Various recent studies have suggested that regular intake of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have a preventative effect against several types of tumours including breast cancer. The term nanotechnology refers to technology in which one-billionth of a meter is used as a scale for chemical particle size. This work aims to study the effect of both ibuprofen and aspirin on DNA damage using peripheral blood lymphocytes from breast cancer patients and comparing the results with those from healthy females as a control using the Comet and micronucleus assays. Western blot analysis (WBA) was used to investigate the effect of these drugs on XRCC3 and p53 proteins, whereas QPCR was to evaluate this effect on p53, cox1 and cox2 genes. Two hundred fifty ng/ml of ibuprofen (NP and bulk) and 500 ng/ml of aspirin (NP and bulk) were used to treat the lymphocytes. Both aspirin and ibuprofen caused a reduction in DNA damage and micronucleus formation. Aspirin, both forms, showed a reduction in DNA damage in the Comet and micronucleus assays. Ibuprofen both forms, by contrast, showed a statistically significant reduction in micronucleus frequency in the micronucleus assay, while its preventative effect with the Comet assay was weak or insignificant. NPs of both agents were more effective than bulk sizes. Using the Comet repair assay, aspirin and ibuprofen nano form catalysed DNA repair to a greater extent than their bulk forms. Also, both sizes showed better repair with NSAIDs compared to samples repaired without NSAIDs. In WBA aspirin increased the expression of XRCC3 protein in healthy cells. However, both NSAIDs decreased that expression in cells from BC patients. Furthermore, aspirin increased p53 expression in BC patients lymphocytes. With the QPCR method, results of both aspirin forms increased the expression of the p53 gene in BC patient cells statistically significantly. Both drugs reduced cox1 expression in healthy volunteers and cancer patients lymphocytes. Moreover, cox2 reduction was only in lymphocytes from BC patients. The results of this work are consistent with the view that NSAIDs, particularly aspirin and ibuprofen, could have a promising role in cancer treatment including breast cancer.

La presbyacousie est une perte de l'audition liée au vieillissement qui représente la troisième maladie chronique la plus répandue chez les personnes âgées. À ce jour, il est admis que le stress oxydant peut causer des dommages irréversibles à l'ADN et entraîner une sénescence prématurée dans les cellules en cycle. Cependant, il n'existe aucune donnée concernant le rôle des dommages de l'ADN dans la dégénérescence des cellules cochléaires liée à l’âge. En plus le lien entre le stress oxydant, les dommages à l'ADN et le vieillissement des cellules cochléaires demeure obscure.Le premier objet de ce travail était d'élucider le rôle des dommages de l'ADN dans la dégénérescence des cellules cochléaires. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé des approches de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire pour identifier des voies de signalisation associées aux lésions de l'ADN dans des explants cochléaires issus de souris âgées de 3 jours traitées au cisplatine (CDDP), molécule connue pour son effet secondaire ototoxique. De plus, nous avons étudié l'implication de p53, un des effecteurs clés de la signalisation des dommages de l'ADN, in vivo en traitant avec le CDDP des souris dont le gène codant pour ce facteur de transcription a été invalidé. Les possibilités de protéger l’audition contre l’effet nocif du CDDP ont été également étudiées en utilisant des inhibiteurs spécifiques ciblant les étapes clés des voies de signalisation. Enfin, nous avons utilisé des modèles murins porteurs de xénogreffes de cancer du sein humain afin de vérifier si les co-traitements permettaient de préserver l’audition sans compromettre l’efficacité anti-tumorale du CDDP. Nos résultats montrent que le CDDP induit des cassures doubles brins de l'ADN dans les cellules ciliées qui sont à l'origine de l'activation de la voie ATM-Chk2-p53 et, in fine, de la mort de ces cellules par apoptose. Nous avons également montré que l'absence de p53 in vivo prévient la perte de l'audition et la dégénérescence des cellules ciliées externes après injection intrapéritonéale de CDDP. L’application systémique ou locale de PFT-α, un inhibiteur de p53 prévient efficacement la perte auditive sans compromettre l’efficacité anti tumorale du CDDP.Le deuxième objectif de ma thèse a reposé sur l’identification des liens existant entre la surproduction des espèces réactives de l'oxygène (ROS), les dommages de l’ADN et l’apparition précoce des marqueurs de la sénescence cellulaire et de la perte de l’audition liée à l’âge. Pour ce faire, j’ai utilisé des explants cochléaires de souris âgées de 3 jours traitées au peroxyde hydrogène (H2O2). L’apparition des dommages à l’ADN et des cellules en sénescence a été étudiée en utilisant des techniques d’immunomarquage et de Western blot. Les résultats ainsi obtenus in vitro ont été ensuite validés in vivo sur les cochlées provenant de souris SAMP8 et de souris SAMR1. Afin de confirmer le rôle du stress oxydant dans l’apparition précoce de la presbyacousie, nous avons utilisé une lignée de souris invalidées pour le gène P66Shc, qui est un gène d'adaptation au stress connu pour ses rôles dans la surproduction de ROS et dans l’inhibition des enzymes antioxydants. Enfin, nous avons évalué la possibilité de prévenir ou de ralentir la perte de l’audition liée à l’âge en traitant les souris SAMP8 avec un mimétique de SOD/catalase, le EUK207. Nos résultats ont montré que: i) la surproduction de ROS est l'un des principaux facteurs causaux de la dégénérescence des cellules sensorielles de la cochlée liée à l’âge ; ii) L’activation de la voie p53-p21 entraînant l’apparition précoce de la sénescence dans les cellules cochléaires post-mitotiques, peut expliquer le vieillissement prématuré de la cochlée; iii) Le EUK207, un piégeur du superoxyde et du peroxyde d'hydrogène peut atténuer la ARHL chez les souris SAMP8. L’ensemble de ces résultats mettent en évidence des stratégies novatrices et efficaces pour la protection de l'audition. / Presbycusis or age-related hearing loss is the third most common chronic disease. It represents a major health issue in our modern society. This is due to its evolving feature and the invalidating character of this disease. To date, it is generally accepted that oxidative stress can cause irreversible DNA damage and lead to premature senescence in cycling cells. However, there is no data on the role of DNA damage in age-related cochlear cell degeneration. Moreover, the link between oxidative stress, DNA damage and cochlear cell aging remains unclear.The main objective of this work was therefore to elucidate the role of DNA damage in the degeneration of cochlear cells. To do this, we used molecular and cellular biology approaches to identify signaling pathways associated with DNA damage in cochlear explants from 3-days old mice treated with cisplatin (CDDP). This antineoplastic drug is cytotoxic by causing DNA damage and is known for its harmful effects on hearing. In addition, we investigated the involvement of p53, one of the key effectors of DNA damage signaling, in vivo by treating p53ko mice with cisplatin. Using specific inhibitors targeting key steps of signaling pathways, hearing protection from the harmful effect of CDDP have also been studied. Finally, we used mouse models carrying xenografts of human breast cancer to check whether the co-treatments we had implemented made it possible to preserve the hearing without compromising the anti-tumor efficacy of the CDDP. Our results show that CDDP induces DNA double-strand breaks in the hair cells that are responsible for the activation of the ATM-Chk2-p53 pathway and, ultimately, for the death of these cells by apoptosis. . We have also shown that the absence of p53 in vivo prevents hearing loss and external hair cells degeneration upon intraperitoneal injection of CDDP. The systemic or local treatment using the p53 inhibitor PFT-α effectively prevents hearing loss without compromising the anti-tumor efficacy of CDDP.The second objective of my thesis was to identify the links between the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA damage, markers of cell senescence and age-related hearing loss. To do this, I used cochlear explants of 3-days old mice treated with increasing concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The appearance of DNA damage and senescent cells was investigated using immunolabeling and Western blotting technics. The results obtained in vitro were then validated in vivo on cochleae from SAMP8 (Senescence Accelerated Mouse Prone 8) and SAMR1 (Senescence Accelerated Mouse Resistant 1) mice. In order to confirm the role of oxidative stress in the early onset of presbycusis, we used a mouse line invalidated for the P66Shc gene, which is a stress adaptation gene known for its roles in ROS overproduction and in the inhibition of antioxidant enzymes. Finally, we assessed the possibility of preventing or slowing-down age-related hearing loss by treating SAMP8 mice with a SOD/catalase mimetic; EUK207. Our results showed that: i) overproduction of ROS is one of the major causal factors of age-related cochlear sensorial cells degeneration; ii) Activation of the p53-p21 pathway resulting in the early onset of senescence in postmitotic cochlear cells may explain premature aging of the cochlea; iii) EUK207 which is a superoxide and hydrogen peroxide scavenger, can attenuate ARHL in SAMP8 mice.All together our results highlight innovative and effective strategies for hearing protection.

A serotonina (5-HT) é um neuro-hormônio com complexos efeitos em humanos e animais. Embora se acredite que a sinalização serotoninérgica promova o desenvolvimento de tumores de cólon, também tem sido observado que a redução dos níveis de 5-HT aumenta o risco de malignidades neste órgão. Assim, é necessário investigar como a síntese de 5-HT modula a carcinogênese de cólon. Esta hipótese será explorada em experimentos mecanísticos envolvendo a exposição ou não de camundongos a um agente carcinogênico (azoximetano). Estes experimentos revelaram que a exposição carcinogênica aumentou a síntese de 5-HT no cólon, uma vez que os processos de liberação e degradação de 5-HT foram reduzidos, enquanto que a sua síntese e recaptação aumentaram. Após 24 semanas da 1° exposição carcinogênica, a deleção da síntese de 5-HT promoveu a multiplicidade tumoral no cólon, enquanto que ao longo de 12 semanas ocorreu um aumento de lesões preneoplásicas e proliferação celular. É interessante que 72 hrs após a sexta e última exposição carcinogênica o número de criptas aberrantes foram detectadas reduzidas na ausência de 5-HT, o que ocorreu em conjunto com uma redução da atividade proliferativa, aumento de células apoptóticas, e maior dano de DNA. Finalmente, a 5-HT modulou mecanismos de reparo genômico. Concluímos que a síntese serotoninérgica parece ser um fator de proteção do cólon intestinal, que caso inibida facilitaria o desenvolvimento tumoral neste tecido. / Serotonin (5-HT) is a neurohormone with complex effects in humans and animals. Although serotonergic signaling has been suggested to promote the development of colon tumors, the reduction in 5-HT levels was reported to increase the risk of colon cancer. Here, we sought to investigate how 5-HT synthesis modulates colon carcinogenesis. This hypothesis was explored in mechanistic experiments that carcinogenically exposed or not mice to azoxymethane. It revealed that carcinogenic exposure increased the synthesis of 5-HT in the colon since 5-HT release and decay were inhibited, while its synthesis and reuptake are promoted. After 24 weeks from the first carcinogenic exposure, the deletion of 5-HT synthesis increased tumor multiplicity, while following 12 weeks it promoted the development of preneoplastic lesions, and cell proliferation in the colon. Interestingly, 72 hrs after the sixth and last carcinogenic exposures the number of aberrant crypts were detected reduced in the absence of 5-HT, which occurred together with a reduced proliferation, but increased apoptosis and DNA damage. Finally, 5-HT modulated genomic repair mechanisms. We conclude that serotonergic synthesis seems to be a protective factor of the intestinal colon, which inhibited case facilitates tumor development in this tissue.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Acridinas sÃo molÃculas policÃclicas aromÃticas planares que possuem a capacidade de intercalar no DNA nuclear. Muitos dos seus representantes apresentam propriedades antibacterianas, antiparasitÃrias e antitumorais. O presente estudo avaliou o potencial citotÃxico de 22 novos compostos acridÃnicos em linhagens de cÃlulas tumorais humanas. Dentre esses, quatro compostos [5-(acridin-9-il-metileno)-3-(4-metil-benzil)-tiazolidina-2,4-diona, AC4; 5-(acridin-9-il-metileno)-3-(4-bromo-benzil)-tiazolidina-2,4-diona, AC7; 5-(acridin-9-il-metileno)-3-(4-cloro-benzil)-tiazolidina-2,4-diona, AC10; e 5-(acridin-9-il-metileno)-3-(4-flÃor-benzil)-tiazolidina-2,4-diona, AC23] foram ativos, especialmente em HCT-8 (cÃlon) e SF-296 (glioblastoma), com valores de CI50 variando de 2,3 a 5,3 Âg/mL. Os compostos apresentaram seletividade para cÃlulas tumorais, desde que nÃo inibiram (IC50 > 25 Âg/mL) a proliferaÃÃo de cÃlulas monocucleares de sangue perifÃrico humano (CMSPH), bem como, nÃo foram capazes de induzir dano ao DNA dessas cÃlulas. Nenhum dos compostos mostrou atividade hemolÃtica contra eritrÃcitos de camundongos (EC50 > 200 Âg/mL), o que sugere uma citotoxicidade por mecanismos mais especÃficos. A fim de determinar o mecanismo envolvido na citotoxicidade seletiva dos compostos, foi realizada uma seqÃÃncia de experimentos in vitro, usando a linhagem HCT-8 como modelo. As cÃlulas foram tratadas em diferentes concentraÃÃes dos compostos (2,5; 5 e 10 Âg/mL) por 12 e 24 horas. Todos os compostos foram capazes de reduzir a viabilidade (teste do azul de tripan) e a proliferaÃÃo (ensaio do BrdU) de cÃlulas HCT-8 apÃs o tratamento. A induÃÃo de apoptose pelos derivados acridÃnicos foi determinada por citometria de fluxo (integridade da membrana, fragmentaÃÃo do DNA internucleosomal e potencial transmembrÃnico) e por anÃlise morfolÃgica das alteraÃÃes celulares (brometo de etÃdeo/laranja de acridina e hematoxilina/eosina). A anÃlise por citometria de fluxo revelou que os compostos avaliados promoveram despolarizaÃÃo mitocondrial, o qual evidencia a ativaÃÃo da apoptose pela via intrÃnseca nas cÃlulas HCT-8. Na anÃlise do screening em 3 diferentes linhagens mutantes de Saccharomyces cerevisiae, foi observado que a linhagem Top1Δ (sem topoisomerase I) mostrou moderada resistÃncia aos compostos acridÃnicos testados na concentraÃÃo de 50 Âg/mL. AlÃm disso, as acridinas inibiram parcialmente o relaxamento do DNA por topoisomerase I, sugerindo que os compostos AC4, AC7, AC10, AC23 tem o potencial antiproliferativo, em parte, relacionado a inibiÃÃo da atividade catalÃtica desta enzima. Esses dados apontam o potencial anticÃncer dos compostos testados. / Acridines are planar aromatic polycyclic molecules that have the ability to progress in nuclear DNA. Many of its representatives have antibacterial, antiparasitic and antitumor. This study evaluated the cytotoxic potential of 22 new acridine compounds in strains of human tumor cells. Among these, four compounds [5-(acridin-9-yl-methilene)-3-(4-methyl-benzyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, AC4; 5-(acridin-9-yl-methilene)-3-(4-bromine-benzyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, AC7; 5-(acridin-9-yl-methilene)-3-(4-chloro-benzyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, AC10; and 5-(acridin-9-yl-methilene)-3-(4-fluor-benzyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione, AC23] were active, especially in HCT-8 (colon) and SF-296 (glioblastoma), with IC50 values ranging from 2.3 to 5.3 mg / mL. The compounds were selective for tumor cells, provided they do not inhibit (IC50 > 25 Âg/mL) cell proliferation monocucleares human peripheral blood (CMSPH) and were not able to induce DNA damage to these cells. None of the compounds showed hemolytic activity against erythrocytes of mice (EC50 > 200 Âg/mL), suggesting a cytotoxicity by more specific mechanisms. In order to determine the mechanism involved in the selective cytotoxicity of compounds was carried out a sequence of in vitro experiments, using the line HCT-8 as a model. The cells were treated in different concentrations of compounds (2.5, 5 and 10 Âg/mL) for 12 and 24 hours. All compounds were able to reduce the viability test (trypan blue) and proliferation (BrdU assay) of HCT-8 cells after treatment. Induction of apoptosis by acridine derivatives was determined by flow cytometry (membrane integrity, DNA fragmentation and internucleosomal transmembrane potential) and morphological analysis of cellular changes (ethidium bromide/acridine orange, and hematoxylin-eosin). The analysis by flow cytometry showed that the compounds evaluated promoted mitochondrial depolarization, which shows the activation of apoptosis by intrinsic pathway in HCT-8 cells. In the analysis of screening in 3 different mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it was observed that the line Top1Δ (without topoisomerase I) showed resistance to acridine compounds tested at a concentration of 50 Âg/mL. In addition, the acridines partially inhibited the relaxation of DNA by topoisomerase I, suggesting that the compounds AC4, AC7, AC10, AC23 has the potential antiproliferative partly related to inhibition of catalytic activity of this enzyme. These data indicate the potential anticancer compounds tested.

The tumour suppressor p53 is often disrupted by missense mutations that can result in p53 protein accumulation and acquisition of novel oncogenic activities. Various studies have demonstrated that DNA-damaging drugs currently used in the clinic aimed at activating wild type p53, can also stabilise and activate mutant p53 oncogenic functions and thereby paradoxically enhance tumour progression, resulting in poor response to the treatment. In this study we aimed to investigate whether, like in wt p53, post-translational modifications (PTMs) drive such drug-induced mutant p53 accumulation and activation. For this purpose, we generated plasmids expressing non-phosphorylatable and phospho-mimic versions of R175H mutant p53 and tested them in different cell line models. We demonstrated that in response to DNA damage mutant p53 is accumulated and phosphorylated and these phenomena appeared to be mediated by ATM and ATR kinases. DNA-damage induced acetylation was also observed and occurred in a S15 phosphorylation-dependent manner. This suggested a role of the HAT p300, which is recruited by phosphorylated S15. Of note, other works have shown that p300 is required to trigger some oncogenic functions of mutant p53. We then aimed at developing systems to explore mutant p53 functions and their dependence on PTMs. Although we showed that cell growth is compromised upon endogenous mutant p53 depletion, exogenous expression of mutant p53 or its phosphorylation-site forms did not result in a successful rescue in our experimental conditions, thus we were unable to use this strategy to test the effect of PTMs. Ectopic expression of R175H mutant p53 or its phosphorylayion-site versions did not interfere with the growth rate and response to chemotherapy of the p53-null cell line H1299. We also found that mutant p53 phosphorylation does not affect subcellular localisation of mutant p53 and mutant p53-mediated inhibition of p63. Interestingly, ectopically expressed mutant p53 enhanced cell migration in H1299 cells. Notably, our results suggested an apparent threshold effect of mutant p53 levels required to induce migration. Due to the difficulty of obtaining cell lines expressing similar levels of the different phosphorylation-site mutants, the determination of the role of phosphorylation in mutant p53-induced migration was not conclusive. Remarkably, we found that, while S15 and S20 phosphorylation decreased MDM2-dependent degradation, only phosphorylated S20 interfered with CHIP-induced turnover in H1299 cells. Overall our data suggest that, despite exhibiting opposite biological effects, mutant and wt p53 can share upstream regulatory mechanisms and thus present phosphorylation as a promising target to prevent mutant p53 stabilisation and activation and improve response to therapy. Our results also highlight the challenge of developing a good system for determining the effects of the mutant p53 protein and its regulation by PTMs.

Como é de suma importância a integridade da informação contida no DNA, este recebe proteção contra agentes danosos que podem prejudicar sua estrutura. Mesmo em caso de dano, a célula possui um grupo de proteínas que estão envolvidas na correção e mitigação destes danos. O primeiro grupo é um conjunto de proteínas envolvidas no reparo de DNA livre de erro. Caso estas proteínas não consigam minimizar os danos, outro conjunto de proteínas é expresso como uma alternativa ao reparo. Dentre estas, estão as DNA polimerases especializadas em usar uma fita de DNA danificada como molde para replicação. Este mecanismo possibilita à célula sobreviver aos danos potencialmente citotóxicos, às custas de mutagênese. Em bactérias, a reposta ao dano de DNA envolve um conjunto de proteínas que são expressas como parte da resposta SOS. Dentre elas estão enzimas envolvidas na síntese translesão (TLS). Diferentemente de Escherichia coli que possui três polimerases propensas a erro especializadas em TLS, Caulobacter crescentus possui um cassete mutagênico imuABC que está implicado na síntese de DNA usando como molde uma fita danificada. Neste trabalho, estudamos o mecanismo de TLS mediado por ImuABC nesta bactéria, e encontramos uma série de diferenças com o mecanismo de bypass realizado pela principal polimerase implicada em TLS em E. coli (Pol V). As proteínas ImuABC quando expressas em níveis máximos da resposta SOS não são capazes de aumentar as taxas de mutagênese espontânea. O produto do operon imuABC, diferentemente da Pol V, não necessita de RecA para realizar TLS. Apenas a expressão destas proteínas em um background sem o gene recA já é suficiente para que ocorra a mutagênese induzida por UVC. Ao estudar a mutagênese como resposta ao dano de DNA induzido por radiação UVC em níveis genômicos em C. crescentus, notamos que a maioria das mutações encontradas está presente em regiões que possuem pirimidinas adjacentes que sabidamente são extremamente reativas à radiação UVC, levando à formação de fotoprodutos. Nossos dados sugerem que existe uma região no cromossomo circular de C. crescentus que é preferencialmente mutada, e este acúmulo de mutações pode ser consequência do reparo que acontece próximo à origem replicativa, deixando as mutações acumuladas próximas à região de término da replicação. / As the integrity of information contained in DNA is of utmost importance, it receives protection against harmful agents that may harm its structure. Even in case of damage, the cell has a group of proteins that are involved in the correction and mitigation of these damages. The first group is a set of proteins involved in error-free DNA repair. If these proteins fail to minimize damage, another set of proteins is expressed as an alternative to repair. Among these are DNA polymerases that specialize in using a damaged DNA strand as a template for replication. This mechanism enables the cell to survive potentially cytotoxic damage at the expense of mutagenesis. In bacteria, the DNA damage response involves a set of proteins that are expressed as part of the SOS response. Among them are enzymes involved in translesion synthesis (TLS). Unlike Escherichia coli that has three TLS error-prone polymerases, Caulobacter crescentus bears the imuABC mutagenic cassette that is involved in DNA synthesis using a damaged template. In this work, we studied the mechanism of TLS mediated by ImuABC in this bacterium, and we found a number of differences relative to the characteristics of the principal polymerase involved in TLS in E. coli (Pol V). ImuABC proteins when expressed at maximum levels of the SOS response are not able to increase the rates of spontaneous mutagenesis. ImuABC, unlike Pol V, does not require RecA to perform TLS. The presence of these proteins in a background without the recA gene is sufficient for UVC-induced mutagenesis to occur. In studying mutagenesis as a response to DNA damage induced by UVC radiation at genomic levels in C. crescentus, we noted that most of the mutations found are present in regions that have adjacent pyrimidines, which are known to be extremely reactive to UVC radiation, leading to the formation of photoproducts. Our data suggest that there is a region on the circular chromosome of C. crescentus that is preferably mutated, and this accumulation of mutations may be a consequence of the repair occurring near the replicative origin, leaving the accumulated mutations close to the replication termination region.

Dietary flavonoids are ubiquitous and are marketed as supplements. Characterized as antioxidants, they offer protection against a number of degenerative diseases. Flavonoid mechanics involve free radical scavenging, metal chelation, and substrate association. The skeletal structure of flavonoids is a fused ring system modified by hydroxyl, sugar, and carbohydrate additions. Flavone is a structurally simple flavonoid. Quercetin and its glycosidic analog rutin are complex structures. Using a DNA oxidation/cleavage assay, flavone reduces DNA nicking by 91%. Depending on the solvent system used, quercetin can either increase or decrease DNA oxidation. Rutin exhibits neither pro- nor antioxidant activity. The molecular interactions responsible for these results are defined for flavone. 1) Flavone intercalates into DNA and saturates DNA at a 1/3.5 flavone:DNA molar ratio. 3) Flavone reduces iron-dependent DNA oxidation. 4) Flavone interacts with quercetin to enhance DNA protection. These results characterize the primary activities of a simple flavonoid.

Adriamycin is a first line cancer treatment drug for breast cancer and many soft tissue carcinomas. Adriamycin is a highly effective anti-cancer drug. It has a fused ring system that is planar, hydrophobic and electron rich. These features allow intercalation into DNA which, along with its topoisomerase inhibition, results in its anti-cancer effectiveness. Despite its success, its use is limited by a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Adriamycin forms tight complexes with iron in varying iron:drug ratios. The chelated complex [Fe+3-Adriamycin (1:2)] oxidatively cleaves DNA via the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Enzymes associated specifically with heart mitochondria increase ROS formation explaining why adriamycin is selectively cardiotoxic. Pretreatment of mice with the neural hormone melatonin eliminates the cardiotoxic effectiveness of adriamycin therapy without reducing the drugÆs antitumor effect (Wahab et al. 2000, Tumori 86: 157-162). This has recently been verified in human cancer patients (Lissoni et al. 1999, European Journal of Cancer 35: (12) 1688-1692). Melatonin is soluble in both lipid and aqueous environments and has no known side-effects. This study analyzes the mechanistic features of DNA damage by Fe+3-Adriamycin and how melatonin ameliorates this damage. An Fe+3-Adriamycin (1:2) complex + glutathione cleaves DNA; this oxidative DNA cleavage does not occur with adriamycin +/- glutathione or with FeADR in the absence of glutathione. Melatonin reduces this oxidative DNA cleavage by 67%. Using a supercoiled-to-nicked-circular-conversion assay in conjunction with spectroscopic analyses give results revealing : 1) Fe+3-Adriamycin (1:2) complex + glutathione forms a reactive intermediate. 2) Melatonin protects the DNA from cleavage by this reactive intermediate. 3) Enzymatic assays show that H2O2 is the primary ROS formed with downstream production of the hydroxy radical via the Fenton reaction. 4) Fe+3-Adriamycin (1:2) intercalates into DNA to the same degree as uncomplexed adriamycin. 5) Melatonin also binds to DNA but not by intercalation. These experiments indicate that the cardioprotective effect of melatonin in adriamycin therapy may stem from melatoninÆs interaction with a reactive intermediate from Fe+3-Adriamycin(1:2) complex + glutathione and/or a direct interaction of melatonin with DNA.

The carbonate radical anion (CO3•-, CR) is an important reactive oxygen species produced in vivo by one-electron oxidation of CO2 or bicarbonate, constituents of the major physiological buffer. It was demonstrated for the first time by using an HPLC-based analysis of low-molecular products of DNA damage that CRs react with DNA 2΄-deoxyribose by the hydrogen abstraction mechanism. CRs exhibit a ~ 800-fold preference for one-electron oxidation of guanine over hydrogen abstraction from DNA sugar, in sharp contrast with •OH. CRs also have, as compared to •OH, an increased preference for the H1΄ abstraction, which is the most thermodynamically favorable due to the highest stability of the respective deoxyribosyl radical but kinetically the slowest due to low solvent accessibility, by the expense of the decreased preference for the H5΄ abstraction. All these findings are in agreement with the characteristics of CR as a potent oxidant and selective hydrogen abstractor.

8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8oxoG) is one of the most important base lesions formed during oxidative damage of DNA. The aim of the present research was to investigate the effects of DNA concentration, G content, and the nature of oxidizing species on the kinetics of 8oxoG in model DNA solutions by using HPLC. The experimentally obtained yields of 8oxoG were typically in the range of 2-2.5% of total concentration of guanine. The ratios of the rate constant of hole diffusion in DNA to the rate constant of conversion of the hole into 8oxoG (kd/kr) were calculated from the experimental data using the diffusion model of charge transfer in DNA to be in the range of 200-300, in agreement with previously reported kd/kr ratios in the duplex DNA oligonucleotides (GGA)n or (GGTT)n. Our current diffusion model cannot satisfactorily explain the absence of the G content dependence of the 8oxoG yields, which indicates that a more advanced model is required.