemes restrict
and limit sectional owners’ and occupiers’ entitlements of use and enjoyment of their
individual sections and share in the common property. However, after being tested
against section 25 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996 and other
non-property rights entrenched in the Bill of Rights, to determine if the rules are
reasonable in their application and constitutionally permissible, it can be seen that
the application of the rules do not necessarily amount to arbitrary deprivations of property and that they can be justified in terms of the Constitution because there is
sufficient reasons for the particular regulations and they are procedurally fair.
The various different types of rules governing sectional title schemes serve as
reasonable regulations in as far as they contribute to a harmonious relationship
between the trustees of the body corporate and the sectional owners and occupiers
as members of the body corporate as well as between the members of the body
corporate inter se. The rules serve an important function in this regard. Therefore,
they are considered reasonable and constitutionally valid in as far as they do not
enforce excessive regulation and as long as they are equally applicable and do not
unfairly differentiate in their application. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskeie tipes reëls reguleer alledaagse aangeleenthede in ‘n deeltitelskema. Die
Wet op Deeltitels 95 van 1986 maak voorsiening vir voorgeskrewe bestuurs- en
gedragsreëls in die regulasies. Die ontwikkelaars of die trustees van die regspersoon
kan aanvanklik met die stigting van die skema of op ‘n latere stadium addisionele
reëls byvoeg wat nie alreeds deur die Wet voorgeskryf is nie. Die reëls maak
voorsiening vir die beheer, bestuur, administrasie, gebruik en genot van die eenheid
en die gemeenskaplike eiendom in die skema. Die deeleienaars van deeltitelskemas
en ander okkupeerders van die skema is geregtig om hulle individuele eenhede
sowel as die gemeenskaplike eiendom, in ooreenstemming met hulle
deelnemingskwota, te gebruik en geniet; en dit vorm deel van hul
inhoudsbevoegdhede.
Hierdie inhoudsbevoegdhede word beperk deur die skema se reëls. Afgesien
daarvan dat die reëls die deeleienaar en ander okkupeerders se
inhoudsbevoegdhede beperk in die belang van die deeltitelgemeenskap, mag die
reëls nie onredelik wees in die toepassing daarvan nie. In sommige gevalle kan die
toepassing van die reëls die perke van redelikheid oorskry en neerkom op
ongeregverdigde diskriminasie, arbitrêre ontneming, ongeregverdigde
administratiewe handeling of ‘n beperking plaas op toegang tot die howe met die oog
op dispuutoplossing. Indien daar bevind word dat sekere reëls onredelik is in die
toepassing daarvan op grond van een of meer van die voorafgemelde gronde, moet
die hof artikel 39 van die Grondwet volg en die reël interpreteer om ‘n deklarasie van
ongeldigheid te vermy. As die hof dit nie kan vermy deur middel van
konstitutusionele remedies soos “op-lesing”, “af-lesing”, “afskeiding” of “in-lesing”
nie, sal die reëls gewysig of geskrap en vervang moet word, anders sal die reël
ongrondwetlik wees en ongeldig verklaar word.
Na afloop van ‘n statutêre en konstitusionele ondersoek ten opsigte van die aard,
omvang, toepassing, werking en effek van die reëls wat deeltitelskemas reguleer
word daar bevind dat die verskeie tipes reëls wat ‘n deeltitelskema reguleer ‘n
beperking plaas op die inhousdbevoegdhede van deeltiteleienaars en ander okkupeerders wat betref die reg om die eenheid sowel as die gemeenskaplike
eiendom te gebruik en geniet. Ten einde te bepaal of die reëls redelik in die
toepassing daarvan sowel as grondwetlik toelaatbaar is, word dit getoets in terme
van artikel 25 van die Grondwet van die Republiek van Suid-Afrika 1996 en ander
regte in die Handves van Regte. Daar word bevind dat die toepassing van die reëls
nie noodwendig ‘n arbitrêre ontneming van eiendom is nie en dat dit geregverdig kan
word in terme van die Grondwet omdat daar voldoende redes vir die spesifieke
regulasies is en omdat dat hulle prosedureel billik is.
Die verskeie tipes reëls wat ‘n deeltitelskema reguleer dien as redelike regulasies
sover dit bydra tot ‘n harmonieuse verhouding tussen die trustees van die
regspersoon, die deeltiteleienaars en die okkupeerders as lede van die regspersoon
sowel as tussen die lede van die regspersoon inter se. Die reëls het ‘n belangrike
funksie in hierdie verband. Die reëls word geag redelik en grondwetlik geldig te wees
sover dit nie buitensporige regulasies afdwing nie, gelyk toegepas word en daar nie
ongeregverdig gedifferensieer word in die toepassing daarvan nie.
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International law in the interpretation of sections 25 and 26 of the ConstitutionSlade, Bradley Virgill 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The protection of human rights is one of the main aims of international law. Since the Second World War, the United Nations and various other international organs have recognised the protection of human rights in various treaties. These treaties protect citizen.s rights against possible infringement on the side of the state. South Africa was isolated from the development that occurred in international human rights law due to the system of apartheid. When South Africa became a democracy in 1994, international law had to be made part of South African law so that South Africa could once again take its place in the international community. Therefore, the Constitution of 1996 contains various sections that deal with international law and its place within the South African legal system. In particular, section 39(1)(b) of the Constitution places an obligation on courts, tribunals and forums to consider international law in interpreting the bill of rights. With regard to section 39(1)(b), this thesis questions whether the Constitutional Court fulfils its obligation when interpreting the right to property and housing in sections 25 and 26 of the Constitution respectively. Through a discussion of Constitutional Court cases on the right to property, it is discovered that the Court does not optimally use the international law sources that are available. The Court does not reflect on the status of international law sources and confuses international law with foreign law. Therefore, the sources relating to the right to property in international and regional international law are outlined. On the basis of the available sources in international law that relate to the right to property, it is argued that there is no justification for the Court not considering the relevant international law sources. With regard to the right of access to adequate housing in section 26 of the Constitution and the case law relating to the right, the Constitutional Court is more willing to consult international law to aid its interpretation of the right. This is partly attributable to fact that the right to adequate housing is a well developed right in international law. As a result, the Court refers to a wide range of international law sources when interpreting the right of access to adequate housing. However, the Court does not indicate the status of the various international law sources it uses to interpret the right to adequate housing. Therefore, it is argued that in the instances where there are relevant international law sources available to aid the interpretation of the rights to property and adequate housing, they should be considered. In the event that the Constitutional Court uses international law sources, their status within South African law and their relevance to the rights in question should be made clear. As a result, a method for the use of international law as a guide to interpretation is proposed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskerming van menseregte is van groot belang in internasionale reg. Na afloop van die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het verskeie internasionale agente, met die Verenigde Nasies in die voorgrond, menseregte begin erken in verskeie internasionale konvensies. Omdat Suid-Afrika die apartheidstelsel toegepas het, was die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geïsoleerd van die ontwikkeling rakende die beskerming van menseregte in internasionale reg. Met die koms van demokrasie was Suid-Afrika genoodsaak om internasionale reg deel te maak van Suid-Afrikaanse reg om te verseker dat Suid-Afrika weer die internasionale gemeenskap kon betree. Gevolglik bevat die Grondwet van 1996 verskeie artikels wat met internasionale reg handel. In besonder plaas artikel 39(1)(b) 'n verpligting op howe, tribunale en ander forums om internasionale reg te gebruik wanneer enige reg in die handves van menseregte geïnterpreteer moet word. In hierdie tesis word daar besin oor die vraag of die Grondwetlike Hof die verpligting in terme van artikel 39(1)(b) nakom wanneer die regte tot eiendom en toegang tot geskikte behuising in artikels 25 en 26 onderskeidelik geïnterpreteer word. Na 'n bespreking van die grondwetlike sake wat verband hou met die reg tot eiendom, word die gevolgtrekking gemaak dat die Grondwetlike Hof nie die verpligting in terme van artikel 39(1)(b) konsekwent nakom nie. Die Hof verwys nie na relevante internasionale of streeks- internasionale reg nie. Verder verwar die Hof internasionale reg met buitelandse reg. In die gevalle waar die Hof wel gebruik maak van internasionale reg, word die status van dié reg in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel nie duidelik uiteengesit nie. Na aanleiding van die grondwetlike sake wat verband hou met die reg van toegang tot geskikte behuising, is dit duidelik dat die Grondwetlike Hof meer gewillig is om internasionale reg in ag te neem. 'n Moontlike rede hiervoor is die feit dat die reg tot behuising goed ontwikkel is in internasionale reg. Gevolglik maak die Grondwetlike Hof geredelik van internasionale reg gebruik om artikel 26 van die Grondwet te interpreteer. Nietemin, die status van die internasionale reg bronne wat die Hof wel gebruik word nie uiteengesit nie. Daarom word daar aangevoer dat indien daar internasionale reg beskikbaar is wat relevant is tot die geskil, behoort die Grondwetlike Hof sulke reg in ag te neem. Indien die Hof wel internasionale reg gebruik om die regte tot eiendom en toegang tot geskikte behuising te interpreteer, moet die status van die bronne uiteengesit word. Daarom word daar ook in die tesis 'n voorstel voorgelê hoe howe te werk moet gaan indien internasionale reg bronne geraadpleeg word.
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Repealing the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act : a constitutional analysisFrantz, Gino 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM (Public Law))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / Bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: All agricultural subdivisions in the Republic of South Africa are regulated by the
Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act 70 of 1970. The declared purpose of the Act is
to prevent the creation of uneconomic farming units and this purpose is achieved
through the requirement that the Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
(“Minister of Agriculture”) must consent to the proposed subdivision. The Act was
promulgated in the 1970s when the South African landscape was racially divided.
The government of the time used law to provide benefits for the white minority. At
this time the rights of non-whites were restricted. This is the social and political
background of the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act. The Act formed part of a
legislative scheme that provided benefits for white farmers. More than a decade after
democratisation and the end of apartheid the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act is
still in operation. The post-apartheid legislature drafted and enacted the Subdivision
of Agricultural Land Act Repeal Act 64 of 1998, but it has not yet been brought into
operation. During 2003 the legislature tabled the Draft Sustainable Utilisation of
Agricultural Resources Bill which contains subdivision provisions that are identical to
the provisions contained in the Subdivision Act. These legislative actions have
created some uncertainty about the state of agricultural subdivisions. In 2008 the
Constitutional Court decided that the Act continues to apply to all agricultural
subdivisions and that this would be the position until the legislature chooses a
definitive course of action.
This constitutional analysis of the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act examines the
effect of the Act beyond the pre-constitutional legislative intention and framework
under which it was enacted. If the Act cannot be saved from its apartheid context,
the Repeal Act should become operational. This thesis concludes that the necessary
and legitimate purpose of the Act, namely the regulation of subdivision of agricultural
land, can be removed from its pre-constitutional setting in the apartheid era and may
continue to justify the legitimate regulation of subdivision of land. Comparative
sources, namely the United States of America, specifically the states of Oregon and Hawaii, Western Australia and the province of British Columbia, Canada indicate that
the regulation of agricultural subdivisions is a valid means of protecting agricultural
land.
If the Act can continue to exist without its legacy of apartheid and still serves a
legitimate and necessary purpose it will have to be constitutionally compliant. The
purpose of the Act and the means used to realise it were tested against the Bill of
Rights. The effect that the regulation has particularly on ownership entitlements was
examined against section 25(1) of the 1996 Constitution. Similarly, the
consequences of the regulation with regard to other rights in the Bill of Rights were
investigated. The conclusion was that where the Subdivision of Agricultural Land Act
is used for its purpose of preventing the uneconomic subdivision of agricultural land,
in the national interest, it is a legitimate land-use regulation that can continue to
justifiably operate in a constitutional dispensation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Alle onderverdelings van landbougrond in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika word
gereguleer deur die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond 70 van 1970. Die
verklaarde doel van die Wet is om die totstandkoming van onekonomiese landboueenhede
te voorkom, en hierdie doel word bereik deurdat die Minister van Landbou,
Bosbou en Visserye (“Minister van Landbou”) toestemming moet verleen vir die
voorgestelde onderverdeling van landbougrond. Die Wet is in die 1970s
gepromulgeer toe grond in Suid-Afrika in terme van ras verdeel was. Die destydse
apartheidsregering het die regstelsel gebruik om voordele vir die blanke
minderheidsgroep te bewerkstellig, terwyl die regte van nie-blankes ingeperk was.
Dit is die sosiale en politieke agtergrond waarteen die Wet op die Onderverdeling
van Landbougrond tot stand gekom het. Die Wet was deel van ‘n wetgewende
raamwerk waarbinne voordele vir blanke boere geskep is. Meer as ‘n dekade na
apartheid en die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika is die Wet op die
Onderverdeling van Landbougrond steeds in werking. Die post-apartheid wetgewer
het die Wet op die Herroepping van die Wet op die Onderverdeling van
Landbougrond 64 van 1998 gepromulgeer, maar nog nie in werking gestel nie.
Gedurende 2003 het die wetgewer die “Draft Sustainable Utilisation of Agricultural
Resources Bill”, wat onderafdelings soortgelyk aan die bepalings in die Wet op die
Onderverdeling van Landbougrond bevat, gepromulgeer. Bogenoemde stappe het
onsekerheid geskep ten opsigte van die stand van onderverdeling van
landbougrond. In 2008 het die Konstitusionele Hof beslis dat die Wet op die
Onderverdeling van Landbougrond sal voortgaan om die onderverdeling van
landbougrond te reguleer totdat die wetgewer uitsluitsel oor die aangeleentheid
verskaf.
Die doel van die tesis is om die uitwerking van die Wet op die Onderverdeling van
Landbougrond te analiseer as deel van die huidige grondwetlike bedeling, aangesien
dit geskep is tydens die apartheidsera. Indien die Wet nie van sy apartheidskonteks
geskei of gered kan word nie sal die Herroepping Wet in werking gestel moet word. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die doel van die Wet, naamlik die regulering
van die onderverdeling van landbougrond, van die voor-konstitusionele agtergrond in
die apartheidsera geskei kan word en dat dit kan voortgaan om die wettige
regulering van onderverdeling van landbougrond te regverdig. Regsvergelykende
bronne, naamlik die Verenigde State van Amerika, veral die state van Oregon en
Hawaii, Wes Australië en Brits-Columbië, ‘n provinsie van Kanada, dui aan dat die
regulasie van die onderverdeling van landbougrond ‘n regsgeldige metode is om
landbougrond te beskerm. Die doel van die Wet en die metodes wat gebruik word
om hierdie doel te laat realiseer is getoets teen die Handves van Menseregte. Die
uitwerking van die regulasie op die inhoudsbevoegdhede van die eienaar is spesifiek
geëvalueer teen artikel 25(1) van die 1996 Grondwet, maar die gevolge van die
regulasie is ook getoets teen ander regte in die Handves van Menseregte. Die
gevolgtrekking was dat waar die Wet op die Onderverdeling van Landbougrond
gebruik word met die doel om onekonomiese onderverdeling van landbougrond te
verhoed in die nasionale belang, dit ‘n legitieme regulasie van grondgebruik is
waarvan die gebruik steeds regverdigbaar is in ‘n grondwetlike bedeling.
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Criminal liability of Internet providers in Germany and other jurisdictionsFunk, Antje Elisabeth Margarete 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2004 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the criminal liability of Internet providers. The
focus is on Germany, but the analysis is put in a wider, comparative context.
This is done with reference to South Africa, as well as Europe and the
American system. This thesis demonstrates and discusses the existing legal
norms to regulate Internet provider liability for illegal content on the Internet
and the international efforts to deal with this issue. In the introduction it is
shown how the Internet has given rise to a new form of global communication
and the accompanying legal problems. This is followed by an examination of
the different functions Internet providers have.
A survey of some of the important crimes affecting the Internet and also
some Internet-specific offences put the more general issue of liability in a
more specific context. Traditional and new forms of crimes are discussed.
This section is followed by an analysis of Internet provider liability under
German criminal law and Germany's Teleservices Act. From an international
criminal law perspective some international instruments, like the Cybercrime
Convention of the Council of Europe, is discussed. National legislation,
especially in the context of the European Union, must always be put in the
proper regional and international context.
The thesis concludes with some thoughts on alternative, or perhaps
complementary, methods to fight illegal and criminal conduct on the Internet.
This is done not as a critique of the responses to Internet crime, but rather to
strengthen the many hands trying to reduce Internet crime. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handeloor die strafregtelike aanspreekliheid van Internet diensverskaffers.
Die fokus val op Duitsland, maar die analise word ook geplaas in 'n wyer, vergelykende
konteks. Dit word gedoen met verwysing na Suid-Afrika, sowel as Europa en die VSA.
Die tesis demonstreer en bespreek die bestaande regsnorme wat Internet
diensverskaffers reguleer met spesifieke verwysing na aanspreeklikheid vir onwettige
inhoud op die Internet en internasionale pogings om hierdie probleem aan te spreek. Ter
inleiding word daar aangetoon hoe die Internet aanleiding gee tot nuwe vorme van
globale kommunikasie en die regsprobleme wat dit tot gevolg het. Dit word gevolg deur
'n ondersoek na die verskillende funksies van Internet verskaffers.
'n Ontleding en bespreking van Internet-spesifieke misdrywe plaas die meer
algemene vraagstuk in 'n meer gefokusde konteks. Tradisionele en nuwe vorme van
misdaad word bespreek. Hierdie afdeling word gevolg deur 'n ontleding van Internet
diensverskaffer aanspreeklikheid ingevolge Duitse reg en die Duitse wetgewing op die
terrein van telediens. Uit 'n internasionale strafreg oogpunt word sekere internasionale
instrumente, soos die Cybercrime Convention van die Raad van Europa, bespreek.
Nasionale wetgewing, veral in die konteks van die Europese Unie, word ook in die
relevante regionale en internasionale konteks geplaas.
Die tesis word afgesluit met sekere gedagtes oor alternatiewe, of moontlik
komplimentêre, metodes in die stryd teen Internet-kriminaliteit. Dit moet nie gesien word
as kritiek op die huidige stand van sake nie, maar eerder as 'n poging om die talle
rolspelers in die stryd teen Internet misdaad se hande te sterk.
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The right to have access to health care services for survivors of gender-based violenceBannister, Tarryn 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / Includes bibliography / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa gender-based violence (hereafter “GBV”) has reached extreme levels. This violent manifestation of gender inequality is compounded by the fact that women are disproportionately affected by poverty, the HIV/AIDS epidemic and inadequate health care services. This is in spite of South Africa’s progressive constitutional and legislative framework which appears highly conducive to combating gender inequality and GBV. For example, the Constitution protects the right to equality (section 9), human dignity (section 10), life (section 11), freedom and security of the person (section 12) and the right to have access to health care services, including reproductive health (section 27(1)(a)). Extensive legislation has also been enacted for the protection of women. For example, the preamble to the Domestic Violence Act 116 of 1998 (hereafter “DVA”) recognises domestic violence as a serious social evil. While the DVA is notably silent as to the role of the health care sector, the DVA is progressive in that it contains a broad definition of domestic violence, and recognises a wide range of relationships. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 also seeks to afford complainants of sexual offences “the maximum and least traumatising protection that the law can provide”. In addition to this, South Africa has international law obligations to address GBV and gender inequality. For example, under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), States are obliged to address private acts of violence and to remove discrimination against women in all fields, including health. However, despite this progressive framework of rights, some interpretations of these integral rights have been unduly formalistic, in addition to being disengaged from the lived reality of many women. There is also a substantial gap between policy and practice, with the implementation of existing legislation a continuing problem. It is therefore imperative that we analyse the right to have access to health care services through a gender lens so as to transcend a purely legalistic perspective and to interrogate gendered social processes and power relations. This thesis analyses how existing law and policy can be transformed so as to be more responsive to these lived realities and needs of survivors of GBV. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geslagsgebaseerde geweld (hierna ‘GGG’) in Suid-Afrika het uiterste vlakke bereik. Hierdie gewelddadige manifestasie van geslagsongelykheid word vererger deur die feit dat vroue buite verhouding erg deur armoede, die MIV/vigs-epidemie en ontoereikende gesondheidsorgdienste geraak word. Dit is ondanks Suid-Afrika se vooruitstrewende grondwetlike en wetsraamwerk wat op die oog af hoogs bevorderlik vir die bestryding van geslagsongelykheid en GGG voorkom. Die Grondwet verskans, byvoorbeeld, die reg op gelykheid (artikel 9), menswaardigheid (artikel 10), lewe (artikel 11), vryheid en sekerheid van die persoon (artikel 12) en toegang tot gesondheidsorgdienste, met inbegrip van reproduktiewe gesondheidsorg (artikel 27(1)(a)). Omvattende wetgewing oor vrouebeskerming is ook reeds uitgevaardig. Die aanhef tot die Wet op Gesinsgeweld 116 van 1998 (hierna die ‘WGG’) identifiseer, byvoorbeeld, huishoudelike geweld as ’n ernstige maatskaplike euwel. Hoewel die WGG swyg oor die rol van die gesondheidsorgsektor, is dit nietemin vooruitstrewend aangesien dit ’n uitgebreide omskrywing van huishoudelike geweld bevat en ’n wye verskeidenheid verhoudings erken. Die Wysigingswet op die Strafreg (Seksuele Misdrywe en Verwante Aangeleenthede) 32 van 2007 is ook daarop afgestem om klaagsters van seksuele oortredings “die omvattendste en mins traumatiese beskerming te gee wat die wet kan bied”. Daarbenewens verkeer Suid-Afrika onder internasionale regsverpligtinge om GGG en geslagsongelykheid aan te spreek. Ingevolge die Konvensie vir die Uitwissing van Alle Vorme van Diskriminasie teen Vroue (1979), byvoorbeeld, is state verplig om privaat geweldsdade teen te staan en diskriminasie teen vroue op alle gebiede te verwyder, insluitend gesondheid. Nietemin, benewens hierdie vooruitstrewende menseregteraamwerk is sommige interpretasies van hierdie onafskeidbare regte nie net oormatig formalisties nie, maar ook verwyderd van die daaglikse realiteit van baie vroue. Daar is ook ʼn wesenlike gaping tussen beleidsmaatreëls en die praktyk, terwyl die uitvoering van bestaande wetgewing ʼn voortgesette probleem verteenwoordig. Dit is dus gebiedend om die reg op toegang tot gesondheidsorgdienste deur ʼn geslagslens te analiseer om sodoende ʼn bloot regsgedrewe perspektief te bo te gaan en om maatskaplike prosesse en magsverhoudinge in oënskou te neem. Hierdie tesis analiseer hoe bestaande wetsraamwerke en beleidsmaatreëls getransformeer kan word om beter te reageer op die realiteite en behoeftes van oorlewendes van GGG. / Stellenbosch University Hope Project / Bradlow Foundation
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The lessor’s tacit hypothec : a constitutional analysisSiphuma, Nzumbululo Silas 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The lessor's tacit hypothec improves the chances of the lessor to recover rent in arrears. This real security right arises by operation of law and attaches to the lessee's movable property found on the leased premises when rent is due but not paid. The extension of the lessor‟s tacit hypothec to third parties' property is the remedy's most controversial feature. The extension is supposedly based on one of two theoretical justifications, namely implied consent and the doctrine of estoppel. According to the implied-consent theory, the extension is based on the premise that the third party consented (explicitly or by implication) that his property can serve as security for the payment of the lessee's arrear rent. The basis of the second theory, the doctrine of estoppel, operates as a limitation on the rei vindicatio of the third party. Over the years discourse has shown that there are uncertainties surrounding these justifications. Recent debate has also shown that if constitutionally challenged, the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec could amount to arbitrary deprivation of third parties' property.
The aim of this thesis is to establish whether and how the existing common law principles that provide for the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec over property belonging to third parties are affected by section 25(1) of the Constitution. Consequently, the thesis describes, analyses and scrutinises the general principles regulating the lessor's tacit hypothec, and more specifically the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec to third parties' property, in view of section 25(1) of the Constitution.
Taking into considering the recent statutory protection of third parties' property, the thesis concludes that the extension of the lessor's tacit hypothec does not constitute an arbitrary deprivation of third parties' property because correct application of the common law principles that provide for the extension and the statutory protection that has been introduced to exclude a large number of cases from the reach of the extension adequately protect third parties' property interests. Therefore, the requirements of section 25(1) are satisfied. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verhuurder se stilswyende hipoteek verbeter sy kanse om agterstallige huur van sy huurder in te vorder. Wanneer die huur opeisbaar word, maar die huurder versuim om tydig te betaal, kom hierdie saaklike sekerheidsreg deur regswerking tot stand en dit dek alle roerende sake wat op die verhuurde perseel gevind word. Die uitbreiding van die stilwyende hipoteek na eiendom wat aan derde partye behoort is die remedie se mees kontroversiële eienskap. Hierdie uitbreiding van die hipoteek se toepassingsveld berus na bewering op een van twee regverdigingsgronde, naamlik die derde se geïmpliseerde toestemming en die leerstuk van estoppel. Volgens die geïmpliseerde toestemming-teorie kan die hipoteek na derdes se bates uitgebrei word op die veronderstelling dat sodanige derde partye toegestem het (uitdruklik of by implikasie) dat hulle eiendom as sekuriteit vir betaling van die huurder se agterstallige huur mag dien. Die tweede teorie steun op die beperking wat die leerstuk van estoppel op die rei vindicatio van die derde party plaas. Oor die jare het debatte aangedui dat daar onsekerhede rondom hierdie regverdigingsgronde bestaan. Onlangse debatte het ook aangetoon dat, indien dit grondwetlik getoets word, die uitbreiding van die hipoteek moontlik mag neerkom op ‟n arbitrêre ontneming van die derdes se eiendom.
Die doel van hierdie tesis is om vas te stel of en hoe die bestaande gemeenregtelike beginsels wat die stilswyende hipoteek na bates van derdes uitbrei deur artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet beïnvloed word. Die tesis bespreek, analiseer en toets gevolglik die algemene beginsels van die verhuurder se stilswyende hipoteek, en meer spesifiek die uitbreiding van die hipoteek na bates wat aan derdes behoort, in die lig van artikel 25(1) van die Grondwet.
Met inagneming van die beskerming wat derde party se eiendom in terme van onlangse wetgewing geniet, bevind die tesis dat die uitgebreide toepassing van die stilswyende hipoteek nie op ʼn arbitrêre ontneming van derde partye se eiendom neerkom nie omdat korrekte toepassing van die gemeenregtelike beginsels wat vir die uitbreiding voorsiening maak, in kombinasie met die wetgewende uitsluiting van ‟n groot aantal sake wat aan derdes behoort, voldoende beskerming aan die belange van derdes verleen. Die vereistes van artikel 25(1) word dus bevredig.
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