A real time acoustic direction-finding module has been developed to estimate the ele- vation and azimuth of an impulsive event while function aboard a small unmanned air- craft vehicle. The generalized cross-correlation with phase transform method was used to estimate time differences of arrival in an 8 channel microphone array. A linear least squares approach was used to calculate an estimate for the direction of arrival. In order to accomplish this task, a vertical takeoff and landing small unmanned aircraft system was assembled to host the direction finding module. The module itself is made up of an eight-channel synchronous analog-to-digital converter connected to eight lightweight micro electro-mechanical microphones with pre-amplifiers. The data is processed on an embedded system with a field programmable gate array chip and a central processing unit. Noise canceling techniques were employed to address the noise propagating from the propellers under operation. The results from this research show that it is possible to perform direction-finding estimation while aboard an operating small unmanned aircraft vehicle with initial tests showing maximum errors of ± 7°.

This master’s thesis covers the design and implementation of a monopulse directionof arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm on an FPGA. The goal is to implement a complete system that is capable of estimating the bearing of an incident signal. In order to determine the estimate quality both a theoretical and practical noise analysis of the signal chain is performed. Special focus is placed on the statistical properties of the transformation from I/Q-demodulated signals with correlated noise to a polar representation. The pros and cons for three different methods of calculating received signal phasors are also covered.The system is limited to two receiving channels which constrains this report to a 2D analysis. In addition the used hardware is limited to C-band signals. We show that an FPGA implementation of monopulse techniques is definitely viable and that an SNR higher than ten dB allows for a gaussian approximation of the polar representationof an I/Q signal.

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology and its use in imaging and sensing have drawnsignicant interest in the last two decades. Extensive studies have contributed toutilize UWB transient scattering for automated target recognition and imagingpurposes. In this thesis a near-eld UWB synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagingalgorithm is presented.It is shown with measurements and simulation, that it is possible to reconstruct an imageof an object in the near eld region using UWB technology and SAR imaging algorithm.However the nal SAR image is highly aected by unwanted scattered elds at each pixelusually observed as an image artifact in the nal image. In this study these artifactsare seen as a smile around the main object. Two methods are suggested in this thesiswork to suppress this artifact. The rst method combines the scattered eld informationreceived from both rear and front of the object to reconstruct two separate images, onefrom rear view and one from front view of the object respectively. Since the scatteredelds from behind the object are mirrored, the pixel by pixel multiplication of thesetwo images for objects with simple geometry will cancel the artifact. This method isvery simple and fast applicable to objects with simple geometry. However this methodcannot be used for objects with rather complex geometry and boundaries. Thereforethe Range Point Migration (RPM) method is used along with the global characteristicsof the observed range map to introduce a new artifact rejection method based on thedirectional of arrival (DOA) of scattered elds at each pixel. DOA information can beused to calculate an optimum theta for each antenna. This optimum angle along withthe real physical direction of arrival at each position can produce a weighting factor thatlater can be used to suppress the eect of undesired scattered elds producing the smileshaped artifact. Final results of this study clearly show that the UWB SAR accompaniedwith DOA can produce an image of an object free of undesired artifact from scatteredeld of adjacent antennas.

ITC/USA 2013 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Ninth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 21-24, 2013 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / In this paper, a new technique utilizing a scatterer of high dielectric constant in between electrically small antennas to achieve good Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation performance is demonstrated. The phase information of the received signal at the antennas is utilized for direction estimation. The impact of the property of the scatterer on the directional sensitivity and the output signal to noise ratio (SNR) level are studied. Finally the DOA estimation accuracy is analyzed with the proposed technique under the consumption of white Gaussian noise environment.

Sensor arrays play an instrumental role in a variety of applications, including radar, sonar, radio astronomy, and wireless communications. Employing an array of sensors permits direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation, interference suppression, and imaging of spatial distributions of sources or scatterers. Linear and planar array geometries can have sensors with uniform or non-uniform spacings. Non-uniform arrays require much fewer sensors to achieve comparable performance to uniform arrays in terms of the spatial resolution and the number of resolvable sources or scatterers. This dissertation proposes novel signal processing methods for narrowband passive (receive-only) sensing and imaging. The focus is on source estimation using linear and planar passive arrays with uniform and non-uniform geometries. Algorithm development for the non-uniform arrays is facilitated by a virtual array structure, called the difference coarray, which comprises pairwise differences of physical sensor positions. The difference coarray naturally arises from the passive sensing signal model. High-resolution DOA estimation techniques, such as the subspace-based methods, are computationally expensive, especially for arrays that span large apertures. Further, performance of such methods deteriorates for coherent sources. We propose efficient and effective Fourier-based iterative techniques for DOA estimation of coherent and uncorrelated sources using linear and planar arrays with both uniform and non-uniform geometries. The considered non-uniform arrays include those with uniform and non-uniform difference coarrays. The proposed DOA estimation techniques build on the iterative interpolated beamformer, which employs an estimate-and-subtract strategy to successively extract the sources and refines the estimates via an interpolation and spectral leakage subtraction scheme. We enable iterative beamforming in the coarray domain for linear and rectangular arrays, specifically compensating for non-uniformity of difference coarrays to yield asymptotically unbiased DOA estimates. We also design the iterative interpolated beamformer for oversampled and undersampled uniform circular arrays under the manifold separation framework, which permits the application of DOA estimation techniques that were developed for uniform linear arrays to arbitrary array geometries, such as circular arrays. The proposed iterative beamforming techniques not only estimate the source DOAs, but also provide source power/amplitude estimates. As such, these Fourier-based methods are applicable to narrowband passive imaging systems for providing an accurate estimate of the distribution of source intensity or amplitude as a function of angle. / Electrical and Computer Engineering

There are a lot of stand-alone and mobile platforms using transmitters today. Some want to be found while others do not. In our modern society there is a great demand of mobility and communication abilities. This means that several mobile platforms could potentially carry a sensor to record incoming signals to be used in Direction Finding. This thesis identifies the possibility to determine the direction to a transmitter with randomly placed sensors. By conducting a literature review well-known methods such as Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA) and MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) where chosen as methods in this analysis. The methods are applied on two antenna arrays, an Uniform Circular Array (UCA) and a Random Circular Array (RCA). The RCA is generated with randomly placed sensors. The performance in the Direction Of Arrival (DOA) is investigated in presence of time synchronization error and with different numbers of elements, radius and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR). The ambiguity in the arrays is also investigated to insure a ambiguity-free DOA estimation. The results from this analysis identifies that the accuracy in the DOA estimation is dependent on the number of elements, SNR, the elements positions and the radius of the DF array. Furthermore, the accuracy of a UCA is greater than a RCA when the elements are randomly distributed within the area of a circle with radius R. Finally, it has shown that if time synchronization error occurs between the sensors, then the MUSIC method the accuracy will decrease greatly. / Det finns många individer och mobila platformar som använder sändare idag. Vissa vill bli hittade, andra inte. I vårat moderna samhälle är det en stor efterfrågan på rörlighet och kommunikationsmöjligheter. Detta innebär att många mobila plattformar skulle kunna spela in signaler för att användas i radiopejling. Denna uppsats identifierar möjligheten att bestämma riktningen till en sändare med slumpmässigt placerade sensorer. Genom litteraturstudien identifierades de välkända riktningsmetoder som Time Difference Of Arrivial (TDOA) och MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) som vidare valdes som metoder i denna analys. Två antennstrukturer används i analyserna. Den ena är en Uniform Circular Array (UCA) och den andra är en Random Circular Array (RCA). RCA är genererad med slumpmässigt utplacerade sensorer. Prestandan i riktningsuppskattningen undersöks när det existerar ett tidssynkroniseringsfel, olika antal sensorer i antennstrukturerna, varierande radier och olika signaloch brusförhållanden.Ä ventvetydigheter undersöks i strukturerna för att säkerställa att en entydig riktningsbestämning kan utföras. Resultaten implicerar att noggrannheten i riktningsbestämningen är beroende avantalet element, SNR, elementens position och radien i antennmatrisen. Utöver detta visar resultaten att en UCA har högre noggrannhet än en RCA då elementen är slumpmässigt utplacerade inom en cirkelradie, R. Slutligen, om tidssynkroniseringsfel uppstår mellan sensorerna kommer detta resultera i minskad noggrannhet när MUSIC metoden tillämpas.

Methods for Direction of Arrival, DOA estimation of multiple objects based on phased arrayantenna technology have many advantages in for example electronic warfare and radarapplications. However, perfect calibration of an antenna array can seldom be achieved. Thepurpose of this report is to study different methods for DOA estimation and how calibration-/modelerrors affect the results. Possible methods for quantifying these kinds of errors using measurement data are suggested. This thesis consists of essentially five parts. The different studies have been carried out using MATLAB simulations as well as theoretical considerations, i.e., calculations. In the first study, examples of the possible performance of four DOA algorithms, MUSIC, TLS-ESPRIT, WSF, and DML are provided. Results are given both with and without applying spatial smoothing. The latter scheme is used for handling correlated, or even coherent, sources. The results show that, for the considered scenarios, MUSIC performs the most consistently well, while the performance of DML is inferior. ESPRIT is well-performing when spatial smoothing is applied and performs the best when the angles of two signals are very close. It has been observed that WSF with weighting matrices for optimal asymptotic performance as well as spatial smoothing applied doesn’t perform well. When applying model errors to the systemin the second study, the corresponding conclusions about the algorithms can be drawn. That separation distance between the angles and that higher SNR results in better estimates are also confirmed. Quantification of certain array errors is also considered using methods inspired by a scheme proposed in the context of nonlinear system identification. The results show that the DOA algorithms are very good at dealing with noise and that the attempted method works well when the model error is like the true signals, but different enough that it is not confused with a problem with more signals. The model error that results in the worst results is when it only affects some ofthe channels in the antenna array. The fourth study explores DOA estimation using extended Kalman filtering and concludes that it is a very good tracker of the angle over time for the considered scenarios. All of this is then applied to measured data, but due to either extensive model error, errors with processing the data, or both, the results are worse than expected. Simulations that try to replicate the measured data results in good angle estimation for the DOA algorithms. The Kalman filter also performs well in simulations.

No description available.

[ES] La tecnologia en fases de paquets es va convertir en dècades enrere en la indústria del radar. Avui en dia, la matriu de fases o la formació de bigues s'està convertint en una necessitat per a la comunicació digital. L'explotació d'un sistema de transmissió de feixos ajudarà a reduir el consum total d'energia de les estacions base i dels equips d'usuaris. També permetrà al servei oferir dades molt més elevades i millorar la qualitat del servei. La investigació sobre la comunicació digital i la comunicació requereix una antena i un maquinari compatible. El maquinari hauria de ser capaç de gestionar diferents escenaris i enfocaments per a problemes de comunicació mòbil. Hi ha diversos sistemes utilitzats per a la investigació de la formació de bigues, especialment per a la comunicació mòbil. Aquests sistemes pateixen de diverses deficiències. Són cares d'implementar, no adaptatives i fixades a una arquitectura relacionada amb determinat algorisme de generació de feixos o amb un nombre d'elements d'array fix. En aquesta tesi es proposa un nou sistema de matrius per fases. Aquest sistema es podria explotar per a la investigació en problemes de comunicació mòbil o radar. Està compost per una xarxa d'antenes planes de 8x1, canals de conversió de RF a banda base i processador de banda base. Es fa una estimació de la transformació de fases i de la DOA en mostres digitals de banda base. Això proporciona al sistema dinàmica quant als algorismes provats. Amb aquesta finalitat, es fan servir juntes SDR àgils per adquirir senyals de la matriu d'antenes i convertir-les en fluxos de dades digitals. Els fluxos de dades es processen després en un processador de banda base basat en FPGA. A més de ser baixos en costos i assequibles per part de petits instituts d'investigació i investigacions independents, el sistema es pot ajustar per portar més elements de matriu d'antenes. La matriu monopola plana de 8x1 està dissenyada, simulada i mesurada. Es combinen i descriuen les característiques d'impedància i de radiació. Els SDR s'introdueixen i es calibren per al funcionament de diversos elements i s'introdueixen els mètodes de calibratge per incerteses de fase i amplitud. El rendiment global del sistema es prova mitjançant diferents algorismes de formulació de feixos i algorismes de direcció d'estimació d'arribada. Els resultats de la mesura mostren que el sistema és fiable. S'aconsegueix un model de beamformació amb bona resolució i un rebuig elevat de la interferència. La estimació de la direcció d'arribada és precisa. / [CA] La tecnología de matriz en fase hizo una rotación en la industria del radar hace décadas. Hoy en día, la matriz en fase, o formación de haz, se está convirtiendo en una necesidad para la comunicación digital. La explotación de la formación de haz ayudaría a reducir el consumo de energía general de las estaciones base y el equipo del usuario. También permitirá que el servicio brinde datos mucho más altos y mejore la calidad del servicio. La investigación sobre la formación y comunicación de haces digitales requiere un conjunto de antenas y hardware compatible. El hardware debe ser capaz de manejar diferentes escenarios y enfoques para problemas de comunicación móvil. Hay varios sistemas utilizados para la investigación de conformación de haz, especialmente para la comunicación móvil. Estos sistemas sufren de varias deficiencias. Son costosos de implementar, no adaptativos y fijos a una arquitectura relacionada con cierto algoritmo de conformación de haz o con un número de elementos de arreglo fijo. En esta tesis, se propone un nuevo sistema matricial por fases. Este sistema podría ser explotado para la investigación en comunicaciones móviles o problemas de radar. Está compuesto por un conjunto de antenas planas de 8x1, canales de conversión de RF a banda base y procesador de banda base. La formación de haz y la estimación de DOA se realizan en muestras digitales de banda base. Esto proporciona al sistema dinamismo con respecto a los algoritmos probados. Para ese propósito, las tarjetas SDR ágiles se utilizan para adquirir señales de la red de antenas y convertirlas en flujos de datos digitales. Los flujos de datos se procesan en un procesador de banda base basado en FPGA. Además de ser de bajo costo y asequible para los pequeños institutos de investigación e investigaciones independientes, el sistema se puede ajustar para llevar más elementos de la red de antenas. El conjunto monopolo plano 8x1 está diseñado, simulado y medido. La correspondencia de impedancia y las características de radiación se representan y describen. Los SDR se introducen y se calibran para la operación de elementos múltiples y se introducen los métodos de calibración para las incertidumbres de fase y amplitud. El rendimiento general del sistema se prueba mediante diferentes algoritmos de conformación de haz y algoritmos de estimación de la dirección de llegada. Los resultados de las mediciones muestran que el sistema es confiable. Se logra una conformación de haz con buena resolución y alto rechazo de interferencia. Dirección de estimación de la llegada es precisa. / [EN] Phased array technology made a turnover in radar industry decades ago. Nowadays, phased array, or beamforming, is becoming a necessity for digital communication. Exploiting beamforming would help in reducing the overall power consumption of base stations and user equipment. It will also enables the service to provide much higher datarates and enhance the quality of service. Research on digital beamforming and communication requires antenna array and compatible hardware. The hardware should be capable of handling different scenarios and approaches for mobile communication problems. There are several systems used for beamforming research especially for mobile communication. These systems suffer from several deficiencies. They are either expensive to implement, not adaptive and fixed to an architecture related to certain beamforming algorithm or with fixed array elements number. In this thesis, a new phased array system is proposed. This system could be exploited for research in mobile communication or radar problems. It is composed of 8x1 planar antenna array, RF to baseband conversion channels and base band processor. Beamforming and DOA estimation is done on base band digital samples. This provides the system with dynamicity regarding tested algorithms. For that purpose, agile SDR boards are used to acquire signals from antenna array and convert them to digital data streams. Data streams are then processed in an FPGA based base band processor. In addition to being low in cost and affordable by small research institutes and freelancing researches, the system can be adjusted to carry more antenna array elements. The 8x1 planar monopole array is designed, simulated and measured. Impedance matching and radiation characteristics are plotted and described. SDRs are introduced and calibrated for multi-element operation and calibration method for phase and amplitude uncertainties are introduced. Overall system performance is tested by different beamforming algorithms and direction of arrival estimation algorithms. Measurement results show that the system is reliable. Beamforming with good resolution and high interference rejection is achieved. Direction of arrival estimation is accurate. / Haroun, MH. (2019). 8×1 Antenna Array System for Uplink Beamforming in LTE-A and 5G NR [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129852

[pt] A estimação de direção de chegada (DoA) é uma importante área de processamento de arranjos de sensores que é encontrada em uma ampla gama de aplicações de engenharia. Este fato, juntamente com o desenvolvimento da área de Compressed Sensing (CS) nos últimos anos, são a principal motivação desta dissertação. Nesta dissertação, é apresentada uma formulação do problema de estimação de direção de chegada como um problema de representação esparsa da sinal e vários algoritmos de recuperação esparsa são derivados e investigados para resolver o problema atual. Os algoritmos propostos são baseados na incorporação da informação prévia sobre o sinal esparso no processo de estimativa. Na primeira parte, nos concentramos no desenvolvimento de dois algoritmos Bayesianos , que se baseiam principalmente no algoritmo iterative hard thresholding (IHT). Devido ao desempenho inferior dos algoritmos convencionais de estimação de chegada em cenários com fontes correlacionadas, nós prestamos atenção especial ao desempenho dos algoritmos propostos nesta condição. Na segunda parte, o problema de otimização baseados na minimização da norma l1 é apresentado e um algoritmo bayesiano é proposto para resolver o problema chamado basis pursuit denoising (BPDN). Os resultados da simulação mostram que os estimadores Bayesianos superam os estimadores não Bayesianos e que a incorporação do conhecimento prévio da distribuição do sinal melhorou substancialmente o desempenho dos algoritmos. / [en] Direction of arrival (DoA) estimation is a key area of sensor array processing which is encountered in a broad range of important engineering applications. This fact together with the development of the Compressed Sensing (CS) area in the last years are the principal motivation of this thesis. In this dissertation, a formulation of the source localization problem as a sparse signal representation problem is presented and several sparse recovery algorithms are derived and investigated for solving the current problem. The proposed algorithms are based on the incorporation of the prior information about the sparse signal in the estimation process. In the first part, we focus on the development of two Bayesian greedy algorithms which are principally based on the iterative hard thresholding (IHT) algorithm. Due to the inferior performance of the conventional DoA estimation algorithm in scenarios with correlated sources, we pay special attention to the performance of the proposed algorithms under this condition. In the second part, the optimization problem using a l1 penalty is introduced and a Bayesian algorithm for solving the basis pursuit denoising problem is presented. Simulation results shows that Bayesian estimators which take into account the prior knowledge of the signal distribution outperform and improve substantially the performance of the non-Bayesian estimators.