The transition in the transport sector by the integration of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) brings a new challenge for the system operators to ensure the balance between supply and demand. The installation of new EV charges poses a surge in electricity demand in the coming years which jeopardizes the grid reliability and stability. With the new EV policies in place, Sweden will have a huge growth of BEVs and the associated charging infrastructures. The challenges faced by the electricity transmission and distribution will depend on the type and smart capability of the infrastructure. Therefore, research is conducted to analyze the impacts of the mix of public and private residential EV charging and how smart charging can help in mitigating the impacts. This thesis studies the impact of the mix of private residential and public EV chargers on the power network of Hammarby Sjöstad, a neighborhood of Stockholm. Four substations out of 20 corresponding to the areas with the highest proportion in the residential and commercial sectors in the network were chosen for the study and power flow analysis was carried out to analyze the impacts in the year 2025. EV chargers were categorized into public and private residential chargers. The public chargers had rated power of 22 kW each while residential chargers were rated at 3.68 kW each. EVs can behave as energy vectors, and it is possible to optimize their charging as a part of demand-side management which includes peak shaving or shifting. Optimizing EV charging was treated as a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem to schedule EV charging for both reducing losses and the cost of electricity import from the grid. Two optimization strategies were investigated to analyze their potential to reduce the peaks due to uncontrolled charging. Renewable energy generation from solar PVs integrated with EV chargers reduces the import of electricity from the grid during the day which not only reduced the losses but also the cost of importing electricity from the grid. The effect of intermittency of solar PV generation was reduced by implementing BESS. At low price periods, the BESS was charged using the excess PV power and at higher price periods, the BESS was discharged. Three scenarios were developed, where the Reference scenario refers to the base case without PV and BESS, With PV scenario considered only PV generation while With PVBESS scenario considered the implementation of BESS with PV. Three test cases were simulated for each of the scenarios, and it was found that by the implementation of smart charging, the losses in the network reduce by 35.5% and it also significantly reduced the losses in all the other scenarios. Implementation of smart charging reduced the cost of electricity import from the grid by 4.3%. The integration of PV generation led to a 7% further reduction in the losses and cost of electricity import as compared to the Reference scenario. The integration of BESS increased the losses in the network, but it also enhanced the self-consumption of PV power. The implementation of smart charging not only reduces the losses and costs of import but will lead to savings in grid reinforcement costs. / Övergången inom transportsektorn genom integrering av batteri -elektriska fordon (BEV) medför en ny utmaning för systemoperatörerna att säkerställa balansen mellan utbud och efterfrågan. Installationen av nya elavgifter innebär en kraftig ökning av elbehovet under de kommande åren, vilket äventyrar nätets tillförlitlighet och stabilitet. Med den nya EV -politiken på plats kommer Sverige att ha en enorm tillväxt av BEV och tillhörande ladd infrastrukturer. Utmaningarna för elöverföring och distribution beror på infrastrukturens typ och smarta kapacitet. Därför forskas för att analysera effekterna av blandningen av offentliga och privata EV -laddningar för bostäder och hur smart laddning kan hjälpa till att mildra effekterna. Denna avhandling studerar effekten av blandningen av privata bostäder och offentliga EV -laddare på kraftnätet i Hammarby Sjöstad, en stadsdel i Stockholm. Fyra transformatorstationer av 20 motsvarande de områden med den högsta andelen inom bostads- och kommersiella sektorer i nätet valdes ut för undersökningen och effektflödesanalys utfördes för att analysera effekterna år 2025. EV -laddare kategoriserades offentligt och privata bostadsladdare. De offentliga laddarna hade en nominell effekt på 22 kW vardera medan bostadsladdare var 3,68 kW vardera. Elbilar kan bete sig som energivektorer, och det är möjligt att optimera laddningen som en del av hanteringen på efterfrågesidan som inkluderar topprakning eller växling. Optimering av EV -laddning behandlades som ett blandat heltal linjärt programmeringsproblem (MILP) för att schemalägga EV -laddning för både minskning av förluster och kostnader för elimport från nätet. Två optimeringsstrategier undersöktes för att analysera deras potential att minska topparna på grund av okontrollerad laddning. Förnybar energiproduktion från solcellsanläggningar integrerade med EV -laddare minskar importen av el från nätet under dagen vilket inte bara minskade förlusterna utan också kostnaderna för att importera el från nätet. Effekten av intermittency av solcellsgenerering genererades genom att implementera BESS. Vid lågprisperioder debiterades BESS med överskott av PV -effekt och vid högre prisperioder laddades BESS ur. Tre scenarier utvecklades, där referensscenariot hänvisar till basfallet utan PV och BESS, med PV -scenario endast betraktat PV -generering medan With PVBESS -scenario övervägde implementeringen av BESS med PV. Tre testfall simulerades för vart och ett av scenarierna, och det visade sig att genom implementering av smart laddning minskar förlusterna i nätverket med 35,5% och det minskade också avsevärt i alla andra scenarier. Genomförandet av smart laddning minskade kostnaden för elimport från nätet med 4,3%. Integrationen av PV -produktion ledde till en ytterligare minskning av förlusterna och kostnaderna för elimport med 7% jämfört med referensscenariot. Integrationen av BESS ökade förlusterna i nätet, men det förbättrade också självförbrukningen av PV-kraft. Genomförandet av smart laddning minskar inte bara förluster och kostnader vid import utan leder till besparingar i nätförstärkningskostnader.

In today’s society the electric grid has become one of the most important infrastructures and industries as well as other infrastructures, and individuals rely on its functionality. The unavailability of electricity caused by outages is increasingly rare but when it occurs it can have serious consequences. An electric grid’s reliability is now a requirement, not only from customers but also from the regulatory authority.The electric grid in Stockholm is owned and operated by Ellevio AB. Over the past decade the reliability, measured in SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index), in the area has deterioated, mainly due to failures of the medium voltage grid (11- kV, MV). The network structure on the MV- grid consists primarily of two parallel medium voltage cables each of which acts redundantly to its pair cable. The technique, called dual cable structure, works most optimally with substations with automatic switching, which automaticly switch over to the redundant cable when failure occurs. However substations without this automatic switching are widely used resulting in a longer interruption time. Another network structure is the ring or loop structure, which still has redundancy, but when failure occurs a load- break switch must close so that the grid can be fed from another direction. The substation in the loop structure can also be remotely controlled, making the load-break swith operable from the control center, resulting in a shorter interruption time.This thesis evaluates and compares different network structures consisting of dual cable with automatic switching and loop structure with remotely controlled substations, based on economy and reliability, on Stora Essingen. The two structures have been designed in the network information system program Trimble NIS and divided into two different environments; one developed and one undeveloped environment. The results show that the technical solutions in network structures of MV- grid do not necessarily mean major differences in economy nor reliability, rather the choice between few but long interruptions and many but short interruptions is central. Results show however that a combination of the dual cable structure with remotely controlled substations in the undeveloped environment is economically motivated while the reliability can be maintained at the same tame.

In recent years, photovoltaic (PV) power production have seen an increase and the PV power systems are often located in the distribution grids close to the consumers. Since the distributions grids rarely are designed for power production, investigation of its effects is needed. It is seen in this thesis that PV power production will cause voltages to rise, potentially to levels exceeding the limits that grid owners have to abide by. A model of a distribution grid is developed in MathWorks MATLAB. The model contains a transformer, cables, households, energy storage systems (ESS:s) and photovoltaic power systems. The system is simulated by implementing a numerical Forward Backward Sweep Method, solving for powers, currents and voltages in the grid. PV power systems are added in different configurations along with different configurations of ESS:s. The results are analysed, primarily concerning voltages and voltage limits. It is concluded that addition of PV power production in the distribution grid affects voltages, more or less depending on where in the grid the systems are placed and what peak power they have. It is also concluded that having energy storage systems in the grid, changing the power factor of the inverter for the PV systems or lowering the transformer secondary-side voltage can bring the voltages down. / På senare tid har det skett en ökning i antalet solcellsanläggningar som installeras i elnätet och dessa är ofta placerade i distributionsnäten nära hushållen. Eftersom distributionsnäten sällan är dimensionerade för produktion så behöver man utreda effekten av det. I det här arbetet visas det att solcellsproduktion kommer att öka spänningen i elnätet, potentiellt så mycket att de gränser elnätsägarna måste hålla nätet inom överstigs. En modell över lågspänningsnätet skapas i MathWorks MATLAB. Modellen innehåller transformator, kablar, hushåll, energilager och solcellsanläggningar. Systemet simuleras med hjälp av en numerisk Forward Backward Sweep-lösare som beräknar effekter, strömmar och spänningar i elnätet. Solcellanläggningarna placeras ut i elnätet i olika konfigurationer tillsammans med olika konfigurationer av energilager. Resultaten från simuleringarna analyseras främst med avseende på spänningen i elnätet utifrån dess gränser. De slutsatser som dras i arbetet är att solcellsproduktion kommer att påverka spänningen, mycket beroende på var i elnätet anläggningarna placeras och storleken hos dem. Det visas också att energilager, justering av effektfaktor hos solcellsanläggningarna eller en spänningssänkning på transformatorns lågspänningssida kan få ner spänningen i elnätet. / <p>LiTH-ISY-EX--19/5194--SE</p>

The thesis aims to examine the impact of climate change on line rating and to investigate the possibility of a potential increase of capacity of an overhead line. The line rating of an overhead line determines how much current can be transmitted in the line. The weather parameters which affect the line rating are ambient temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, and wind direction. If the line rating is adapted to weather conditions, it is important to be able to predict how the weather will change in the future. Therefore, the impact of climate change on weather parameters is investigated. The ambient temperature and solar radiation are expected to change between different scenarios. However, it is unclear how wind speed and wind direction will be affected. Climate scenarios are designed that take these findings into account. The results show that wind speed has, by a large margin from other weather parameters, the largest impact on the dynamic line rating. This is followed by the wind's angle of attack to the conductor, ambient temperature, and finally solar radiation. For the designed climate scenarios, the dynamic line rating is almost the same in each case, which means that the calculated change in ambient temperature and solar radiation has no significant effect on the line rating. To further increase the capacity of the overhead line, the line could be upgraded with a conductor with a larger cross-sectional area.