The lower Churchill River has been an important travel route for people living in its vicinity for a long period of time. Churchillians’ have used it for subsistence harvesting, as their potable water source and as a place of recreation and relaxation. Previous research has documented the importance of the Churchill River to the residents and has explored how the Churchill River Diversion affected the community of Churchill (Boothroyd, 1992; 2000; Four Directions Consulting Group, 1994; 1995). The purpose of this project was to identify how Churchill residents used the lower Churchill River (from 1970 to 2006), recognizing three distinct periods of time. Twenty interviews were conducted with former or current long-term residents of Churchill, as well as two interviews with experts on issues concerning the lower Churchill River. Many interviewees stated that additional negotiations and measures are required before they deem the mitigation compensation package from Manitoba Hydro to be adequate considering the impact of the diversion on the residents of Churchill. / October 2007

In this thesis I investigate how the Canadian criminal justice system handles persons with mental disorders who come into conflict with the law. Through an in-depth examination of the Kitchener Mental Health Court this research explores the legal concept of diversion. Diversion is a voluntary option for individuals accused of minor offences. Its main objective is to function as a positive intervention. Offenders who participate in diversionary programs avoid a criminal record but are still held accountable for their criminal behavior. Diversion programs lessen the burden on the criminal justice system by decreasing the volume of caseloads in the courts via diverting individuals away from incarceration through alternative measures. The goal of this study is to uncover the processes involved in diverting offenders away from incarceration and into appropriate mental health treatment. Two theoretical frameworks applicable to mental health courts include the medical model and therapeutic jurisprudence. The thesis explores the philosophies of mental health courts, the principles of sentencing, and the role of community support agencies in the location and provision of mental health treatment. This research includes a six-month observational study of the Kitchener Mental Health Court setting and five in-depth interviews with the Crown prosecutor, defense attorney, Canadian Mental Health Association Court Coordinator, Salvation Army representative, and a mother of one of the accused. The findings from this research suggest that mental health courts strongly adhere to the treatment ideology contained in the medical model and therapeutic jurisprudence. The Kitchener Mental Health Court demonstrates this through its empathetic, treatment-oriented approach towards offenders, language, and commitment to locate appropriate health care. This research also reveals the crucial role community support agencies play in directing individuals towards the necessary health care. But most especially, the evidence points to the role community support agencies play as key facilitators in the legal processes of mental health courts.

In this thesis I investigate how the Canadian criminal justice system handles persons with mental disorders who come into conflict with the law. Through an in-depth examination of the Kitchener Mental Health Court this research explores the legal concept of diversion. Diversion is a voluntary option for individuals accused of minor offences. Its main objective is to function as a positive intervention. Offenders who participate in diversionary programs avoid a criminal record but are still held accountable for their criminal behavior. Diversion programs lessen the burden on the criminal justice system by decreasing the volume of caseloads in the courts via diverting individuals away from incarceration through alternative measures. The goal of this study is to uncover the processes involved in diverting offenders away from incarceration and into appropriate mental health treatment. Two theoretical frameworks applicable to mental health courts include the medical model and therapeutic jurisprudence. The thesis explores the philosophies of mental health courts, the principles of sentencing, and the role of community support agencies in the location and provision of mental health treatment. This research includes a six-month observational study of the Kitchener Mental Health Court setting and five in-depth interviews with the Crown prosecutor, defense attorney, Canadian Mental Health Association Court Coordinator, Salvation Army representative, and a mother of one of the accused. The findings from this research suggest that mental health courts strongly adhere to the treatment ideology contained in the medical model and therapeutic jurisprudence. The Kitchener Mental Health Court demonstrates this through its empathetic, treatment-oriented approach towards offenders, language, and commitment to locate appropriate health care. This research also reveals the crucial role community support agencies play in directing individuals towards the necessary health care. But most especially, the evidence points to the role community support agencies play as key facilitators in the legal processes of mental health courts.

Anthropogenic disruptions in the form of hydrological alterations, such as dam construction and the associated water diversions are a cause of much upheaval to local and regional ecosystems. Lake 626 within the Experimental Lakes Area of north-west Ontario, along with its downstream wetlands, 626A and 626B are one such system. Construction of a dam at the L626 inflow has completely restricted water flow, reducing and reshaping the watershed, increasing water retention time, and decreasing outflow into the wetlands. This study investigates the state of each wetland through physical and geochemical characterization during the first year following the diversion. Previous studies have found that hydrological diversions in wetlands can lower water table levels, altering soil chemistry and producing a shift in floral and faunal communities. Ultimate consequences involve significant loss of wetland area through conversion to upland habitat. This provides a model for climatic warming scenarios, wherein sustained drought conditions can produce the same result. Boreal wetlands are surprising fragile ecosystems that store massive quantities of carbon and are at risk of releasing it in such situations. One study showed that an extended summer drought in an otherwise average year with above average precipitation produced losses of 90 g C/m2 over the course of the year. Maintenance of reduced-flow in wetlands 626A and 626B is expected to convert the system into a carbon source and reduce overall wetland area. Radiocarbon dating has revealed that following deglaciation, both 626A and 626B basins were open water wetlands, depositing limnic peat for about 3200 and 1300 years respectively. Each site then transitioned into open sedge dominated fen – 626B to the present and 626A until about 2.5 ka BP when Sphagnum began to develop. Wetland 626B is decidedly an open shrub/sedge fen, supporting Myrica gale, Chamaedaphne calyculata and Carex rostrata / lasiocarpa communities. Wetland 626A is a bog/fen complex, sharing similar communities in the fen areas, but housing a large, centrally located bog of shrub species overlying Sphagnum hummocks. Tritium values in 626A were similar to cosmic background levels, indicating that recharge of basal pore water has not occurred in at least 60 years. Tritium in 626B was much higher, suggesting a substantial difference in hydrology or peat hydraulic conductivity between the basins. Measurement of DOC profiles showed high concentrations in near-surface water, reaching over 80 mg/L, and dropping to about 20 mg/L at maximum depths. An opposite trend was seen for DIC and CH4 profiles which increased concentration with depth (25 – 70 mg/L DIC; 75 – 700 μmol/L CH4). Isotopically however, 13C signatures from basal DIC were more positive while signatures from CH4 were typically more negative (-6 ‰ to +4 ‰ DIC; -57 ‰ to -73 ‰ CH4). Breakdown of DOC by LC-OCD showed high concentrations of humic substances and low molecular weight neutrals. The origin of humic substances in surface water became more pedogenic with increasing distance from the L626 outflow, indicating the influence of decaying wetland vegetation on the DOC of adjacent water. A comparison between contemporary and future characterization of boreal peatlands under drought-like conditions will provide a better understanding of the impacts suffered by wetlands during hydrological alterations. The high sensitivity of wetlands to changing hydrology should also provide a measure for gauging the effects of long term climate warming. This will assist in the development of environmental policies to better govern both the establishment of water diversions and the multitude of other practices leading to climate change.

Bakgrund: Varje år brännskadas cirka 23000 personer i Sverige så svårt att de kräver vård. Smärtan som följer behandlingen av skadan är oftast väldigt intensiv och påfrestande för patienten. Syfte: Att undersöka hur olika copingstrategier kan ha en smärtlindrande effekt vid såromläggning av brännskadade patienter. Metod: En litteraturstudie med ett systematiskt arbetssätt. Resultatet bygger på 17 vetenskapliga artiklar och en licentiatavhandling. Resultat: Avledning, avslappning och hanterbarhet visade sig vara de centrala fynden vid de olika copingstrategierna. Beroende på vilken strategi patienten använder sig av varierar tyngdpunkten mellan de olika fynden. Slutsats: Smärtintensitet, aktivering och hanterbarhet var viktiga faktorer som kan påverka copingförmågan och därmed smärtlindringen. För att kunna hjälpa patienter att bemästra sin situation på ett adekvat sätt är det viktigt för sjuksköterskor att bli medvetna om betydelsen av dessa faktorer. / Background: Each year about 23,000 people in Sweden are burned so badly that they require care. The pain resulting from treatment of the burns is usually very intense and stressful for the patient. Aim: To investigate how different coping strategies can have an analgesic effect during dressing changes of patients suffering from burns. Method: A literature review with a systematic approach. The result is based on 17 scientific articles and one licentiate dissertation. Result: Distraction, relaxation and manageability emerged as the central findings at the various coping strategies. Depending on what strategy the patient uses vary the emphasis between the findings. Conclusion: Pain intensity, activation and manageability were key factors that can affect copingabilities and thus pain relief. In order to help patients cope with their situation in an adequate manner, it is important for nurses to become aware of the importance of these factors.

On July 1, 1994, Taiwan¡¦s Executive Yuan ratified and determined the Ministry of Justice would dispatch personnel from drug enforcement related units and the Taiwanese High Prosecutor¡¦s Office would establish a ¡§Drug Enforcement Unit.¡¨ Each District Prosecutor¡¦s Office established an ¡§executive drug enforcement unit¡¨ and attempts were made to resolve problems arising from drug enforcement units being subsumed under different units. However, at present drug enforcement still suffers from the problem of various actors vying for jurisdiction over various matters related to drug enforcement. In addition, no national database for drug enforcement, has, as yet, been established, making it more difficult to solve drug related criminal cases. The drug related units of various government organs lack horizontal lines of communication, thus leading to wasted cooperative resources when dealing with international organs. That is why a study of drug enforcement responsible authorities has been an important and pressing issue. This thesis will discuss cross-national drug enforcement institutions in the United States based on exploring their social, political, economic background, to consider the provisions of international drug trends, and reference to the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration of manpower, budget , training and other mechanisms so on, and provide future scholars and explore the practical possibility of development of anti-drug system. It will be expected to let our drug enforcement work more effective and reduce the spread of drugs in our country by researching U.S. law enforcement cooperation model.

The problem of overcrowding is one of the serious issues that almost every emergency department (ED) in Taiwan has to face on daily basis. ED crowding results in adverse medical outcomes, decline in quality of care, and lack of the ability to provide instant medical care. One of the viable (but not necessarily preferable) solutions to ED overcrowding is ambulance diversion (AD). That is, ambulances would bypass the ED¡¦s unable to provide emergency medical service, and send patients to another emergency department. In many medical systems, ambulance diversion is being seen as a standard operating procedure, whose effectiveness needs to be carefully studied before making a sound policy. In this research, an input-throughput-output simulation model is proposed for simulating ED operation. A computer simulation program is developed based on this model to evaluate various AD initiating criteria, patient-blocking rules, and AD intervals. The crowdedness index, the patient waiting time for service, and the percentage of adverse patients were assessed to determine the impact of various AD policies. By appropriate parameter settings, this simulation model can represent medical resource providers of different scales. The results we obtained may offer insights for making effective AD policies.

Mental health courts have recently emerged with goals to reduce recidivism and improve clinical outcomes for people with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system. The present study is a review of mental health court literature assessing their effectiveness in reducing recidivism and improving clinical outcomes for participants using meta-analytic techniques. A total of 20 studies that included sufficient information to compute the standardized mean difference effect size, focused on adult populations, and were within the United States were included in the analysis. Only experimental and quasi-experimental research designs were obtained. Using Cohen's d (1988) guidelines, mental health courts were found to have a small effect on reducing recidivism (0.32, p<.05) and a nonsignificant effect for improving clinical outcomes for participants. Several moderator analyses were conducted and indicated that the nature of the control group (whether they were a treatment as usual or participants who "opted-out") was found to be significant between groups (Q=22.33, p<.001) as a possible moderating effect.

In 2000 “the European Union and South Africa Free Trade Agreement” was established with the aim to gradually increase the amount of duty-free agricultural and industrial products to each market. The aim of this paper is to investigate if South Africa benefits from the EU-SA Free Trade Agreement and also what impacts this agreement has on South Africa’s trade with Southern Africa and the rest of the world. The result from the study indicates that South Africa benefits from the agreement in terms of improve trade. The result also shows that South Africa’s trade with some Southern African countries has been negative effected by the agreement but it is difficult to state if this is caused by the agreement or not. The rest of the world has not been negatively affected by the agreement.

The lower Churchill River has been an important travel route for people living in its vicinity for a long period of time. Churchillians’ have used it for subsistence harvesting, as their potable water source and as a place of recreation and relaxation. Previous research has documented the importance of the Churchill River to the residents and has explored how the Churchill River Diversion affected the community of Churchill (Boothroyd, 1992; 2000; Four Directions Consulting Group, 1994; 1995). The purpose of this project was to identify how Churchill residents used the lower Churchill River (from 1970 to 2006), recognizing three distinct periods of time. Twenty interviews were conducted with former or current long-term residents of Churchill, as well as two interviews with experts on issues concerning the lower Churchill River. Many interviewees stated that additional negotiations and measures are required before they deem the mitigation compensation package from Manitoba Hydro to be adequate considering the impact of the diversion on the residents of Churchill.