Nessa tese apresentamos três diferentes aplicações dos modelos Birnbaum-Saunders. No capítulo 2 introduzimos um novo método por função-núcleo não-paramétrico para a estimação de densidades assimétricas, baseado nas distribuições Birnbaum-Saunders generalizadas assimétricas. Funções-núcleo baseadas nessas distribuições têm a vantagem de fornecer flexibilidade nos níveis de assimetria e curtose. Em adição, os estimadores da densidade por função-núcleo Birnbaum-Saunders gene-ralizadas assimétricas são livres de viés na fronteira e alcançam a taxa ótima de convergência para o erro quadrático integrado médio dos estimadores por função-núcleo-assimétricas-não-negativos da densidade. Realizamos uma análise de dados consistindo de duas partes. Primeiro, conduzimos uma simulação de Monte Carlo para avaliar o desempenho do método proposto. Segundo, usamos esse método para estimar a densidade de três dados reais da concentração de poluentes atmosféricos. Os resultados numéricos favorecem os estimadores não-paramétricos propostos. No capítulo 3 propomos uma nova família de modelos autorregressivos de duração condicional baseados nas distribuições misturas de escala Birnbaum-Saunders (SBS). A distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders (BS) é um modelo que tem recebido considerável atenção recentemente devido às suas boas propriedades. Uma extensão dessa distribuição é a classe de distribuições SBS, a qual (i) herda várias das boas propriedades da distribuição BS, (ii) permite a estimação de máxima verossimilhança em uma forma eficiente usando o algoritmo EM, e (iii) possibilita a obtenção de um procedimento de estimação robusta, entre outras propriedades. O modelo autorregressivo de duração condicional é a família primária de modelos para analisar dados de duração de transações de alta frequência. A metodologia estudada aqui inclui estimação dos parâmetros pelo algoritmo EM, inferência para esses parâmetros, modelo preditivo e uma análise residual. Realizamos simulações de Monte Carlo para avaliar o desempenho da metodologia proposta. Ainda, avalia-mos a utilidade prática dessa metodologia usando dados reais de transações financeiras da bolsa de valores de Nova Iorque. O capítulo 4 trata de índices de capacidade do processo (PCIs), os quais são ferramentas utilizadas pelas empresas para determinar a qualidade de um produto e avaliar o desempenho de seus processos de produção. Estes índices foram desenvolvidos para processos cuja característica de qualidade tem uma distribuição normal. Na prática, muitas destas ca-racterísticas não seguem esta distribuição. Nesse caso, os PCIs devem ser modificados considerando a não-normalidade. O uso de PCIs não-modificados podemlevar a resultados inadequados. De maneira a estabelecer políticas de qualidade para resolver essa inadequação, transformação dos dados tem sido proposta, bem como o uso de quantis de distribuições não-normais. Um distribuição não-normal assimétrica o qual tem tornado muito popular em tempos recentes é a distribuição Birnbaum-Saunders (BS). Propomos, desenvolvemos, implementamos e aplicamos uma metodologia baseada em PCIs para a distribuição BS. Além disso, realizamos um estudo de simulação para avaliar o desempenho da metodologia proposta. Essa metodologia foi implementada usando o software estatístico chamado R. Aplicamos essa metodologia para um conjunto de dados reais de maneira a ilustrar a sua flexibilidade e potencialidade. / In this thesis, we present three different applications of Birnbaum-Saunders models. In Chapter 2, we introduce a new nonparametric kernel method for estimating asymmetric densities based on generalized skew-Birnbaum-Saunders distributions. Kernels based on these distributions have the advantage of providing flexibility in the asymmetry and kurtosis levels. In addition, the generalized skew-Birnbaum-Saunders kernel density estimators are boundary bias free and achieve the optimal rate of convergence for the mean integrated squared error of the nonnegative asymmetric kernel density estimators. We carry out a data analysis consisting of two parts. First, we conduct a Monte Carlo simulation study for evaluating the performance of the proposed method. Second, we use this method for estimating the density of three real air pollutant concentration data sets, whose numerical results favor the proposed nonparametric estimators. In Chapter 3, we propose a new family of autoregressive conditional duration models based on scale-mixture Birnbaum-Saunders (SBS) distributions. The Birnbaum-Saunders (BS) distribution is a model that has received considerable attention recently due to its good properties. An extension of this distribution is the class of SBS distributions, which allows (i) several of its good properties to be inherited; (ii) maximum likelihood estimation to be efficiently formulated via the EM algorithm; (iii) a robust estimation procedure to be obtained; among other properties. The autoregressive conditional duration model is the primary family of models to analyze high-frequency financial transaction data. This methodology includes parameter estimation by the EM algorithm, inference for these parameters, the predictive model and a residual analysis. We carry out a Monte Carlo simulation study to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. In addition, we assess the practical usefulness of this methodology by using real data of financial transactions from the New York stock exchange. Chapter 4 deals with process capability indices (PCIs), which are tools widely used by companies to determine the quality of a product and the performance of their production processes. These indices were developed for processes whose quality characteristic has a normal distribution. In practice, many of these characteristics do not follow this distribution. In such a case, the PCIs must be modified considering the non-normality. The use of unmodified PCIs can lead to inadequacy results. In order to establish quality policies to solve this inadequacy, data transformation has been proposed, as well as the use of quantiles from non-normal distributions. An asymmetric non-normal distribution which has become very popular in recent times is the Birnbaum-Saunders (BS) distribution. We propose, develop, implement and apply a methodology based on PCIs for the BS distribution. Furthermore, we carry out a simulation study to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology. This methodology has been implemented in a noncommercial and open source statistical software called R. We apply this methodology to a real data set to illustrate its flexibility and potentiality.

Dans un nombre croissant d'applications, les perturbations rencontrées s'éloignent fortement des modèles classiques qui les modélisent par une gaussienne ou un mélange de gaussiennes. C'est en particulier le cas des bruits impulsifs que nous rencontrons dans plusieurs domaines, notamment celui des télécommunications. Dans ce cas, une modélisation mieux adaptée peut reposer sur les distributions alpha-stables. C'est dans ce cadre que s'inscrit le travail de cette thèse dont l'objectif est de concevoir de nouvelles méthodes robustes pour l'estimation conjointe état-bruit dans des environnements impulsifs. L'inférence est réalisée dans un cadre bayésien en utilisant les méthodes de Monte Carlo séquentielles. Dans un premier temps, cette problématique a été abordée dans le contexte des systèmes de transmission OFDM en supposant que les distorsions du canal sont modélisées par des distributions alpha-stables symétriques. Un algorithme de Monte Carlo séquentiel a été proposé pour l'estimation conjointe des symboles OFDM émis et des paramètres du bruit $\alpha$-stable. Ensuite, cette problématique a été abordée dans un cadre applicatif plus large, celui des systèmes non linéaires. Une approche bayésienne non paramétrique fondée sur la modélisation du bruit alpha-stable par des mélanges de processus de Dirichlet a été proposée. Des filtres particulaires basés sur des densités d'importance efficaces sont développés pour l'estimation conjointe du signal et des densités de probabilité des bruits / In signal processing literature, noise's sources are often assumed to be Gaussian. However, in many fields the conventional Gaussian noise assumption is inadequate and can lead to the loss of resolution and/or accuracy. This is particularly the case of noise that exhibits impulsive nature. The latter is found in several areas, especially telecommunications. $\alpha$-stable distributions are suitable for modeling this type of noise. In this context, the main focus of this thesis is to propose novel methods for the joint estimation of the state and the noise in impulsive environments. Inference is performed within a Bayesian framework using sequential Monte Carlo methods. First, this issue has been addressed within an OFDM transmission link assuming a symmetric alpha-stable model for channel distortions. For this purpose, a particle filter is proposed to include the joint estimation of the transmitted OFDM symbols and the noise parameters. Then, this problem has been tackled in the more general context of nonlinear dynamic systems. A flexible Bayesian nonparametric model based on Dirichlet Process Mixtures is introduced to model the alpha-stable noise. Moreover, sequential Monte Carlo filters based on efficient importance densities are implemented to perform the joint estimation of the state and the unknown measurement noise density

La mousse est un matériau fascinant nous accompagnant au quotidien depuis des siècles, mais sa complexité fait qu’il est difficile de comprendre et contrôler ses propriétés. L’objet de cette thèse expérimentale est de montrer par deux exemples que si l’on contrôle les écoulements ayant lieu lors de la génération de la mousse et pendant sa vie on peut alors avoir un très bon contrôle de ses propriétés structurelles et sa stabilité. Dans la première partie j’étudie la génération de mousse constituée de bulles micrométriques par un écoulement diphasique cyclique dans un tuyau connectant deux seringues. Cette technique permet de varier la fraction liquide sans affecter les distributions de tailles de bulle. Je montre que ces distributions sont essentiellement contrôlées par la présence de constrictions dans le tuyau connectant les seringues et par les propriétés physico-chimiques de la solution moussante. Mes résultats montrent que ce n’est pas le vieillissement de la mousse mais bien les instabilités hydrodynamiques qui contrôlent la taille caractéristique des bulles. Avec diverses expériences modèles de millifluidique en régime inertiel je mets en évidence ce qui semble être un nouveau processus de fragmentation de bulles. L’accélération et la décélération des bulles lors de leur passage dans une constriction seraient le moteur de cette fragmentation. Le lien précis reste à quantifier dans de futurs travaux. Dans un second temps je montre qu’il est possible de faire des films minces, libres et d’une grande stabilité avec un fondu de copolymère en peigne de PDMS-g-PEG-PPG à température ambiante, sans ajout d’agents stabilisants. Les expériences de caractérisation indiquent que c’est un liquide newtonien ayant une faible tension de surface ne présentant pas de transition de phase à température ambiante. J’ai étudié de manière approfondie le drainage de films verticaux et horizontaux, qui se fait par un écoulement laminaire du liquide confiné entre les deux interfaces liquide/air. A l’aide d’une balance à film mince microfluidique développée pour l’étude des liquides visqueux je rapporte l’apparition de stratifications dans les films très minces. Celles-ci ont la même taille que la longueur caractéristique du fondu, lié soit à la taille du polymère, soit à une micro-séparation de phase. Le drainage et la stabilité sont donc potentiellement contrôlés par cet écoulement stratifié, mais il reste à comprendre si la stratification est la conséquence d’un simple effet de confinement ou d’une micro-séparation de phase près de l’interface. / Foam is a fascinating matter which has been broadly used for centuries, but its complexity makes it difficult to understand and control its properties. The subject of this experimental thesis is to show through two examples that by controlling the flows during the generation and lifetime of the foam its stability and structural properties may be better controlled. In the first part I study the generation of foams made of microscopic bubbles by a cyclic diphasic flow in a tube connecting two syringes. With this technique one can vary the liquid fractions without changing the bubble size distributions. I show that these distributions are mainly controlled by the presence of constrictions in the tubing connecting the syringes and by the physico-chemical properties of the foaming solution. My results show that the characteristic bubble size is not fixed by foam ageing effects but by hydrodynamic instabilities. With various millifluidic model experiments in the inertial regime I highlight what seems to be a new mechanism of bubble fragmentation. The acceleration and deceleration of the bubbles when going through a constriction would be the driving effect of this process. The precise link still has to be established. In the second part I show that it is possible to make highly stable free-standing films made of a comb-copolymer melt of PDMS-g-PEG-PPG, at room temperature, and without stabilising agents. The characterisation of this melt reveals that it is a newtonian liquid with a low surface tension and not subject to phase transitions at room temperature. I studied intensively the drainage of vertical and horizontal films, which is a laminar flow of the liquid confined between its two liquid/air interfaces. Using a millifluidic thin film pressure balance, developed for the study of viscous liquids, I report the formation of stratifications in very thin films. Theses stratifications have the same step hight than the characteristic length of the melt which we measured for the bulk, linked either to the size of the macromolecules or to micro-phase separation. The drainage and stability might be controlled by this stratified flow, but we still have to understand if it results from a simple confinement effect or from an interfacially driven micro-phase separation.

L'étude de la structure interne des hadrons nous permet de comprendre la nature des interactions entre les partons, les quarks et les gluons, décrites par la Chromodynamique Quantique. Les processus de diffusion élastique, qui ont été utilisés avec succès pour mesurer les facteurs de forme des nucléons, sont inclus dans ce cadre. Les processus inélastiques sont également inclus dans ce cadre, ils nous permettent d'extraire beaucoup d'information grâce au développement des distributions de partons (PDFs). Par conséquent, tandis que la diffusion élastique d'électrons par le nucléon nous fournit des informations sur la répartition des charges, et donc de la distribution spatiale des composants du nucléon, la diffusion inélastique présente des informations sur la distribution d'impulsions au moyen des PDFs. Cependant, dans les processus inélastiques, il est possible d'étudier les processus exclusifs tels que la Diffusion Compton Profondément Virtuelle (DVCS), qui nous permet d'accéder aux distributions spatiale et d'impulsions des quarks simultanément. Ceci est possible grâce aux fonctions généralisées des distributions de partons (GPDS), qui nous permettent de corréler les deux types de distributions. Le processus connu sous le nom DVCS est le moyen le plus facile pour accéder aux GPDS. Ce procédé implique la diffusion d'un électron par un proton, au moyen de l'échange d'un photon virtuel, qui entraîne la diffusion des particules initiales et l'émission d'un photon réel. Ce processus est en concurrence avec le processus dit Bethe-Heitler, dans lequel le photon réel est émis par l'électron initial ou final. En raison de la faible section efficace de ce type de procédé, de l'ordre du nb, il est nécessaire d'utiliser une installation capable de fournir une haute luminosité pour réaliser les expériences. L'une de ces installations est le Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, où l'expérience appelée “Complete Separation of Virtual Photon and π⁰ Electroproduction Observables of Unpolarized Proton” a été réalisée au cours de la période entre Octobre et Décembre de 2010. Le principal objectif de cette expérience est la séparation de la contribution du terme provenant du DVCS à partir du terme d'interférence, résultant de la contribution du BH. Cette séparation est appelée “Séparation Rosenbluth”. Cette thèse porte sur le calorimètre électromagnétique qui a été utilisé pour détecter le photon dans l'expérience E07-007 à Jefferson Lab. Il y a aussi une introduction théorique à l'étude de la structure du nucléon, en révisant les concepts de facteurs de forme et des distributions de partons à travers des processus élastiques et inélastiques. Le calcul de la section efficace de la leptoproduction de photons est décrite en détail, ainsi que les buts de l'expérience E07-007. Dans cette thèse on décrit l'analyse des données enregistrées par le calorimètre électromagnétique, avec le but d'obtenir les variables cinématiques des photons réels résultants des réactions DVCS. Finalement, on décrit la sélection des événements à partir des données stockées, les réductions appliquées aux variables cinématiques et la soustraction de fond. En outre, le processus d'extraction des observables nécessaires pour le calcul de la section efficace de la leptoproduction de photons est décrite, ainsi que les principales étapes suivies pour effectuer la simulation Monte-Carlo utilisée dans ce calcul. Les sections efficaces obtenues sont indiquées à la fin de cette thèse. / The study of the inner structure of hadrons allows us to understand the nature of the interactions between partons, quarks and gluons, described by Quantum Chromodynamics. The elastic scattering reactions, which have been studied in order to measure the nucleon form factors, are included in this frame. The inelastic scattering reactions are also included in this frame, they allow us to obtain information about the nucleon structure thanks to the development of the parton distribution functions (PDFs). While through elastic scattering we can obtain information about the charge distribution of the nucleon, and hence, about the spatial distribution of the partons, through inelastic scattering we obtain information about the momentum distributions of partons, by employing the PDFs. However, we can study the exclusive inelastic scattering reactions, such as the Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS), wich allow us to access to the spatial and momentum distributions simultaneously. This is possible thanks to the generalized parton distributions (GPDs), which allow us to correlate both types of distributions. The process known as DVCS is the easiest way to access the GPDs. This process can be expressed as the scattering of an electron by a proton by means of a virtual photon with the result of the scattered initial particles plus a real photon. We find a process competing with DVCS known as Bethe-Heitler (BH), in which the real photon is radiated by the lepton rather than the quark. Due to the small cross section of DVCS, of the order of nb, in order to conduct these kind of experiments it is necessary to make use of facilities capable of providing high beam intensities. One of these facilities is the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility , where the experiment JLab E07-007, “Complete Separation of Virtual Photon and π⁰ Electroproduction Observables of Unpolarized Protons”, took place during the months of October to December of 2010. The main goal of this experiment is the isolation of the contribution from the term coming form the DVCS from the interference term, resulting from the BH contribution. This isolation is known as “Rosenbluth Separation”. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the analysis of the data stored by the electromagnetic calorimeter, employed for the detection of real photons. There is also a a theoretical introduction to the study of the nucleon structure, reviewing the concepts of form factors and parton distributions through elastic and inelastic processes. The computation of the photon leptoproduction cross section is described in detail, as well as the goals of experiment E07-007. This thesis also describes the analysis of the data stored by the electromagnetic calorimeter, with the purpose of obtaining the kinematic variables of the real photons resulting from DVCS reactions. Finally, it describes the selection of events from stored data, the applied cuts to kinematical variables and the background subtraction. Also, the process of extraction of the necessary observables for computing the photon leptoproduction cross section is described, along with the main steps followed to perform the Monte Carlo simulation used in this computation. The resulting cross sections are shown at the end of this thesis.

L'étude des noyaux exotiques riches en neutrons est l'un des enjeux actuels majeurs de la physique nucléaire expérimentale. Le spectromètre S ³ , aujourd'hui en construction, pourrait permettre de les produire "en vol" grâce aux hautes intensités de l'accélérateur linéaire de Spiral2. Le mécanisme de réaction utilisé serait celui des collisions profondément inélastiques, pour ses caractéristiques telles que l'échange de nombreux nucléons et l'équilibre en N/Z des produits obtenus. Les recherches sur ce mécanisme, débutées dans les années 1970, bénéficient aujourd'hui des progrès technologiques, en particulier concernant les spectromètres de particules chargées. On a mesuré, pour la première fois sur une gamme de 0° à 35°, les sections efficaces de réactions d2sigma/dOmegadE pour différents noyaux riches en neutrons formés par collisions profondément inélastiques entre un faisceau de ⁴⁸Ca¹ ⁹ ⁺ à 10 A MeV et une cible de ² ³ ⁸U de 170(+-10%) ug/cm ². L'expérience a été réalisée au Ganil, avec le spectromètre Vamos couplé à sept clovers Exogam afin de confirmer l'identification des noyaux produits par leur signature gamma. De plus, un détecteur BaF₂ a permis la mesure de l'intensité du faisceau, essentielle au calcul des sections efficaces absolues. Les distributions angulaires, en énergie et en masse des sections efficaces double différentielles absolues sont présentées pour une large plage de quasi-projectiles. Les résultats sont comparés à ceux donnés par le couplage des modèles DIT (Deep Inelastic Transfers) et Gemini++. Les résultats obtenus montrent une production importante qui laisse envisager ce mécanisme pour la formation de noyaux riches en neutrons. Les modèles sont globalement cohérents avec les résultats et les différences majeures concernent généralement les quasi-projectiles très proches ou au contraire très éloignés du faisceau. Les implications pour la production de faisceau avec S³ sont également discutées. / The study of neutron-rich nuclei is one of the main challenges nowadays in experimental nuclear physics. Thanks to the future high intensity beams delivered by the linear accelerator of Spiral2, the S ³ spectrometer might allow their production using the "in-flight" method. The deep inelastic reaction mechanism might be used due to the important multi-nucleon transfer and the N/Z equilibration. Studies on this topic, started in the seventies, take advantages of the new available devices. We measured, for the first time between 0° and 35° in the laboratory frame, the reactions cross-sections d2sigma/dOmegadE for the neutron-rich nuclei formed by deep inelastic collisions between a 10 A MeV ⁴⁸Ca ¹ ⁹ ⁺ beam and a 170(+-10%) ug/cm² ² ³ ⁸U target. The experiment was performed at Ganil using the Vamos spectrometer coupled to seven Exogam to confirm the nuclei identification using their gamma signature. Moreover, a BaF2 detector was used to extract the beam intensities, essential for the absolute cross sections measurements. Momentum, angular and mass distributions of absolute differential cross-sections are presented for a wide range of quasi-projectiles. The results are compared with those of DIT (Deep Inelastic Transfers) coupled with Gemini++ theoretical calculations. The models are generally consistent with the results. Important differences appear for quasi-projectiles very close and very far from the beam. Relevant implications for S³ beam production are pointed out.

Introduites au milieu des années 90, les Distributions Généralisées de Partons (GPD) sont aujourd'hui un élément clé dans l'étude de la structure interne du nucléon. Les GPD sont la généralisation des Facteurs de Forme et des Fonctions de Distribution de Partons. Elles englobent la distribution spatiale et la distribution en impulsion des partons à l'intérieur du nucléon, ce qui permet d'en effectuer une tomographie en trois dimensions. De plus, elles permettent d'obtenir le moment orbital angulaire total des quarks grâce à la règle de somme de Ji, ce qui est un élément crucial dans l'élucidation de l'énigme de la structure en spin du nucléon. En décrivant de manière plus complète la structure des hadrons en termes de quarks et gluons, il est possible d'approfondir notre compréhension de la Chromodynamique Quantique. Les GPD sont accessibles expérimentalement à travers les processus d'électro-production exclusifs profonds, et l'un des canaux les plus simples est la Diffusion Compton Profondément Virtuelle (DVCS). Un programme expérimental mondial a été lancé au début des années 2000 afin d'extraire ces GPD. L'expérience DVCS E12-06-114 qui a été effectuée dans le Hall A du Jefferson Laboratory (Virginie, Etats-Unis) entre 2014 et 2016 est incluse dans ce programme. Le but de cette expérience est de mesurer avec grande précision la section efficace DVCS dépendante de l'hélicité en fonction du transfert d'impulsion Q², pour des valeurs fixes de la variable de Bjorken xBj, sur une cible de proton. La récente amélioration à 12 GeV de l'accélérateur permet d'obtenir un bras de levier en Q² plus important que lors des expériences précédentes et de sonder des régions cinématiques encore inexplorées, tandis que le faisceau polarisé d'électrons permet de séparer les contributions des parties réelles et imaginaires de l'amplitude DVCS à la section efficace totale. Dans ce document, un bref résumé du programme expérimental mondial sur l'étude des GPD va être fourni, suivi par la description de l'appareillage et l'analyse des données de l'expérience E12-06-114. Enfin, les résultats des mesures de sections efficaces polarisées et non-polarisées sont présentés et comparés à une sélection de modèles. / Introduced in the mid 90’s, Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are now a key element in the study of the nucleon internal structure. GPDs are a generalization of Form Factors and Parton Distribution Functions. They encapsulate both spatial and momentum distributions of partons inside a nucleon, allowing to perform its three-dimensional tomography. Furthermore, they allow to derive the total orbital angular momentum of quarks through the Ji sum rule, which is a crucial point to unravel the nucleon spin structure. By providing a more complete description of hadrons in terms of quarks and gluons, a deeper understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics can be reached.GPDs are experimentally accessible through deeply exclusive electro-production processes, and one of the simplest channels available is Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS). A worldwide experimental program was started in the early 2000’s to extract these GPDs. The DVCS experiment E12-06-114 performed at Jefferson Laboratory Hall A (Virginia, USA) between 2014 and 2016, is encompassed in this program. The aim of this experiment is to extract with high precision the DVCS helicity-dependent cross sections as a function of the momentum transfer Q², for fixed values of the Bjorken variable xBj, on a proton target. The recent upgrade of the accelerator facility to 12 GeV allows to cover a larger Q² range than in previous measurements and probe yet unexplored kinematic regions, while the polarized electron beam allows the separation of the contributions from the real and imaginary parts of the DVCS amplitude to the total cross section. In this document, a brief summary of the worldwide experimental program for the study of GPDs will be provided, followed by a description of the E12-06-114 apparatus and data analysis. Finally, the results of the unpolarized and polarized cross-section measurements are presented and compared to a few selected models.

<p>We use common notation &lowast; for distribution (Scshwartz), (M_p) (Beurling) i {M_p} (Roumieu) setting. We introduce and study new (ultra) distribution spaces, the test function spaces&nbsp;<em>D^&lowast;_E</em>&nbsp; and their strong duals <em>D^{<span style="font-size: 10px;">&#39;</span>&lowast;}_E&rsquo;*</em>.These spaces generalize the spaces <em>D^&lowast;_L^q , D&#39;^&lowast;_L^p , B&rsquo;*</em>&nbsp;and their weighted versions. The construction of our new (ultra)distribution &nbsp;spaces is based on the analysis of a suitable translation-invariant Banach space of (ultra)distribution <em>E</em>&nbsp;with continuous translation group, which turns out to be a convolution module over the Beurling algebra&nbsp;<em>L¹_&omega;</em>, where the weight &nbsp;&omega; is related to the translation operators on <em>E</em>.&nbsp;The&nbsp;Banach space&nbsp;<em>E</em>^&rsquo;_&lowast;&nbsp;stands for&nbsp;<em>L¹_&omega;ˇ &lowast; E</em>&rsquo;.&nbsp;We apply our results to the study of the&nbsp;convolution of ultradistributions. The spaces of convolutors&nbsp;<em>O<span style="font-size: 12px;">&rsquo;^&lowast;</span><span style="font-size: 8.33333px;">C</span></em><span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>&nbsp;(</em><strong>R</strong><em>ⁿ)</em>&nbsp;</span>for tempered&nbsp;ultradistributions are analyzed via the duality with respect to the test function<br />spaces<span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;<em>O^&lowast;_C (</em><strong>R</strong><em>ⁿ)</em>,&nbsp;</span>introduced in this thesis. Using the properties of translationinvariant<br />Banach space of ultradistributions <em>E</em> we obtain a full characterization of<br />the general convolution of Roumieu ultradistributions via the space of integrable<br />ultradistributions is obtained. We show: The convolution of two Roumieu ultradistributions&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>T, S &isin; D&rsquo;^{Mp} (</em><strong>R</strong><em>ⁿ)&nbsp;</em> exists if and only if&nbsp;<em>(</em></span><em>&phi;</em><span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>&nbsp;&lowast; &Scaron;) T &isin; D^&rsquo;{Mp}_L¹(</em><strong>R</strong><em>ⁿ)</em>&nbsp; for every </span><em>&phi;</em><span style="font-size: 12px;"><em>&nbsp;&isin; D ^{Mp} (</em><strong>R</strong><em>ⁿ)</em>.&nbsp;</span>We study boundary values of holomorphic functions defined in tube domains. New edge of the wedge theorems are obtained. The results<br />are then applied to represent<span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;<em>D&rsquo;_E&rsquo;*</em></span><span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>as a quotient space of holomorphic functions.<br />We also give representations of elements of<span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;<em>D&rsquo;_E&rsquo;*</em></span><span style="font-size: 12px;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span>via the heat kernel method.</p> / <p>Koristimo oznaku &lowast; za distribuciono (Svarcovo), (Mp) (Berlingovo) i&nbsp;{Mp} (Roumieuovo) okruženje. Uvodimo i prouavamo nove (ultra)distribucione&nbsp;prostore, &nbsp;test funkcijske prostore <em>D</em>^&lowast;_E i njihove duale <em>D^&#39;</em>^&lowast;_{<em>E&#39;*</em>}.&nbsp;&nbsp;Ovi prostori uop&scaron;tavaju&nbsp;<br />prostore <em>D</em>^&lowast;_Lq , <em>D</em>^{&#39;&lowast;}_Lp , <em>B^&#39;</em>^&lowast; i njihove težinske verzije. Konstrukcija na&scaron;ih novih&nbsp;<br />(ultra)distribucionih prostora je zasnovana na analizi odgovarajuićh translaciono&nbsp;<br />- invarijantnih Banahovih prostora (ultra)distribucija koje označavamo sa&nbsp;<em>E</em>. Ovi prostori imaju neprekidnu grupu translacija, koja je konvolucioni modul&nbsp;nad &nbsp;Beurlingovom algebrom L¹_&omega;, gde je težina &omega; povezana sa operatorima translacije&nbsp;<br />prostora <em>E</em>. Banahov prostor <em>E^&#39;</em>_{&lowast;&nbsp;}označava prostor <em>L</em>¹_&omega;˅ &lowast; <em>E^&#39;</em>. Koristeći dobijene&nbsp;<br />rezultata proučavamo konvoluciju ultradistribucija. Prostori konvolutora &nbsp;<em>O^&#39;</em>^&lowast;_{<em>C&nbsp;</em>}(<strong>R</strong>ⁿ)&nbsp;temperiranih ultradistribucija, analizirani su pomoću dualnosti&nbsp;<br />test funkcijskih prostora <em>O</em>^&lowast;_<em>C</em> (<strong>R</strong>ⁿ), definisanih u ovoj tezi. Koristeći svojstva&nbsp;<br />translaciono - invarijantnih Banahovih prostora temperiranih ultradistribucija,&nbsp;<br />opet označenih sa <em>E</em>, dobijamo karakterizaciju konvolucije Romuieu-ovih &nbsp;ultradistribucija,&nbsp;preko integrabilnih ultradistribucija. Dokazujemo da: konvolucija&nbsp;<br />dve Roumieu-ove ultradistribucija <em>T</em>, <em>S</em> &isin; <em>D^&#39;</em>^{Mp}&nbsp;(<strong>R</strong>ⁿ) postoji ako i samo ako (&phi; &lowast; <em>S</em>ˇ)<em>T</em> &isin; <em>D^&#39;</em>^{Mp}&nbsp;_L¹ (<strong>R</strong>ⁿ) za svaki &phi; &isin; <em>D</em>^{Mp}(<strong>R</strong>ⁿ). Takođe, proučavamo granične vrednosti holomorfnih funkcija definisanih na tubama. Dokazane su nove teoreme &rdquo;otrog klina&rdquo;. Rezultati se zatim koriste za prezentaciju <em>D^&#39;_E^&#39;</em>_{&lowast;&nbsp;}preko faktor prostora holomorfnih funkcija. Takođe, data je prezentacija elemente <em>D</em>^&#39;_{<em>E^&#39;</em>&lowast;&nbsp;}koristeći heat kernel metode.</p>

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Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Ted C. Schroeder / Glynn T. Tonsor / Cattle feeders face significant profit risk when placing cattle on feed. Risks arise from both financial and biological sources. To date, few standardized measures exist to measure current risks against historic levels, or to obtain forward looking risk estimates. Those that do exist could benefit from updates and inclusion of additional risk elements. This study measures the risk of expected profits when cattle are placed on feed. This study creates a forward-looking estimate of expected feedlot profits using futures and options market data as price forecasts. Joint probability distributions are created for prices and cattle performance variables affecting feedlot profit margins. Monte Carlo simulation techniques are then employed to generate probability distributions of expected feedlot profits. Results show cattle feeding is a risky business and cattle feeders have been placing cattle on feed facing significantly negative expected returns since June, 2010. This assessment of negative expected profits is consistent with other findings. Over the study’s 2002 to 2013 time frame, the relative risk to cattle feeding profits accounted for by feed costs has been increasing, while the relative risk levels from feeder cattle and fed cattle prices remain steady. Additionally, the probability of realized per-head profits greater than $100 has been decreasing since 2009 and the probability of realized per-head profits less than $-100 has been increasingly rapidly.

For marine fishes, the early larval phase is considered a critical stage for survivorship and recruitment. The spatial and temporal dynamics of larval fish assemblages can influence their success and trophic structure of marine communities and entire ecosystems. This thesis will provide the first characterization of larval fish assemblage in the Strait of Georgia (SoG) in terms of diversity, abundance and composition, and their variability over multiple temporal scales, as well as the first quantification of variability in larval fish distribution in the SoG across multiple spatial scales. On the interdecadal scale, a significant decrease in larval abundance of several dominant fish taxa (Pacific hake, walleye Pollock, northern smoothtongue and rockfishes) contributed to a decline in total larval abundance and turnover in the composition structure between the early 1980s and the late 2000s. In contrast, both abundance and the relative composition of flatfishes and several demersal forage fish taxa increased during the same period. On interannual scales, abundance, diversity and community structure of the spring larval assemblages varied dramatically through 2007-2010, a period which alternated between strong La Niña and El Niño events. Higher overall larval concentrations were associated with warm conditions in the SoG in 2007 and 2010, while the lowest larval concentration was associated with cooler condition in 2009. Examination of associations between larval fish assemblages and environmental fluctuations suggests a potential influence of large-scale climate processes between the early 1980s and the late 2000s, but a primary association with local environmental factors on interannual scales. Spatial patterns in larval density of three dominant fish taxa (Pacific herring, Pacific hake and northern smoothtongue) were mostly structured on predefined broad (> 40km) and medium (20~40km) scales. Although their scale-dependent associations with environmental factors varied interannually, larval distributions in the central-southern SoG were generally associated with salinity, temperature and vertical stability of water column in the upper layer (0-50m). Our results emphasize the role of local estuarine circulation in structuring hierarchical spatial distributions of planktonic fish larvae in the SoG. These findings will provide considerable implications in fisheries resource management and conservation strategies. / Graduate / 0416 / 0329 / guanlu129@gmail.com