Η ΒΥΠ διαθέτει αντίτυπο της διατριβής σε έντυπη μορφή στο βιβλιοστάσιο διδακτορικών διατριβών που βρίσκεται στο ισόγειο του κτιρίου της. / Ο ιππόκαμπος στον αρουραίο είναι μια δομή σε C-σχήμα που εκτείνεται από τον διαφραγματικό πυρήνα προσθιοραχιαία έως τον κροταφικό λοβό οπισθιοκοιλιακά. Παρόλο που από παλιά θεωρείτο ως ομοιογενής δομή, έχουν παρατηρηθεί πολλές διαφορές σε όλα τα επίπεδα οργάνωσης μεταξύ του διαφραγματικού και του κροταφικού ιππόκαμπου. Οι βενζοδιαζεπίνες δρουν στις θέσεις δέσμευσης των βενζοδιαζεπινών, οι οποίες είναι αλλοστερικά συνδεδεμένες με το σύμπλοκο του GABAA, όπου ενισχύουν την δράση του GABA στους GABAA υποδοχείς, αυξάνοντας τη συχνότητα ανοίγματος του διαύλου των ιόντων χλωρίου (Cl-) και έχοντας μικρή μόνο επίδραση στο χρόνο ανοίγματος ή στην αγωγιμότητα του διαύλου. Προηγούμενη μελέτη υποδεικνύει ότι η έκφραση των α1-, β2- και γ2-υπομονάδων ήταν μικρότερη, ενώ αντίθετα η έκφραση των α2-, α5- και β1-υπομονάδων ήταν μεγαλύτερη στον κροταφικό ιπποκάμπο σε σύγκριση με τον διαφραγματικό ιππόκαμπο. Σύμφωνα με προηγούμενες μελέτες που αφορούν την συνέκφραση των υπομονάδων στο σύμπλοκο του GABAA υποδοχέα τα αποτελέσματα μας υποδηλώνουν ότι ο α1β2-υποτύπος του GABAA υποδοχέα επικρατεί στον διαφραγματικό ιππόκαμπο (ΔΙ), ενώ ο α2β1-υπότυπος κυριαρχεί στον κροταφικό ιππόκαμπο (ΚΙ). Επιπλέον, φαρμακολογικές μελέτες έχουν δείξει ότι η καταπραϋντική δράση της diazepam πραγματοποιείται μέσω των GABAA υποδοχέων, που περιέχουν την α1-υπομονάδα, ενώ η αγχολυτική δράση της πραγματοποιείται μέσω των υποδοχέων που φέρουν την α2-υπομονάδα. Επομένως, η μελέτη των φαρμακολογικών ιδιοτήτων των υποτύπων του GABAΑ υποδοχέα δίνει την δυνατότητα στο να σχεδιαστούν ειδικά φάρμακα τα οποία θα βελτιώνουν το κλινικό προφίλ ασθενειών, όπως το άγχος, η αϋπνία ή η επιληψία, δρώντας σε εξειδικευμένους υποτύπους του GABAΑ υποδοχέα. Ο στόχος της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας ήταν να μελετηθούν οι φαρμακολογικές ιδιότητες των υποτύπων του συμπλόκου του GABAA υποδοχέα/βενζοδιαζεπινών στον διαφραγματικό σε σύγκριση με τον κροταφικό ιππόκαμπο επίμυος. Έτσι, για τη μελέτη των θέσεων δέσμευσης των βενζοδιαζεπινών μεταξύ του διαφραγματικού και κροταφικού ιπποκάμπου χρησιμοποιήθηκε ο ευρέως φάσματος αγωνιστής των θέσεων δέσμευσης των βενζοδιαζεπινών, [3H]-flunitrazepam, σε μια αυτοραδιογραφική μελέτη. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν εξειδικευμένα φάρμακα, που δεσμεύονται σε συγκεριμένους υποτύπους του GABAA υποδοχέα, όπως το zolpidem (ειδικός αγωνιστής των GABAA υποδοχέων, που περιέχουν την α1-υπομονάδα), το etomidate (ειδικός θετικός αλλοστερικός ρυθμιστής των GABAA υποδοχέων, που περιέχουν τη β2-υπομονάδα) και το L-655,708 (ειδικός αντίστροφος αγωνιστής των GABAA υποδοχέων, που περιεχούν την α5-υπομονάδα) σε μια αυτοραδιγραφική κινητική μελέτη. Τα αποτελέσματα μας έδειξαν ότι οι τομές που προέρχονταν από τον ΚΙ συγκρινόμενες με αυτές από τον ΔΙ είχαν: Α) μειωμένη δέσμευση της [3H]-flunitrazepam στις CA1, CA3 και DG περιοχές, Β) μικρότερη χημική συγγένεια της δέσμευση της [3H]-flunitrazepam στη CA1 περιοχή, Γ) καμία διαφορά στον αριθμό των θέσεων δέσμευσης, Δ) μεγαλύτερες τιμές IC50 και EC50 για το zolpidem και το etomidate, αντίστοιχα και Ε) μικρότερες τιμές IC50 για το L-655,708. Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματά μας υποδεικνύουν διαφορετικές φαραμκολογικές ιδιότητες των υποτύπων του GABAΑ/ΒΖ υποδοχέα μεταξύ του ΔΙ και ΚΙ, ενώ επιβεβαιώνεται και ενισχύεται προηγούμενη μελέτη που υποδηλώνει ότι ο α1β2-υποτύπος του GABAA υποδοχέα επικρατεί στον διαφραγματικό ιππόκαμπο (ΔΙ), ενώ ο α2β1-υπότυπος κυριαρχεί στον κροταφικό ιππόκαμπο (ΚΙ). Η μελέτη αυτή είναι πιθανό να τυγχάνει ιδιαίτερης κλινικής αξίας, στην κατεύθυνση της ακριβέστερης ρύθμισης των αποτελεσματικών δόσεων των διάφορων μορίων που δρουν στις θέσεις δέσμευσης των βενζοδιαζεπινών των α1- και α2-υποτύπων του GABAA υποδοχέα. / The hippocampus in the rat appears grossly as an elongated structure with its long axis bending in a C-shaped manner from the septal nuclei rostrodorsally to the incipient temporal lobe caudoventrally. The long axis of the hippocampal formation is referred as the dorsoventral axis. Although hippocampus has been traditionally thought as a homogeneous structure, several studies have been demonstrated differences at several organization levels (from the behavioural to the cellular) between its dorsal (DH) and ventral (VH) pole. Pharmacological studies have shown that the α1-GABAA receptor subtype is associated with the sedative and anticonvulsant effects of benzodiazepines (BZs), whereas the α2-subtype is associated with the anxiolytic effects of BZs. Recent data have demonstrated a differential distribution of the GABAA receptor subunits between DH and VH, with the α1/β2 GABAA receptor subtype dominating in the DH and the α2/β1 subtype prevailing in the VH. We therefore study possible differences in the pharmacological properties and receptor binding parameters of the GABAA/BZ receptor subtypes between DH and VH, by examining: 1a) the specific binding of [3H]-flunitrazepam (BZ sites agonist), by using quantitative autoradiography, b) the kinetic parameters of [3H]-flunitrazepam specific binding, by using the “wipe off” technique and 2) the competitive displacement of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding by using zolpidem (a specific agonist of α1-subtype) and L-655,708 (a specific inverse agonist of α5-subtype) and the enhancement of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding by using etomidate (a selective positive modulator of β2- subunit), in an autoradiographical saturation kinetic study. Our results showed in VH compared to the DH: A) lower level of [3H]-flunitrazepam binding in CA1, CA3 and DG regions, B) higher KD value for [3H]-flunitrazepam specific binding in CA1 region and no differences in the Bmax value, C) higher IC50 and EC50 values for zolpidem and etomidate, respectively and D) lower IC50 values for L-655,708. In conclusion, the lower affinity of GABAA receptors for [3H]-flunitrazepam binding, the higher IC50 and EC50 values for zolpidem and etomidate, respectively, as well as the lower IC50 values for L-655,708 observed in VH compared to DH, support the evidence that the α1/β2-GABAA receptor subtype dominates in DH and the α2/β1-subtype prevails in VH and suggest differential pharmacological effects of the benzodiazepines in DH compared to VH, which could be of clinical relevence for the more accuate adjustment of the effective dose of α1- and α2-subtype specific BZ binding sites’ ligands.

A dependência de drogas é um transtorno multifatorial complexo que se desenvolve em uma minoria de indivíduos que fazem uso dessas substâncias. Memórias associativas entre a droga e o contexto funcionam como gatilho para disparar comportamentos não adaptativos de busca e consumo, além de recaídas após períodos de abstinência. Subjacentes a essas mudanças comportamentais, existem modificações nas subunidades de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo AMPA em estruturas envolvidas com memória (Hipocampo) e recompensa (Núcleo Accumbens). Por isso, estratégias que enfraqueçam a associação do contexto com a droga e que aprofundem o conhecimento dos circuitos envolvidos nesses comportamentos são de extrema relevância terapêutica. A memória quando evocada pode passar por dois processos pós-evocação: a extinção, em que uma nova memória é formada inibindo uma prévia associação, e a reconsolidação, em que a memória original entra em um estado lábil e suscetível a modificações, em que é possível enfraquecê-la através da inibição de sua reconsolidação. A reconsolidação da memória mostra-se uma estratégica mais eficaz e duradoura em relação à extinção, já que a memória original é modificada. Como modelo animal para o estudo da memória na dependência de drogas, o condicionamento de preferência por local (CPL) é bastante utilizado e sabe-se que é possível enfraquecer a preferência através do bloqueio da reconsolidação. Porém, são escassos os estudos que investigaram a existência da reconsolidação no modelo de sensibilização locomotora, que parece ocorrer, na maioria dos casos, em condição dependente do contexto de aquisição do comportamento, embora existam exemplos que demonstrem sua independência. As questões a serem respondidas neste trabalho são (a) se é possível reverter conjuntamente a preferência por local e a sensibilização locomotora à morfina (5 mg/kg) em ratos Wistar adultos machos, inibindo-se a síntese proteica com cicloheximida (CHX) i.p. logo após uma sessão de reativação contextual da memória no CPL, (b) se a reversão dos comportamentos reflete alterações (já descritas por outros autores) em GluA1, GluA1p (Ser845) e GluA2, no Hipocampo dorsal (HPCd) e no Núcleo Accumbens (NAc), e (c) se o mesmo tratamento em ambas estruturas reverte os dois parâmetros avaliados – comportamental e neuroquímico – de forma diferente ou igual. Nossos resultados mostraram ser possível reverter a preferência por local e a sensibilização locomotora por inibição sistêmica de síntese proteica, e que o condicionamento com exposição à morfina induz alterações nas subunidades analisadas de AMPA, conforme verificado no HPCd e NAc, embora a CHX não tenha produzido um efeito tão bem definido. Os animais que receberam infusões centrais no HPCd e NAc (central) não exibiram preferência por local, nem sensibilização. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostraram, pela primeira vez em um mesmo desenho experimental, que é possível reverter diferentes aspectos da memória de recompensa (preferência e sensibilização) por meio do bloqueio da reconsolidação. / Drug addiction is a complex and multifactorial disorder that develops in a few people who use these substances. Associative memories between the drug and context of use act as a trigger for maladaptive behavior such as drug seeking and drug use, in addition to relapse after an extended period of withdrawal. Underlying these behavioral changes are modifications in glutamatergic reception (AMPA) in structures involved with memory (Hippocampus) and reward (Nucleus Accumbens). Therefore, strategies that weaken the drug and context association and deepen knowledge of circuits involved in these behaviors are extremely relevant therapeutically. When retrieved, a memory can undergo two distinct processes post-retrieval: extinction, in which a new memory inhibiting a previous association is generated, and reconsolidation, in which the original memory can enter a labile state and is susceptible to modifications, when it can be weakened by inhibition of its reconsolidation. Reconsolidation of memory has been shown to be a more effective and long lasting strategy in relation to extinction, since the original memory is modified. An animal model for studying drug addiction, conditioned place preference (CPP) is largely used and it is well known that it is possible to weaken preference by disrupting reconsolidation. However, there are few studies that investigate the existence of reconsolidation in a locomotor sensitization paradigm, which seems to occur in a condition dependent on context of acquisition, although some works report its independence. The questions answered in this work were (a) if it is possible to reverse both, context preference and locomotor sensitization to morphine (5mg/kg) by protein synthesis inhibition (CHX) after a contextual memory reactivation session in CPP, (b) if the disruption of behaviors reflects a reversal of changes of GluA1, GluA1p (Ser845) e GluA2 in dorsal Hippocampus (dHPC) and Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and (c) if the same treatment in these structures differentially reverts the two parameters assessed. Our results indicate that it is possible to revert context preference and locomotor sensitization via systemic disruption of protein synthesis and that morphine conditioning induces changes in AMPA subunits in dHPC and NAc, although CHX did not have an evident effect on molecular reversal. Animals cannulated in dHPC and NAc core did not induce preference or sensitization. Taken together, our results demonstrated, for the first time, using the same experimental design that is possible to revert different aspects of reward memory (preference and sensitization) by disrupting the reconsolidation process.

A dependência de drogas é um transtorno multifatorial complexo que se desenvolve em uma minoria de indivíduos que fazem uso dessas substâncias. Memórias associativas entre a droga e o contexto funcionam como gatilho para disparar comportamentos não adaptativos de busca e consumo, além de recaídas após períodos de abstinência. Subjacentes a essas mudanças comportamentais, existem modificações nas subunidades de receptores glutamatérgicos do tipo AMPA em estruturas envolvidas com memória (Hipocampo) e recompensa (Núcleo Accumbens). Por isso, estratégias que enfraqueçam a associação do contexto com a droga e que aprofundem o conhecimento dos circuitos envolvidos nesses comportamentos são de extrema relevância terapêutica. A memória quando evocada pode passar por dois processos pós-evocação: a extinção, em que uma nova memória é formada inibindo uma prévia associação, e a reconsolidação, em que a memória original entra em um estado lábil e suscetível a modificações, em que é possível enfraquecê-la através da inibição de sua reconsolidação. A reconsolidação da memória mostra-se uma estratégica mais eficaz e duradoura em relação à extinção, já que a memória original é modificada. Como modelo animal para o estudo da memória na dependência de drogas, o condicionamento de preferência por local (CPL) é bastante utilizado e sabe-se que é possível enfraquecer a preferência através do bloqueio da reconsolidação. Porém, são escassos os estudos que investigaram a existência da reconsolidação no modelo de sensibilização locomotora, que parece ocorrer, na maioria dos casos, em condição dependente do contexto de aquisição do comportamento, embora existam exemplos que demonstrem sua independência. As questões a serem respondidas neste trabalho são (a) se é possível reverter conjuntamente a preferência por local e a sensibilização locomotora à morfina (5 mg/kg) em ratos Wistar adultos machos, inibindo-se a síntese proteica com cicloheximida (CHX) i.p. logo após uma sessão de reativação contextual da memória no CPL, (b) se a reversão dos comportamentos reflete alterações (já descritas por outros autores) em GluA1, GluA1p (Ser845) e GluA2, no Hipocampo dorsal (HPCd) e no Núcleo Accumbens (NAc), e (c) se o mesmo tratamento em ambas estruturas reverte os dois parâmetros avaliados – comportamental e neuroquímico – de forma diferente ou igual. Nossos resultados mostraram ser possível reverter a preferência por local e a sensibilização locomotora por inibição sistêmica de síntese proteica, e que o condicionamento com exposição à morfina induz alterações nas subunidades analisadas de AMPA, conforme verificado no HPCd e NAc, embora a CHX não tenha produzido um efeito tão bem definido. Os animais que receberam infusões centrais no HPCd e NAc (central) não exibiram preferência por local, nem sensibilização. Em conjunto, nossos resultados mostraram, pela primeira vez em um mesmo desenho experimental, que é possível reverter diferentes aspectos da memória de recompensa (preferência e sensibilização) por meio do bloqueio da reconsolidação. / Drug addiction is a complex and multifactorial disorder that develops in a few people who use these substances. Associative memories between the drug and context of use act as a trigger for maladaptive behavior such as drug seeking and drug use, in addition to relapse after an extended period of withdrawal. Underlying these behavioral changes are modifications in glutamatergic reception (AMPA) in structures involved with memory (Hippocampus) and reward (Nucleus Accumbens). Therefore, strategies that weaken the drug and context association and deepen knowledge of circuits involved in these behaviors are extremely relevant therapeutically. When retrieved, a memory can undergo two distinct processes post-retrieval: extinction, in which a new memory inhibiting a previous association is generated, and reconsolidation, in which the original memory can enter a labile state and is susceptible to modifications, when it can be weakened by inhibition of its reconsolidation. Reconsolidation of memory has been shown to be a more effective and long lasting strategy in relation to extinction, since the original memory is modified. An animal model for studying drug addiction, conditioned place preference (CPP) is largely used and it is well known that it is possible to weaken preference by disrupting reconsolidation. However, there are few studies that investigate the existence of reconsolidation in a locomotor sensitization paradigm, which seems to occur in a condition dependent on context of acquisition, although some works report its independence. The questions answered in this work were (a) if it is possible to reverse both, context preference and locomotor sensitization to morphine (5mg/kg) by protein synthesis inhibition (CHX) after a contextual memory reactivation session in CPP, (b) if the disruption of behaviors reflects a reversal of changes of GluA1, GluA1p (Ser845) e GluA2 in dorsal Hippocampus (dHPC) and Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) and (c) if the same treatment in these structures differentially reverts the two parameters assessed. Our results indicate that it is possible to revert context preference and locomotor sensitization via systemic disruption of protein synthesis and that morphine conditioning induces changes in AMPA subunits in dHPC and NAc, although CHX did not have an evident effect on molecular reversal. Animals cannulated in dHPC and NAc core did not induce preference or sensitization. Taken together, our results demonstrated, for the first time, using the same experimental design that is possible to revert different aspects of reward memory (preference and sensitization) by disrupting the reconsolidation process.

Vários estudos utilizando modelos animais têm demonstrado que estruturas límbicas como amídala (AMD), hipocampo dorsal (HD) e córtex pré-frontal medial (CPFm) participam na consolidação da memória associada às emoções. Considerando que a síntese de novas proteínas é necessária para o processo de consolidação de memórias, e que a combinação entre o uso de inibidores de síntese proteica e diferentes intensidades de estímulo incondicionado têm gerado respostas comportamentais distintas com relação à consolidação da memória emocional, o presente trabalho se propôs a investigar a hipótese de a consolidação da memória aversiva na AMD, no HD e no CPFm, associada a síntese proteica, ocorre de maneira diferenciada nessas três estruturas, de acordo com a intensidade do estímulo aversivo, bem como se a expressão de genes envolvidos na transmissão histaminérgica seria modificada ao longo das fases da memória emocional aversiva. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o papel da síntese proteica na AMD, HD e CPFm no processo de consolidação de uma memória aversiva baseada em condicionamento aversivo moderado ou intenso; investigar a expressão de genes ligados a transmissão histaminérgica na AMD, HD e CPFm após o condicionamento aversivo intenso. Para este fim dois experimentos foram realizados: No experimento 1 a anisomicina (ANI) foi microinjetada bilateralmente na AMD ou HD ou CPFm de camundongos antes de serem submetidos a tarefa de esquiva inibitória do tipo step-down utilizando duas intensidades de estímulo incondicionado: moderada ou intensa. No experimento 2, as variações da expressão dos genes da enzima HDC (histidina descarboxilase responsável pela síntese de histamina) e dos receptores H1, H2 e H3 foram analisadas em diferentes espaços temporais através da reação de polimerase em cadeia em tempo real. Os resultados do experimento 1 demonstram que microinjeção de ANI no CPFm prejudica a consolidação da memória de esquiva inibitória com estímulo incondicionado moderado ou intenso, porém quando administrada intra-AMD e intra-HD, a ANI só prejudica a consolidação da memória de esquiva inibitória com estímulo incondicionado intenso. No experimento 2 demonstra que durante a consolidação da memória aversiva intensa há diminuição nos níveis de expressão dos genes: HDC no HD, Hrh3 na AMD, Hrh1 e Hrh3 no CPFm. Já na fase de evocação, na AMD há aumento e diminuição na expressão dos genes HDC e Hrh3, respectivamente; no HD há aumento na expressão dos genes Hrh2 e Hrh3 e no CPFm há aumento na expressão do gene HDC e diminuição nos genes Hrh1 e Hrh3. Durante a reconsolidação há diminuição na expressão dos genes HDC e Hrh3 e aumento do gene Hrh1 na AMD. No DH há aumento com relação ao gene Hrh1, e no CPFm há aumento do gene HDC e diminuição na expressão dos genes Hrh1 e Hrh3. No presente estudo conclui-se que em situações com moderado grau de aversividade, a consolidação dessa experiência não dependerá de síntese proteica na AMD e no HD, mas sim no CPFml. No entanto, em situações com elevado grau de aversividade, a síntese proteica na AMD, HD e CPFm é essencial para a consolidação de tal experiência. Além disso, os genes HDC, Hrh1, Hrh2 e Hrh3 se expressam distintamente na AMD, HD e CPFm ao longo da escala temporal da consolidação, evocação e reconsolidação da formação de memórias de medo. / Several studies using animal models have shown that limbic structures like the amygdala (AMG), dorsal hippocampus (DH) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are involved in emotional memory consolidation. Whereas the synthesis of new proteins is necessary for memory consolidation process, and that opposite results related to the interaction of protein synthesis inhibitors and foot-shock intensity on memory consolidation have been reported, the present study aims to investigate the hypothesis of protein synthesis in AMG, the DH and mPFC associated with the consolidation of aversive memory occurs differently in these three structures, according to the intensity of the aversive stimulus and the expression of proteins involved in histaminergic transmission would be modified during the process of consolidation and emotional expression of aversive memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of protein synthesis in AMG, DH and mPFC in consolidation of aversive memory based on moderate and intense conditioning; to investigate the expression of proteins related to histaminergic transmission in AMG, DH and mPFC after intense aversive conditioning. For this purpose two experiments were performed: in experiment 1 the anisomycin (ANI) was bilaterally microinjected into AMG or DH or mPFC of mice before being submitted the step-down inhibitory avoidance task using two unconditioned stimulus intensities: moderate or intense. In experiment 2, the variations in the gene expression of HDC enzyme (histidine decarboxylase - responsible for histamine synthesis) and the H1, H2 and H3 receptors were analyzed at different temporal spaces by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The results of the first experiment demonstrate that microinjection of ANI in mPFC impairs the consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory with moderate or intense unconditioned stimulus, however when administered intra-AMG and intra DH, ANI only impairs the consolidation of inhibitory avoidance memory under an intensive unconditioned stimulus. The experiment 2 demonstrates that during the consolidation of intense aversive memory there is a decrease of the genes expression levels: HDC in the dorsal hippocampus, Hrh3, Hrh1 in the amygdala, and Hrh3 in the medial prefrontal cortex. During retrieval the HDC and Hrh3 genes expression levels are increased and decreased, respectively in the AMG; the Hhr2 and Hrh3 genes expression levels are increased in the DH, and in the mPFC the HDC gene expression level is increased, and the Hrh1 and Hrh3 are decreased. During reconsolidation the amygdalas HDC and Hrh3 genes expression levels are decreased and the Hrh1 gene is increased. In the DH the Hrh1 gene levels are elevated and in the mPFC the HDC gene expression level is increased and the Hrh1 and Hrh3 are decreased. In the current study we conclude that under moderate aversiveness situations, the consolidation of this experience does not depend on protein synthesis in the AMG and in the DH, but in the mPFC. However, in situations with a high level of adversity, protein synthesis in this three structures are essential for the consolidation of such experience. In addition, the histaminergic genes are distinctly expressed in the AMG, DH and mPFC along the time scale of consolidation, retrieval and reconsolidation of the formation of fear memories.

Vários estudos mostram que o núcleo mediano da rafe (NMR) e o hipocampo dorsal (HD) estão envolvidos no medo condicionado Pavloviano. Além disso, mecanismos serotoninérgicos do NMR parecem participar da expressão da resposta de medo condicionado contextual. Entretanto, ainda não existe uma abordagem experimental que integre os mecanismos do circuito NMR-HD. Neste trabalho, o paradigma do medo condicionado foi utilizado para testar a influência dos mecanismos serotoninérgicos do circuito NMR-HD no medo condicionado contextual. As respostas de sobressalto e congelamento foram avaliadas após a administração de drogas serotoninérgicas intra-NMR e no HD, 6 h depois a sessões treino, nas quais os ratos eram condicionados com choques nas patas. A redução da transmissão serotoninérgica no NMR é devido a microinjeção do 8-hidroxi-2(di-n-propilamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), um agonista de receptores 5-HT1A, no NMR promoveu redução das respostas de congelamento, mas não alterou a resposta de sobressalto. Estes resultados são consistentes com a ideia de que mecanismos serotoninérgicos no NMR regulam as respostas de congelamento a um contexto aversivo. A diminuição pós-sináptica da serotonina nas áreas de projeção do NMR ocorre devido a ativação de autoreceptores 5-HT1A nesta estrutura. Com relação ao hipocampo, a microinjeção de cetanserina, um antagonista de receptores 5-HT2, não promoveu alteração nas respostas de congelamento e sobressalto potencializado pelo medo, porém a ativação de receptores 5-HT1A pela injeção de 8-OH-DPAT 6 h após o treino inibiu essas respostas. De acordo com esses resultados, um mecanismo inibitório deva se interpor entre os processos associados à chegada de informação aversiva e os associados à saída delas no HD. As projeções HD-amígdala e córtex pré-frontal medial podem constituir a porta de saída dos processos neurais subjacentes a expressão do medo condicionado contextual, conforme foi observado no experimento em que estudou a imunorreatividade destas estruturas á proteína Fos em ratos submetidos ao mesmo procedimento experimental de medo condicionado contextual / Several studies have shown that the median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) are involved in Pavlovian conditioned fear. Moreover, previous findings have also implicated serotonergic mechanisms of the MRN in the retrieval of contextual conditioned fear. However, studies that examine the integrated involvement of serotonergic mechanisms of the MRN-DH are lacking. This study, a fear conditioning paradigm was used to test whether the serotonergic projections from the MRN to DH can influence contextual fear conditioning. Startle and freezing responses were avaliated after administration of serotoninergics drugs into the MRN or DH, 6 h previously rats received footshocks in the training session. A reduction of 5-HT transmission in the MRN by local infusions of the 5-HT1A agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)-tetralin (8-OH-DPAT) decreased freezing in response to the CS but did not reduce fear-potentiated startle. This pattern of results is consistent with the hypothesis that MRN serotonergic mechanisms selectively modulate the freezing response to the aversive context. As for the DH, a decrease in postsynaptic 5-HT receptor activity at projection areas has been proposed to be the main consequence of 5-HT1A receptor activation in the MRN. Infusions of the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist ketanserin into the DH had no effect, but activation of 5-HT1A receptors through intra-DH injections of 8-OH-DPAT inhibited both the freezing and fear-potentiated startle response to the CS. To reconcile these findings, an inhibitory mechanism may exist between the incoming DH 5-HT pathway from the MRN and the presynaptic 5-HT neurons that are part of the DH output to other structures. The DH-amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex projections could well be this output circuit modulating the expression of contextual fear conditioning as revealed by measurements of Fos immunoreactivity in these areas.

Les comportements orientés vers un but sont complexes et font appel à un grand nombre de processus cérébraux. Le cortex préfrontal médian (mPFC) apparaît comme une structure clef dans la réalisation de ces comportements de par son rôle dans la planification. De plus, il existe au sein du mPFC des cellules signalant les lieux à forte valeur motivationnelle. L’activité de ces neurones pourrait être essentielle à la mise en place d’un comportement spatial dirigé vers un but. S’orienter vers un but nécessite aussi la construction d’une représentation stable de l’environnement, qui repose sur l’activité de l’hippocampe (HPC). Néanmoins, peu de travaux ont analysé le rôle respectif de ces deux structures, et leurs interactions, lors de l’acquisition et de la consolidation d’une stratégie comportementale orientée vers un but. L’objectif des recherches réalisées au cours de ma thèse est donc d’étudier l’implication de l’hippocampe et du cortex préfrontal médian du rat dans ce processus. Notre première étude a montré l’existence d’un codage prospectif au sein des neurones du mPFC durant la réalisation d’une tâche de mémoire de travail.L’activité des neurones signale à la fois, la séquence temporelle comportementale, et l’anticipation de la récompense, et jouerait ainsi un rôle dans les fonctions exécutives. Dans la deuxième étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux structures cérébrales impliquées dans la mise à jour de la valence du but ainsi que dans sa rétention à long terme. Nos résultats ont montré que l’inactivation de l’hippocampe intermédiaire provoque des déficits dans le traitement à court terme d’un changement de valence. En revanche, l’inactivation du mPFC empêche le stockage à long terme de ce changement. L’activité de ces deux structures serait donc essentielle pour effectuer une mise à jour en temps réel de la valence d’un but et pour sa consolidation en mémoire à long terme. Leur interaction permettrait d’adapter rapidement et de façon durable la stratégie comportementale de l’animal face aux changements de l’environnement. / Goal-directed behaviors are complex and involve a variety of cognitive processes. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) plays a key role in behavioral planning. More over, cells in the rat mPFC show specific firing modulations at location with a high motivational value. Such neuronal activity could be essential for the setting up installation of a goal-directed behavior. Further more, navigating to a spatial goal requires the building of a stable presentation of the environment which is hippocampus-dependent. So far however, only few studies have addressed the respective role of these two structures, and their interaction, during the acquisition and the consolidation of a goal directed-behavior. The work conducted during my PhD thesis aimed at studying the role of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in this process. In a first study,we showed the existence of a prospective coding by mPFC neurons when the rat performs a working memory task. Neuronal activity signals both, the temporal sequence of the behavior, and the prediction of reward. These neurons would play a role inexecutive functions. In a second study, we focused on cerebral structures involved in the updating of the value of a goal as well as in its long-term retention. Our results showed that the inactivation of the intermediate hippocampus causes deficit in the short-term processing of a change in the goal value. On the other hand, the inactivation of the mPFC prevents long-term consolidation of this change. Integrity of this two structures would therefore be essential to perform an on-line updating of the goal value and for its long-term consolidation. Their interaction would be necessary to rapidly adapt, and in a lasting manner, the behavioral strategy of the animal when it faces an environmental change.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'implication de deux structures de la formation hippocampique, le cortex entorhinal latéral (CEL) et l'hippocampe dorsal (DH), dans les processus sous-tendant la formation et la flexibilité d'associations entre deux stimuli de modalités sensorielles différentes : l'olfaction et le toucher. Pour cela, une tâche bimodale olfacto-tactile (OT) est développée chez le rat. Dans celle-ci, l'animal doit apprendre à identifier une combinaison "odeur-texture" spécifique parmi les trois proposées afin d'obtenir un renforcement (ex: O1T1+ O2T1 O1T2, + désignant la combinaison renforcée). Aucun indice spatial ou contextuel n'est pertinent pour résoudre cette tâche. Suite à l'acquisition de deux tâches différentes, les stimuli sont réassociés sous forme de combinaisons inédites dans une troisième tâche appelée « recombinaison ». La manipulation pharmacologique de l'activité du CEL a mis en évidence l'implication des systèmes glutamatergique NMDA et cholinergique de cette structure dans les processus sous-tendant ces deux types de tâche. En revanche, si le DH n'est pas indispensable pour l'acquisition, son système cholinergique est critique pour la recombinaison. En comparaison avec l'acquisition, l'étude électrophysiologique a montré que la recombinaison repose sur un découplage de la synchronisation entre les activités oscillatoires du CEL et celles du DH dans la bande thêta (5-12 Hz). De plus, cet apprentissage est associé à une augmentation de l'amplitude des oscillations bêta (15-45 Hz) dans le CEL. Ces travaux montrent que le CEL et le DH interviennent dans les processus sous-tendant la flexibilité des représentations bimodales / The goal of this thesis is to study the involvement of two structures of the hippocampal formation, the lateral entorhinal cortex (LEC) and the dorsal hippocampus (DH), in the processes underlying the formation and the flexibility of associations of stimuli between two different sensory modalities. To this aim, a new olfactory-tactile (OT) bimodal task has been developed in the rat. To solve the task, animals have to identity one “odor-texture” combination between three in order to obtain a reinforcement (ex: O1T1+ O2T1 O1T2, + for the baited cup). This procedure excludes the use of any spatial or contextual cues for solving the task. After the acquisition of two different tasks, the familiar stimuli used in acquisition were recombined in a third task (called “recombination”). The pharmacological manipulation of the LEC showed that the NMDA glutamatergic and cholinergic system in this structure are involved in the processes underlying the acquisition and the recombination. In contrast, the cholinergic system in the DH is selectively and critically involved in the recombination processes. Compared to acquisition, our electrophysiological data showed that the recombination is based on a desynchronization between the oscillatory activities of the LEC and of the DH in the theta band (5-12 Hz). Moreover, this task is associated with increased amplitude of beta oscillations (15-45 Hz) in the LEC. These data demonstrated that the LEC and the DH are critically involved in the processes underlying the flexibility of bimodal representations