Dans cette thèse, nous considérons la dernière génération du radar. Il s’agit d’un radar MIMO bistatique qui est composé de plusieurs antennes d’émission et de réception. Pour ce système, les antennes émettrices transmettent des signaux linéairement indépendants afin qu’ils puissent être identifiés à l’aide d’un banc de filtres adaptés au niveau des antennes de réception. Les signaux filtrés sont alors traités pour extraire les paramètres des cibles, tels que les DOA, DOD, vitesse, etc. Un radar MIMO bistatique offre une grande diversité spatiale et une excellente identifiabilité des paramètres, etc., ce qui nous a incités à l’utiliser dans ce travail. La situation en champ lointain d’un radar MIMO bistatique est largement traitée dans la littérature. Mais, peu de travaux existe sur la situation en champ proche, c’est ce qui a motivé le travail de cette thèse. La localisation de cibles en champ proche est importante en raison de nombreuses applications à l’intérieur des constructions. A ce sujet, la plupart des méthodes actuelles utilisent l’approximation de Fresnel dans laquelle le front d’onde sphérique des signaux reçus est supposé quadrique plutôt que planaire comme en champ lointain. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons proposé une nouvelle méthode de localisation des cibles en champ proche qui utilise l’approximation de Fresnel. Celle-ci conduit à une estimation biaisée des paramètres de localisation car en réalité le front d’onde est sphérique. Nous avons proposé alors deux méthodes de correction pour réduire les effets de l’approximation de Fresnel et deux autres méthodes qui utilisent directement le modèle exacte basé sur le front d’onde sphérique. / Sources localization is used in radar, sonar, and telecommunication. Radar has numerous civilian and military applications. Radar system has gone through many developments over the last few decades and reached the latest version known as MIMO radar. A MIMO radar is composed of multiple transmitting and receiving antennas like a conventional phased array radar. However, its transmitting antennas transmit linearly independent signals so that they can be easily identified by the matched filters bank at its receiving end. The matched filtered signals are then processed to extract the ranges, DOAs, DODs, velocities, etc. of the targets. A bistatic MIMO radar system provides high resolution, spatial diversity, parameter identifiability, etc. which inspired us to use it in this work. There are many existing methods to deal with the far field region of MIMO radar system. However, little work can be found on the near field region of a bistatic MIMO radar which motivated the work in this thesis. Near field targets localization is also important because of many indoor applications. Most of the existing near field sources localization techniques use Fresnel approximation in which the real spherical wavefront is assumed quadric unlike planar in far field situation. In this work we have proposed a novel near field targets localization method using Fresnel approximation. The Fresnel approximation leads to a biased estimation of the location parameters because the true wavefront is spherical. Consequently, we have proposed two correction methods to reduce the effects of Fresnel approximation and other two methods which directly use the exact signal model based on spherical wavefront.

No description available.

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has adopted regulations requiring wireless communication service providers to provide position location (PL) information for a user requesting E-911 service. The Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) technique is one of the most promising position location techniques for cellular-type wireless communication systems. The IS-95 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system is a popular choice for the companies deploying new cellular and PCS systems in North America. Hence, the feasibility of TDOA techniques in CDMA systems is an important issue for position location in the wireless systems of the future. This thesis analyzes the performance of TDOA techniques in the CDMA systems. A comparison and assessment of different algorithms for finding the time difference estimates and for solving the hyperbolic equations generated by those estimates has been made. This research also considers a measure of accuracy for TDOA position location method which is shown to be more suitable for CDMA systems and more closely matches to the FCC requirements. Among the other contributions is a proposed method to perform cross-correlations to identify only the desired user's TDOA in a multiuser environment. This thesis also evaluates the feasibility and accuracy of TDOA techniques under varying system conditions that might be encountered in real situations. This includes varying conditions of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Multiple Access Interference (MAI), power control and loading. The effect of the mobile position and of different arrangement of base stations on TDOA accuracy is also studied. Performance comparison in AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels is made. The feasibility of using increased power levels for the 911 user in combination with interference cancellation is also studied. The effect of using a single stage of parallel interference cancellation at neighboring cell sites has also been explored. Non-ideal situations such as imperfect power control in CDMA operation has also been investigated in the context of position location. This thesis also suggests amethod to correct TDOA estimation errors in CDMA. It is shown that this improvement can give greatly improved performance even under worst-case situations. Performance comparison of results with and without that modification has also been made under various conditions. / Master of Science

Given a certain transmission frequency, Shannon spatial sampling limit de¯nes an upper bound for the antenna element spacing. Beyond this bound, the exceeded ambiguity avoids correct estimation of the signal parameters (i.e., array manifold crossing). This spacing limit is inversely proportional to the frequency of transmis- sion. Therefore, to meet a wider spectral support, the element spacing should be decreased. However, practical implementations of closely spaced elements result in a detrimental increase in electromagnetic mutual couplings among the sensors. Further- more, decreasing the spacing reduces the array angle resolution. In this dissertation, the problem of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation of broadband sources is ad- dressed when the element spacing of a Uniform Array Antenna (ULA) is inordinate. It is illustrated that one can resolve the aliasing ambiguity by utilizing the frequency diversity of the broadband sources. An algorithm, based on Maximum Likelihood Estimator (MLE), is proposed to estimate the transmitted data signal and the DOA of each source. In the sequel, a subspace-based algorithm is developed and the prob- lem of order estimation is discussed. The adopted signaling framework assumes a subband hopping transmission in order to resolve the problem of source associations and system identi¯cation. The proposed algorithms relax the stringent maximum element-spacing constraint of the arrays pertinent to the upper-bound of frequency transmission and suggest that, under some mild constraints, the element spacing can be conveniently increased. An approximate expression for the estimation error has also been developed to gauge the behavior of the proposed algorithms. Through con- ¯rmatory simulation, it is shown that the performance gain of the proposed setup is potentially signi¯cant, speci¯cally when the transmitters are closely spaced and under low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), which makes it applicable to license-free communication.

ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA / In this paper, we propose a novel technique using a single antenna for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of broadband microwave signals. We designed and fabricated a microstrip-leaky-wave receiving antenna, which has good matching and reasonable radiation efficiency in the frequency range of interest: 2 - 3.5 GHz. Because the frequency response of the antenna is strongly incident-angle dependent, by using the spectral information at the antenna, we are able to estimate the DOA of a broadband microwave signal with a high degree of accuracy. Simulations and experiments show that the proposed technique enables good DOA estimation performance within a 90˚ range.

No description available.

Array signal processing is an important branch in the field of signal processing. In recent years, it has developed dramatically. It can be applied in such fields as radio detection and ranging, communication, sonar, earthquake, exploration, astronomy and biomedicine. The field of direction of array signal processing can be classified into self-adaption array signal processing and spatial spectrum, in which spatial spectrum estimation theory and technology is still in the ascendant status, and become a main aspect in the course of array signal processing. Spatial spectrum estimation is focused on investigating the system of spatial multiple sensor arrays, with the main purpose of estimating the signal’s spatial parameters and the location of the signal source. The spatial spectrum expresses signal distribution in the space from all directions to the receiver. Hence, if one can get the signal’s spatial spectrum, then the direction of arrival (DOA) can be obtained. As thus, spatial spectrum estimation is also called DOA estimation. DOA technology research is important in array signal processing, which is an interdisciplinary technology that develops rapidly in recent years, especially the direction of arrival with multiple signal sources, the estimation of coherent signal sources, and the DOA estimation of broadband signals. DOA estimation has a wide application prospect in radar, sonar, communication, seismology measurement and biomedicine. Over the past few years, all kinds of algorithms which can be used in DOA estimation have made great achievements, the most classic algorithm among which is Multiple Signal Classification (MUSIC). In this thesis I will give an overview of the DOA estimation based on MUSIC algorithm.

No description available.

The concept of replacing threads with flexible wires and sensors in a fabric to provide an underlying platform for integrating electronic components is known as e-textiles. This concept can be used to design applications involving different types of electronic components including sensors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, color-changing fibers, and power sources. The adaptability of the textiles to the needs of the individual and the functionality of electronics can be integrated to provide unobtrusive, robust, and inexpensive clothing with novel features. This thesis focuses on the design of e-textiles for acoustic signal processing applications. This research examines challenges encountered when developing e-textile applications involving distributed arrays of microphones. A framework for designing such applications is presented. The design process and the performance analysis of two e-textiles, a large-scale beamforming fabric and a speech-processing vest, are presented. / Master of Science

Radar is a tool that has had a tremendous impact since its discovery. This thesis evaluates an algorithm called ESPRIT. ESPRIT is used in radar to estimate the angles to detected objects. The angle of an object is referred to as its DOA (Direction of arrival). ESPRIT separates from similar algorithms by having lower computational complexity, storage needs, and robustness. The thesis compares ESPRIT with another DOA-estimation algorithm used by a company called Raytelligence. The other algorithm can not be named due to confidentiality. The comparison is based on gathered data from an FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave) radar. The comparison aims to validate ESPRIT functionality and its competitiveness versus the other algorithm. The comparison is based on two criteria: Accuracy and complexity. The thesis also presents potential optimizations which can improve ESPRIT’s ability to estimate DOA. These are an increase in the number of antennas used in the DOA estimation, and using the preprocessing scheme Spatial smoothing. The result for DOA estimation shows that ESPRITs' strength lies in detecting several objects at the same distance. The difference between ESPRIT and the other DOA estimation algorithm was insignificant when estimating one object. No conclusion could be drawn about the estimation accuracy for one object detection. The result also showed that ESPRIT's performance increases with the number of antennas and which preprocessing scheme is used. The result for complexity showed that ESPRIT has higher complexity than the other DOA estimation algorithm. For ESPRIT to use its strength, which is to detect several objects at the same distance, the implementation of complex pre-processing schemes is required. This will further increase the difference in complexity between the two compared algorithms. / Radar är ett verktyg som har haft en enorm påverkan sen dess upptäckt. Denna avhandling utvärderar en algoritm som heter ESPRIT. ESPRIT används i radar för att estimera vinklarna till detekterade objekt. Vinkeln för ett objekt benämns som dess DOA (Direction of arrival). ESPRIT skiljer sig från liknande algoritmer genom dess lägre beräkningskomplexitet, lagringsbehov samt robusthet. Avhandlingen jämför ESPRIT med en annan DOA estimerings algoritm som används av företaget Raytelligence idag. På grund av sekretess kan denna algoritm inte namnges. Jämförelsen bygger på praktiskt insamlad data från en FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continious Wave) radar. Jämförelsen siktar på att validera att ESPRIT fungerar, samt dess konkurrersförmåga mot den andra algoritmen. Jämförelsen utgick från två kriterier: Noggranhet och komplexitet. Avhandlingen presenterar även möjliga optimiseringar som kan förbättra ESPRITs förmåga att estimera DOA. Dessa är ökning av antalet antenner som används i DOA estimeringen, samt att använda förbehandlingsschemat Spatial smoothing. Resultatet för DOA estimering visar att ESPRITs' styrka ligger i att kunna detektera flera objekt på samma avstånd. Skillnaden mellan ESPRIT och den andra DOA estimerings algoritmen, vid estimering av ett objekt var inte tillräckligt signifikant för att dra några slutsatser. Resultatet visade också att ESPRITs' prestationsförmåga ökar med antalet antenner, samt vilket förbehandlingsschema som används. Resultatet för komplexitet visade att ESPRIT har högre komplexitet än den andra DOA estimerings algoritmen. För att ESPRIT ska kunna nyttja sin styrka, att kunna detektera flera objekt på samma distans, krävs implementation av komplexa förbehandlingsscheman. Detta ökar skillnaden på komplexitet mellan de två jämförda algoritmerna ytterliggare.