Dysfunction of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems is the primary neurobiological characteristic of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, neuronal loss in the locus coeruleus (LC) that occurs in early stages of PD may accelerate progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, restoring the activity and function of the deficient noradrenergic system may be an important therapeutic strategy for early PD. In the present study, the lentiviral constructions of transcription factors Phox2a/2b, Hand2 and Gata3, either alone or in combination, were microinjected into the LC region of the PD model VMAT2 Lo mice at 12 and 18 month age. Biochemical analysis showed that microinjection of lentiviral expression cassettes into the LC significantly increased mRNA levels of Phox2a, and Phox2b, which were accompanied by parallel increases of mRNA and proteins of dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the LC. Furthermore, there was considerable enhancement of DBH protein levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, as well as enhanced TH protein levels in the striatum and substantia nigra. Moreover, these manipulations profoundly increased norepinephrine and dopamine concentrations in the striatum, which was followed by a remarkable improvement of the spatial memory and locomotor behavior. These results reveal that over-expression of these transcription factors in the LC improves noradrenergic and dopaminergic activities and functions in this rodent model of PD. It provides the necessary groundwork for the development of gene therapies of PD, and expands our understanding of the link between the LC-norepinephrine and dopamine systems during the progression of PD.

Dopamine transporters (DAT) facilitate high-affinity presynaptic dopamine (DA) reuptake in the central nervous system, and are required to constrain extracellular DA levels and maintain presynaptic DAergic tone. DAT is the primary target for addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants, which require DAT binding to elicit reward. DAT availability at presynaptic terminals ensures its proper function, and is dynamically regulated by endocytic trafficking. My thesis research focused on two fundamental questions: 1) what are the molecular mechanisms that control DAT endocytosis? and 2) what are the mechanism(s) that govern DAT’s post-endocytic fate? Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, I discovered that a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, activated by cdc42 kinase 1 (Ack1), stabilizes DAT plasma membrane expression by negatively regulating DAT endocytosis. I found that stimulated DAT endocytosis absolutely requires Ack1 inactivation. Moreover, I was able to restore normal DAT endocytosis to a trafficking dysregulated DAT coding variant identified in an Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patient via constitutively activating Ack1. To address what mechanisms govern DAT’s post-endocytic fate, I took advantage of a small molecule labeling approach to directly couple fluorophore to the DAT surface population, and subsequently tracked DAT’s temporal-spatial post-endocytic itinerary in immortalized mesencephalic cells. Using this approach, I discovered that the retromer complex mediates DAT recycling and is required to maintain DAT surface levels via a DAT C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. Taken together, these findings shed considerable new light on DAT trafficking mechanisms, and pave the way for future studies examining the role of regulated DAT trafficking in neuropsychiatric disorders.

L'acide rétinoïque (AR), la forme active de la vitamine A, est une molécule essentielle au cours du développement et dans le cerveau adulte. La signalisation par l’AR implique deux familles de récepteurs nucléaires: les récepteurs de l’AR (Rar α, β et γ) et les récepteurs des "rexinoïdes" (Rxr α, β et γ) et les enzymes de la famille rétinaldéhyde déshydrogénases, les Raldhs (Raldh1, 2, 3). Rarβ et/ou Raldh1 montrent des profils d'expression spatio-temporelle spécifiques dans le striatum et la substance noire pars compacta (SNc), les structures appartenant au système dopaminergique nigro-striée, ce qui suggère que l’AR pourrait jouer un rôle important dans le développement et les fonctions post-natales du ce système. Dans ce travail, je montre que l’ablation de Rarβ conduit à un déficit de la neurogenèse de neurones épineux moyens (MSN) GABAergiques dans le striatum. Le nombre de neurones exprimant les récepteurs dopaminergiques D1 et D2, qui définissent les populations distinctes des MSN, sont réduit chez les souris Rarβ-/-. Ces déficits cellulaires conduisent à la signalisation dopaminergique perturbée et une coordination motrice réduite chez les souris Rarβ-/-. L’ablation de Raldhl, l’enzyme de synthèse de l’AR présent dans le striatum postnatal, conduit à des déficits cellulaires et comportementaux similaires aux souris Rarβ-/-. Ces résultats montrent que l’AR produit en conditions physiologiques par Raldh1 est essentiel au maintien des MSN. Enfin, j'ai trouvé que l’ablation de Raldh1, qui est également connu comme le marqueur spécifique le plus précoce des neurones dopaminergiques dans le mésencéphale embryonnaire, conduit à des anomalies du développement dans le SNc. / Retinoic acid (RA), the bioactive derivatives of vitamin A, is well known for its critical role in development and homeostasis of the nervous system. RA signaling depends on activities of RA-producing enzymes, such as retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (Raldh1, 2, and 3) and two classes of retinoid receptors: retinoic acid receptors (Rar α, β, γ) and retinoid X receptors (Rxr α, β, γ). Rarβ and/or Raldh1 show specific expression profile in the pre- and postnatal striatum and the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), the component structures of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system, suggesting an essential role of RA during their development and homeostasis. Obtained results show that Rarβ ablation affects development of discrete sub-population of medium spiny GABAergic neurons (MSN) during neurogenesis of the striatum resulting in its disturbed cytoarchitecture after birth. The number of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor positive neurons, which define neuroanatomically and molecularly distinct populations of MSNs are reduced in Rarβ-/- mice. The cellular deficits result in compromised activities of dopamine receptor specific ligands and behavioral abnormalities consistent with striatal dysfunction. Moreover, similar cellular and behavioral deficits are found in the mice with null mutation in Raldh1 (Raldh1-/-), the major RA provider to the adult striatum, suggesting specific role of RA in the postnatal physiology of the structure. Finally, I found that compromised RA signaling by ablation of Raldh1, which is also known as the earliest specific marker of developing midbrain dopaminergic neurons, leads to impaired development of the SNc.

Une perturbation de la signalisation dopaminergique dans le striatum est à l’origine de troubles moteurs tels que la maladie de Parkinson (MP) ou de Huntington (MH). Une diminution de la signalisation par l’AR a été observée chez les patients atteints de troubles de la voie nigro-striée et dans des modèles de MH et MP. Nos données indiquent que l’AR synthétisé par RALDH1 et se liant au récepteur RARβ dans le striatum est nécessaire au maintien du système nigro-strié. Une perturbation de cette signalisation entraîne une diminution de l’activité mitochondriale qui conduit à une augmentation du stress oxydatif puis à l’entrée en apoptose de la cellule. Il en résulte des troubles moteurs de type MH et MP. Le rétablissement du niveau striatal de l’AR et la stimulation de RARβ par un agoniste spécifique permettent de prévenir ces phénotypes. Nos travaux nous permettent de proposer RARβ comme une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle dans le cadre des neurodégénérescences de type MH et MP. / A disturbed dopaminergic signaling in the striatum leads to motor disorders such as Huntington’s (HD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. A decrease of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling is observed in patients presenting disorders of the nogro-striatal pathway as well as in HD and PD models. Our data indicate that RALDH1-synthesized RA that binds the receptor RARβ in the striatum is essential to maintain the nigro-striatal system. A disturbance in this RA signaling leads to a decreased mitochondrial respiration, an increased oxidative stress and an increased apoptosis in the dorso-lateral striatum. This cellular alterations lead to HD-like and PD-like motor disorders A rescue of the striatal RA level or the stimulation of RARβ by a specific agonist prevent this phenotypes. Our work allow us to point at RARβ as a new potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerescences like HD and PD.

No description available.

To determine whether prolonged supersensitization of dopamine D-1 receptors could be produced during ontogeny, rats were treated daily, from birth, for 33 consecutive days with the D-1 receptor agonist, SKF 38393 HC1 (3.0 mg/kg per day i.p.). These rats were additionally treated at 3 days after birth with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine HBr (6-OHDA; 200 μg, i.c.v., half in each lateral ventricle) or its vehicle. At 6 to 7 weeks from birth a challenge dose of SKF 38393 HCl (3.0 mg/kg i.p.) increased stereotypy scores for a number of behaviors in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats that were treated repeatedly during ontogeny with SKF 38393. These accentuated behaviors included licking, grooming, taffy pulling, jumping, paw treading and locomotion. Although the findings demonstrate an increased sensitivity of D-1 receptors to an agonist, there was no change in the Bmax or Kd for D-1 receptors in the striatum. In rats that were treated during postnatal development with SKF 38393, but not lesioned with 6-OHDA, SKF 38393-induced stereotyped behaviors were not substantially different from control. The neonatally primed rat model may be useful for probing mechanisms of receptor supersensitivity.

The synthetic cathinones, 3,4- methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone), and 3,4- methylenedioxymethcathinone (methylone), gained worldwide notoriety as the psychoactive components of ‘bath salts;’ a marketing term used to circumvent federal drug laws and permit their legal sale. Previous studies have shown that these drugs share pharmacological characteristics with cocaine and the amphetamines, however, descriptions of their neurotoxic properties are limited. Moreover, while forensic analysis has revealed that the most frequently abused bath salts ‘brands’ contain binary and ternary mixtures of MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone, the majority of preclinical research has focused on explicating the individual effects of these drugs. Therefore, the present dissertation aimed to address this limitation and characterize the acute and chronic effects of combined synthetic cathinone exposure on dopaminergic tone in mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain regions. To accomplish this, male Swiss-Webster mice were administered MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone, individually or concomitantly, 1 time or 7 times over the course of two weeks and the corresponding effects of each treatment on mesolimbic and nigrostriatal brain tissue levels of dopamine (DA) and DA metabolites were analyzed using a high performance liquid chromatography – electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) assay. Additionally, motor-stimulant activity was evaluated after both dosing regimens using locomotor activity assays, while immunoblot and immunostaining techniques were used to evaluate the chronic effects of co-synthetic cathinone exposure on tissue levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine transporter (DAT), monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Results from these studies provide evidence of a significant pharmacological interaction among major bath salt constituents, MDPV, mephedrone, and methylone. This was observed acutely as enhanced DA responses and chronically as functional toxicity at the DA synapse. Furthermore, such interactions may contribute to the deleterious effects reported by bath salt users. Together, these findings have shown that the composition of bath salts preparations can significantly influence their psychostimulant and toxic effects, substantiating the importance of modeling bath salts as drug mixtures.

Catharanthine is derived from the Catharanthus roseus plant and is an analog to ibogaine, a drug that reduces opioid and alcohol withdrawal symptoms and decreases drug self-administration in both animals and humans. Catharanthine has promise to be an alternative pharmacological treatment for addiction without the adverse side effects associated with ibogaine. The objective of this study was to evaluate catharanthine’s effects on dopamine (DA) transmission in the mesolimbic DA system as well as determine its effects on both ethanol withdrawal induced anxiety and drug-seeking behaviors in mice. We hypothesized that catharanthine would inhibit evoked DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) while also reducing anxiety and drug seeking behaviors in mice. We found that superfusion of catharanthine (1-100 µM) to mouse brain slices significantly inhibits evoked DA release in the NAc of the striatum in a dose dependent manner, while also slowing DA reuptake through inhibition of the dopamine transporter (DAT), measured using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV). We also found that intraperitoneal administration of catharanthine in live mice significantly increases extracellular DA, measured via microdialysis with electrochemical detection. Catharanthine inhibition of evoked DA release was significantly reduced by the non-selective nAChR antagonist mecamylamine, the α4 nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine hydrobromide (DhβE) and the α6 nAChR antagonist α-conotoxin MII, suggesting that catharanthine inhibits α4 and α6 nAChRs in the NAc. Iontophoresis and in-vivo data indicates that catharanthine slows DA reuptake and increases extracellular DA in the NAc through partial inhibition of DATs. Catharanthine also blocked increases in anxiety-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal in mice in the elevated plus maze. Lastly, preliminary data suggests that catharanthine increases both water and ethanol drinking in a 24-hour two-bottle choice drinking paradigm, which was contrary to our hypothesis.

No description available.

Behavioral adaptation and cognitive control are crucial for goal-reaching behaviors. Every creature is ubiquitously faced with choices between behavioral alternatives. Common sense suggests that errors are an important source of information in the regulation of such processes. Several theories exist regarding cognitive control and the processing of undesired outcomes. However, most of these models focus on the consequences of an error, and less attention has been paid to the mechanisms that underlie the commissioning of an error. In this article, we present an integrative review of neuro-cognitive models that detail the determinants of the occurrence of response errors. The factors that may determine the likelihood of committing errors are likely related to the stability of task-representations in prefrontal networks, attentional selection mechanisms and mechanisms of action selection in basal ganglia circuits. An important conclusion is that the likelihood of committing an error is not stable over time but rather changes depending on the interplay of different functional neuro-anatomical and neuro-biological systems. We describe factors that might determine the time-course of cognitive control and the need to adapt behavior following response errors. Finally, we outline the mechanisms that may proof useful for predicting the outcomes of cognitive control and the emergence of response errors in future research.