The purpose of this master thesis is to define the term "dominant position" of an undertaking under the EU Competition Law and to find out, what circumstances are decisive in order to be able to identify existence of a dominant position. The second part of the thesis focuses on actual problems connected with the dominant undertakings, namely the standardization and the effectiveness of the interventions of competition authorities into the actions of dominant undertakings on rapidly developing IT markets. The thesis deals with the concept of dominant position and does not address particular types of abusive behaviour enumerated in Article 102 (a) - (d) TFEU. The first chapter briefly describes the system of EU Competition Law. The focus is directed on agreements distorting competition (Art. 101 TFEU), abuse of dominant position (Art. 102 TFEU) and control of concentrations between undertakings (Council Regulation No. 139/2004). The second chapter looks at the term "dominant position" of an undertaking and its delimitations. The subchapters describe definition of relevant market, market share, market power and other market conditions which shall be taken into account in the dominant position analysis. Space is further devoted to the existing dominant position on the neighbouring market and to the...

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Guorong Zhang / Guihua Bai / Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) is a disease that causes significant yield losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Host resistance is the primary approach for control. KS06HW79 is a wheat line with WSMV resistance up to 21°C. To study the inheritance of resistance in KS06HW79, it was crossed with two WSMV-susceptible wheat genotypes, KS020638-M-5 and Brawl CL Plus. Parental lines, F₁, F₂, and check varieties were mechanically inoculated and evaluated for WSMV resistance at 21°C in growth chambers. The segregation pattern in two F₂ populations fit a one-recessive-gene model (1 resistant : 3 susceptible) and a dominant-suppression-epistasis model (3 resistant : 13 susceptible). To determine which model was a better fit, WSMV resistance was evaluated for F₂:₃ families generated from resistant F₂ plants in both crosses. Approximately two thirds of the F₂:₃ families in each cross showed segregation for WSMV resistance, suggesting that the dominant-suppression epistasis model better explained the WSMV resistance in KS06HW79. This model was also supported by two KS06HW79-derived doubled haploid populations, which had a segregation ratio of 1 resistant : 3 susceptible. Therefore, the WSMV resistance in KS06HW79 is likely controlled by two dominant genes, one of which is a suppressor.

There is a consensus in the law and development field and international policy circles that a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate is necessary to attract foreign investment into an emerging economy. This research study analyses and attempts to build on this 'Dominant Theory' in the context of Russia. The Dominant Theory has little direct empirical support: the methods that are most often used to assert that law as a determinant of foreign investment are inappropriate to the task, and the findings of such studies are inconsistent and unconvincing. Further, the studies that purport to assert the importance of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate to foreign investors leave three important questions unanswered: - How do foreign investors perceive the host legal climate before investing? - Why do they invest in countries that lack a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate? - What factors affect the importance that foreign investors attach to host legal climates? A range of existing research provides preliminary answers to these questions, suggesting that the Dominant Theory is not entirely accurate. They form the basis of two hypotheses. Interviews of foreign investors and their advisors in London and Moscow are carried out to address the research agenda. The evidence verify the hypotheses. While foreign investors would prefer a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate, and welcome improvements in the quality of the Russian legal climate, it is clear that a notable faction of them do not conform to the Dominant Theory. First, according to the interviewees, the quality of Russia's legal climate does determine whether investors choose to invest there or not. Second, foreign investors can operate successfully in the absence of a Theoretically Ideal Legal Climate. Finally, the impact of the Russia's legal climate depends significantly on the characteristics of the investor and nature of the investment.

Em programas de transferência de embriões, as perdas embrionárias após a inovulação têm sido relacionadas com uma capacidade reduzida do corpo lúteo (CL) em secretar progesterona (P4), uma vez que este hormônio prepara o endométrio para a implantação e a manutenção da prenhez. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficácia da utilização de dispositivo intravaginal contendo progesterona (CIDR®) por 14 dias em receptoras de embrião, para a indução de folículos persistentes e formação de CLs maiores do que aqueles formados com a utilização de CIDR® por 8 dias. Duzentas e setenta e oito novilhas Bos taurus x Bos indicus foram divididas em 4 grupos. As receptoras do Grupo 1 (G1, n = 70) receberam 2,0 mg de BE + 50 mg de P4 por via intramuscular (IM) no dia da colocação do CIDR® (D0), oito dias depois (D8), o dispositivo foi retirado e foi aplicado um análogo da prostaglandina F2 alfa (PGF2 alfa - 0,53 mg de Cloprostenol Sódico) IM pela manhã. No D9, foi aplicado 0,5 mg de BE IM e o D17 foi o dia da inovulação. Os animais do Grupo 2 (G2, n = 71) receberam 2,0 mg de BE + 50 mg de P4 no dia da colocação do CIDR® (D0), todavia, esses animais receberam 2 aplicações de PGF2 alfa, uma no início do tratamento e outra 5 dias depois. Nestes animais, o CIDR® foi mantido por 14 dias; assim, no D15 foi aplicado 0,5 mg de BE e o dia da inovulação, foi o D23. No Grupo 3 (G3, n = 67), o tratamento foi semelhante ao do G2, no entanto a PGF2 alfa foi aplicada uma única vez, 5 dias após o início do tratamento. No Grupo 4 (G4, n = 70), o tratamento foi semelhante ao do G2, tendo os animais recebido 2 aplicações de PGF2 alfa, uma no dia da colocação do CIDR® e outra no dia da retirada. A avaliação ultrassonográfica dos ovários foi realizada um dia após a retirada do CIDR® e no dia da inovulação, quando foram colhidas amostras de sangue para dosagem de P4. O diâmetro médio do folículo dominante (FD) foi maior nos grupos G2, G3 e G4 quando comparado com o grupo G1. A área do CL, a concentração plasmática de P4 e a taxa de aproveitamento foram maiores nos grupos G2 e G3 que no grupo G1, enquanto o grupo G4 não diferiu estatisticamente dos demais. A taxa de concepção nos grupos G2 e G3 foi inferior àquela do grupo G1, mas não diferiu entre o grupo G4 e os demais. A taxa de prenhez não apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Esses resultados sugerem que a utilização de CIDR® por tempo prolongado, quando associada à aplicação de PGF2 alfa no início do tratamento, é eficaz na formação de folículos persistentes, que resultam em CLs aumentados e com maior capacidade de secretar P4 . No entanto, ao contrário do esperado, a taxa de concepção foi reduzida nos grupos em que o tratamento visava a formação de folículos persistentes. / Embryo losses in cattle embryo transfer programs have been related to a corpus luteum (CL) inability to secrete progesterone (P4), necessary to endometrial preparation for embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Thus the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment with progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices (CIDR®) for a period of 14 days in order to induce the formation of a persistent follicle and a CL of larger diameter than the ones produced during the conventional 8 days CIDR® treatment. Two hundred seventy-eight cross-bred Bos taurus x Bos indicus heifers were randomly allocated in four groups. Heifers in Group 1 (G1, n = 70) received 2.0 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) + 50 mg of P4 at the moment of CIDR® insertion (D0), a 0.53 mg injection of cloprostenol (PGF2 alfa analogous) at the time of CIDR® removal (D8) and 0.5 mg EB on D9. On D17 animals received a frozen/thawed embryo by direct transfer. Heifers in Group 2 (G2, n = 71) received a CIDR® device combined with 2.0 mg of EB + 50 mg of P4 (D0). Animals of this group received 2 injections of PGF2 alfa, one on D0 and the other on D5. The CIDR® was removed on D14. A 0.5 mg injection of EB was administered on D15. The treatment in Group 3 (G3, n = 67) was similar to G2, except by the fact that a single injection of PGF2 alfa was administered on D5. Treatment performed on animals of Group 4 was similar to the one performed on G2. However, animals of this group received two injections of PGF2 alfa, one at the time of CIDR® insertion and the other at the moment of it?s removal. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed on the day after CIDR® removal and at the day of embryo transfer. Blood samples for P4 analysis were also collected on the day of embryo transfer. Mean diameter of the dominant follicle was larger in heifers in G2, G3 and G4 when compared to G1. The CL area, plasma progesterone concentrations and recipient selection rate was greater in G2 and G3 than in G1, but G4 was not different of the other groups. Conception rates were lower in G2 and G3 when compared to G1. No differences between groups were found regarding to the pregnancy rates. These results suggest that a CIDR® long-term treatment, when associated with PGF2 alfa in the beggining of the treatment is efficient to stimulate the formation of a persistent follicle, resulting in a larger CL which provides higher P4 concentration. However, the induction of a persistent follicle had a negative effect on the conception rates which was not expected.

Em programas de transferência de embriões, as perdas embrionárias após a inovulação têm sido relacionadas com uma capacidade reduzida do corpo lúteo (CL) em secretar progesterona (P4), uma vez que este hormônio prepara o endométrio para a implantação e a manutenção da prenhez. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a eficácia da utilização de dispositivo intravaginal contendo progesterona (CIDR®) por 14 dias em receptoras de embrião, para a indução de folículos persistentes e formação de CLs maiores do que aqueles formados com a utilização de CIDR® por 8 dias. Duzentas e setenta e oito novilhas Bos taurus x Bos indicus foram divididas em 4 grupos. As receptoras do Grupo 1 (G1, n = 70) receberam 2,0 mg de BE + 50 mg de P4 por via intramuscular (IM) no dia da colocação do CIDR® (D0), oito dias depois (D8), o dispositivo foi retirado e foi aplicado um análogo da prostaglandina F2 alfa (PGF2 alfa - 0,53 mg de Cloprostenol Sódico) IM pela manhã. No D9, foi aplicado 0,5 mg de BE IM e o D17 foi o dia da inovulação. Os animais do Grupo 2 (G2, n = 71) receberam 2,0 mg de BE + 50 mg de P4 no dia da colocação do CIDR® (D0), todavia, esses animais receberam 2 aplicações de PGF2 alfa, uma no início do tratamento e outra 5 dias depois. Nestes animais, o CIDR® foi mantido por 14 dias; assim, no D15 foi aplicado 0,5 mg de BE e o dia da inovulação, foi o D23. No Grupo 3 (G3, n = 67), o tratamento foi semelhante ao do G2, no entanto a PGF2 alfa foi aplicada uma única vez, 5 dias após o início do tratamento. No Grupo 4 (G4, n = 70), o tratamento foi semelhante ao do G2, tendo os animais recebido 2 aplicações de PGF2 alfa, uma no dia da colocação do CIDR® e outra no dia da retirada. A avaliação ultrassonográfica dos ovários foi realizada um dia após a retirada do CIDR® e no dia da inovulação, quando foram colhidas amostras de sangue para dosagem de P4. O diâmetro médio do folículo dominante (FD) foi maior nos grupos G2, G3 e G4 quando comparado com o grupo G1. A área do CL, a concentração plasmática de P4 e a taxa de aproveitamento foram maiores nos grupos G2 e G3 que no grupo G1, enquanto o grupo G4 não diferiu estatisticamente dos demais. A taxa de concepção nos grupos G2 e G3 foi inferior àquela do grupo G1, mas não diferiu entre o grupo G4 e os demais. A taxa de prenhez não apresentou diferença estatística entre os grupos. Esses resultados sugerem que a utilização de CIDR® por tempo prolongado, quando associada à aplicação de PGF2 alfa no início do tratamento, é eficaz na formação de folículos persistentes, que resultam em CLs aumentados e com maior capacidade de secretar P4 . No entanto, ao contrário do esperado, a taxa de concepção foi reduzida nos grupos em que o tratamento visava a formação de folículos persistentes. / Embryo losses in cattle embryo transfer programs have been related to a corpus luteum (CL) inability to secrete progesterone (P4), necessary to endometrial preparation for embryo implantation and pregnancy maintenance. Thus the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment with progesterone-releasing intravaginal devices (CIDR®) for a period of 14 days in order to induce the formation of a persistent follicle and a CL of larger diameter than the ones produced during the conventional 8 days CIDR® treatment. Two hundred seventy-eight cross-bred Bos taurus x Bos indicus heifers were randomly allocated in four groups. Heifers in Group 1 (G1, n = 70) received 2.0 mg estradiol benzoate (EB) + 50 mg of P4 at the moment of CIDR® insertion (D0), a 0.53 mg injection of cloprostenol (PGF2 alfa analogous) at the time of CIDR® removal (D8) and 0.5 mg EB on D9. On D17 animals received a frozen/thawed embryo by direct transfer. Heifers in Group 2 (G2, n = 71) received a CIDR® device combined with 2.0 mg of EB + 50 mg of P4 (D0). Animals of this group received 2 injections of PGF2 alfa, one on D0 and the other on D5. The CIDR® was removed on D14. A 0.5 mg injection of EB was administered on D15. The treatment in Group 3 (G3, n = 67) was similar to G2, except by the fact that a single injection of PGF2 alfa was administered on D5. Treatment performed on animals of Group 4 was similar to the one performed on G2. However, animals of this group received two injections of PGF2 alfa, one at the time of CIDR® insertion and the other at the moment of it?s removal. Ovarian ultrasonography was performed on the day after CIDR® removal and at the day of embryo transfer. Blood samples for P4 analysis were also collected on the day of embryo transfer. Mean diameter of the dominant follicle was larger in heifers in G2, G3 and G4 when compared to G1. The CL area, plasma progesterone concentrations and recipient selection rate was greater in G2 and G3 than in G1, but G4 was not different of the other groups. Conception rates were lower in G2 and G3 when compared to G1. No differences between groups were found regarding to the pregnancy rates. These results suggest that a CIDR® long-term treatment, when associated with PGF2 alfa in the beggining of the treatment is efficient to stimulate the formation of a persistent follicle, resulting in a larger CL which provides higher P4 concentration. However, the induction of a persistent follicle had a negative effect on the conception rates which was not expected.

In turbomachinery, extra excitation forces may result from non-idealised operation conditions and may sometime cause excessive vibrations and unsteady rotor motions. The goal of this thesis is to investigate the effects of such excitation forces. The extra excitation forces investigated here are the Thomas/Alford force due to the blade tip clearance change, the steam excitation force caused by the variation of inlet steam speed and state blade trailing wake and the dominant magnetic pull force due to dynamic eccentricity of the rotor. The main research results in this thesis include: (1) The modelling of the Jeffcott rotor and the 600MW steam-turbine generator. The used in-house ??transient?? program can only handle the circular short bearings with the modified short bearing method while the simulated steam-turbine should be supported by tilting pad bearings. The first critical speeds of systems supported by tilting pad bearings are more approaching to the lab data for all four rotor models while that of journal bearing supported systems are normally lower than the real operating critical speed. (2) Applying three sorts of excitation forces into the single-stage rotor-bearing system. The numerical simulation shows that for the model with each single excitation force, all of these three forces need to reach some limit to force the system into the unsteady state. For all the three forces, higher limits are needed if the machine runs at lower running speeds. Furthermore, unbalance loading also can influence the system behaviours. As the unbalance increases, the system will still stay steady while the spectra become noisier, though the amplitude still low comparing to harmonics. (3) Combing three types of excitation forces into the assembled rotor-bearing system. The numerical simulation shows that the assembled system presents similar vibration responses as the single stage rotor-bearing system. Furthermore, these three forces cannot cancel each other and the combination will unstabilise the system. Meanwhile, the influence of the dominant magnetic pull force is less than other two forces.

Academic sociology identifies a dominant form of masculinity said to be the measure by which all men are judged. Called hegemonic or patriachal masculinity, it is seen as a form of masculinity with personal and social dimensions. In similar fashion, popular writings identify the traditional male heroic image as the cultural model of masculinity. This study explores the impact of such a dominant model of masculinity as factors in how boys and young males learn to be a man. The research looks at the lives of 13 males aged in their early 20s and around 40 years of age, utilising life-course theory and a social-psychological perspective. It compares and contrasts the experiences and perceptions of these young and mid-life males, with regard to the dominant social model of masculinity. The study seeks to assess the significance of the dominant cultural model of masculinity, as a model for what it means to be a man, for males at different stages of their life course. The dominant model of masculinity appears as a rather one dimensional model, a mainly tough, brave and physical image. During adolescence popular culture was the major influence upon their ideas and perceptions of masculinity. This influence came via their interest and participation in sport, the masculine cultural ideal enforced by their peers, and popular media images. the traditional model of masculinity can be seen to be a heroic form of masculinity with emphasis upon power, competition, success and glory. Traditional or patriarchal masculinity, called more simply heroic masculinity, emerges as a potent influence for both the young and mid-life males in terms of values, behaviours and practice. Traditional masculinity emerges as an influence they barely recognise; and possibly a factor in the limited emotional repertoire and guardedness that mid-life males exhibit. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p>The aim of this paper is to discuss the impediments to adopting sustainabletransportation in developing countries using tricycles in Nigeria as a case study.Two Executives of Chongqing Beyond Company in China, Marketing Managerof Kayemel Tricycle in India, Brand Manager of keke POeT, the chairman ofTricycle Association, Idewu Routes, the chairman of Tricycle Association,Liverpool Routes and a member of Transport Committee, Obafemi AwolowoUniversity (OAU) were interviewed. Data was also gathered throughquestionnaires for a total of fifteen drivers of different tricycle types on differentroute and a total of twenty passengers picked at random from Idewu Route,Liverpool Route and OAU campus.It was discovered under the lenses of relevant Green Marketing literature thatthe data supports some theoretical findings in their respective fields but alsocounters some other theoretic findings. It came to the conclusion that concept ofdominant demand, commercial stakeholders’ cooperation and effective qualityprogram advocated by some of the green marketing literature are very effectivemarketing tactics in the success of green tricycles adoption in Nigeria.</p>

The aim of this paper is to discuss the impediments to adopting sustainabletransportation in developing countries using tricycles in Nigeria as a case study.Two Executives of Chongqing Beyond Company in China, Marketing Managerof Kayemel Tricycle in India, Brand Manager of keke POeT, the chairman ofTricycle Association, Idewu Routes, the chairman of Tricycle Association,Liverpool Routes and a member of Transport Committee, Obafemi AwolowoUniversity (OAU) were interviewed. Data was also gathered throughquestionnaires for a total of fifteen drivers of different tricycle types on differentroute and a total of twenty passengers picked at random from Idewu Route,Liverpool Route and OAU campus.It was discovered under the lenses of relevant Green Marketing literature thatthe data supports some theoretical findings in their respective fields but alsocounters some other theoretic findings. It came to the conclusion that concept ofdominant demand, commercial stakeholders’ cooperation and effective qualityprogram advocated by some of the green marketing literature are very effectivemarketing tactics in the success of green tricycles adoption in Nigeria.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(課程) 学位授与年月日:平成24年3月26日 櫛山泰規氏の博士論文として提出された