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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
81

Étude du rôle de la phosphorylation du complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 dans le maintien de l'intégrité génomique

Simoneau, Antoine 11 1900 (has links)
L'ADN de chaque cellule est constamment soumis à des stress pouvant compromettre son intégrité. Les bris double-brins sont probablement les dommages les plus nocifs pour la cellule et peuvent être des sources de réarrangements chromosomiques majeurs et mener au cancer s’ils sont mal réparés. La recombinaison homologue et la jonction d’extrémités non-homologues (JENH) sont deux voies fondamentalement différentes utilisées pour réparer ce type de dommage. Or, les mécanismes régulant le choix entre ces deux voies pour la réparation des bris double-brins demeurent nébuleux. Le complexe Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) est le premier acteur à être recruté à ce type de bris où il contribue à la réparation par recombinaison homologue ou JENH. À l’intersection de ces deux voies, il est donc idéalement placé pour orienter le choix de réparation. Ce mémoire met en lumière deux systèmes distincts de phosphorylation du complexe MRX régulant spécifiquement le JENH. L’un dépend de la progression du cycle cellulaire et inhibe le JENH, tandis que l’autre requiert la présence de dommages à l’ADN et est nécessaire au JENH. Ensembles, nos résultats suggèrent que le complexe MRX intègre différents phospho-stimuli pour réguler le choix de la voie de réparation. / The genome of every cell is constantly subjected to stresses that could compromise its integrity. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) are amongst the most damaging events for a cell and can lead to gross chromosomal rearrangements, cell death and cancer if improperly repaired. Homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are the main repair pathways responsible for the repair of DSBs. However, the mechanistic basis of both pathways is fundamentally different and the regulation of the choice between both for the repair of DSBs remains largely misunderstood. The Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 (MRX) complex acts as a DSB first responder and contributes to repair by both homologous recombination and NHEJ. Being at the crossroads of both DSB repair pathways, the MRX complex is therefore in a convenient position to influence the repair choice. This thesis unravels two distinct phosphorylation systems modifying the MRX complex and specifically regulating repair by NHEJ. The first relies on cell cycle progression and inhibits NHEJ, while the second requires the presence of DNA damage and is necessary for efficient NHEJ. Together, our results suggest a model in which the MRX complex would act as an integrator of phospho-stimuli in order to regulate the DSB repair pathway choice.
82

Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is an essential regulator of the cellular response to ionizing radiation and a therapeutic target to enhance radiation therapy for prostate cancer treatment

Jacob Louis Owens (9133214) 05 August 2020 (has links)
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers and failure to manage localized disease contributes to the majority of deaths. Radiation therapy (RT) is a common treatment for localized prostate cancer and uses ionizing radiation (IR) to damage DNA. Although RT is potentially curative, tumors often recur and progress to terminal disease. The cellular response to RT is multidimensional. For example, cells respond to a single dose of IR by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) to repair the DNA. Targeting proteins involved in the DDR is an effective clinical strategy to sensitize cancer cells to RT. However, multiple radiation treatments, as in fractionated ionizing radiation (FIR), can promote neuroendocrine differentiation (NED). FIR-induced NED is an emerging resistance mechanism to RT and tumors that undergo NED are highly aggressive and remain incurable.<br><br> Currently, the only clinical approach that improves RT for prostate cancer treatment is androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). ADT blocks androgen receptor (AR) signaling which inhibits the repair of DNA damage. In 2017, my lab reported that targeting Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) blocks AR protein expression. Therefore, targeting PRMT5 may also sensitize prostate cancer cells to RT via a novel mechanism of action.<br><br> This dissertation focuses on the role of PRMT5 in the cellular response to IR and the goal of my work is to validate PRMT5 as a therapeutic target to enhance RT for prostate cancer treatment. I demonstrate that PRMT5 has several roles in the cellular response to IR. Upon a single dose of IR, PRMT5 cooperates with pICln to function as a master epigenetic activator of DDR genes and efficiently repair IR-induced DNA damage. There is an assumption in the field that the methyltransferase activity and epigenetic function of PRMT5 is dependent on the cofactor MEP50. I demonstrate that PRMT5 can function independently of MEP50 and identify pICln as a novel epigenetic cofactor of PRMT5. During FIR, PRMT5, along with both cofactors MEP50 and pICln, are essential for initiation of NED, maintenance of NED, and cell survival. Targeting PRMT5 also sensitizes prostate cancer xenograft tumors in mice to RT, significantly reduces and delays tumor recurrence, and prolongs overall survival. Incredibly, while 100% of control mice died due to tumor burden, targeting PRMT5 effectively cured ~85% of mice from their xenograft tumor. Overall, this work provides strong evidence for PRMT5 as a therapeutic target and suggests that targeting PRMT5 during RT should be assessed clinically.<br>
83

Kinesin-13, tubulins and their new roles in DNA damage repair

Paydar, Mohammadjavad 12 1900 (has links)
Les microtubules sont de longs polymères cylindriques de la protéine α, β tubuline, utilisés dans les cellules pour construire le cytosquelette, le fuseau mitotique et les axonèmes. Ces polymères creux sont cruciaux pour de nombreuses fonctions cellulaires, y compris le transport intracellulaire et la ségrégation chromosomique pendant la division cellulaire. Au fur et à mesure que les cellules se développent, se divisent et se différencient, les microtubules passent par un processus, appelé instabilité dynamique, ce qui signifie qu’ils basculent constamment entre les états de croissance et de rétrécissement. Cette caractéristique conservée et fondamentale des microtubules est étroitement régulée par des familles de protéines associées aux microtubules. Les protéines de kinésine-13 sont une famille de facteurs régulateurs de microtubules qui dépolymérisent catalytiquement les extrémités des microtubules. Cette thèse traite d’abord des concepts mécanistiques sur le cycle catalytique de la kinésine-13. Afin de mieux comprendre le mécanisme moléculaire par lequel les protéines de kinésine-13 induisent la dépolymérisation des microtubules, nous rapportons la structure cristalline d’un monomère de kinésine-13 catalytiquement actif (Kif2A) en complexe avec deux hétérodimères αβ-tubuline courbés dans un réseau tête-à-queue. Nous démontrons également l’importance du « cou » spécifique à la classe de kinésine-13 dans la dépolymérisation catalytique des microtubules. Ensuite, nous avons cherché à fournir la base moléculaire de l’hydrolyse tubuline-guanosine triphosphate (GTP) et son rôle dans la dynamique des microtubules. Dans le modèle que nous présentons ici, l’hydrolyse tubuline-GTP pourrait être déclenchée par les changements conformationnels induits par les protéines kinésine-13 ou par l’agent chimique stabilisant paclitaxel. Nous fournissons également des preuves biochimiques montrant que les changements conformationnels des dimères de tubuline précèdent le renouvellement de la tubuline-GTP, ce qui indique que ce processus est déclenché mécaniquement. Ensuite, nous avons identifié la kinésine de microtubule Kif2C comme une protéine associée à des modèles d’ADN imitant la rupture double brin (DSB) et à d’autres protéines de réparation DSB connues dans les extraits d’œufs de Xenope et les cellules de mammifères. Les cassures double brin d’ADN (DSB) sont un type majeur de lésions d’ADN ayant les effets les plus cytotoxiques. En raison de leurs graves impacts sur la survie cellulaire et la stabilité génomique, les DSB d’ADN sont liés à de nombreuses maladies humaines, y compris le cancer. Nous avons constaté que les activités PARP et ATM étaient toutes deux nécessaires pour le recrutement de Kif2C sur les sites de réparation de l’ADN. Kif2C knockout ou inhibition de son activité de dépolymérisation des microtubules a conduit à l’hypersensibilité des dommages à l’ADN et à une réduction de la réparation du DSB via la jonction terminale non homologue et la recombinaison homologue. Dans l’ensemble, notre modèle suggère que les protéines de kinésine-13 peuvent interagir avec les dimères de tubuline aux extrémités microtubules et modifier leurs conformations, moduler l’étendue des extrêmités tubuline-GTP dans les cellules et déclencher le désassemblage des microtubules. Ces deux modèles pourraient être des clés pour démêler les mécanismes impliqués dans le nouveau rôle de Kif2C dans la réparation de l’ADN DSB sans s’associer à des polymères de microtubules. / Microtubules are long, cylindrical polymers of the proteins α, β tubulin, used in cells to construct the cytoskeleton, the mitotic spindle and axonemes. These hollow polymers are crucial for many cellular functions including intracellular transport and chromosome segregation during cell division. As cells grow, divide, and differentiate, microtubules go through a process, called dynamic instability, which means they constantly switch between growth and shrinkage states. This conserved and fundamental feature of microtubules is tightly regulated by families of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). Kinesin-13 proteins are a family of microtubule regulatory factors that catalytically depolymerize microtubule ends. This thesis first discusses mechanistic insights into the catalytic cycle of kinesin-13. In order to better understand the molecular mechanism by which kinesin-13 proteins induce microtubule depolymerization, we report the crystal structure of a catalytically active kinesin-13 monomer (Kif2A) in complex with two bent αβ-tubulin heterodimers in a head-to-tail array. We also demonstrate the importance of the kinesin-13 class-specific “neck” in modulating Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) turnover and catalytic depolymerization of microtubules. Then, we aimed to provide the molecular basis for tubulin-Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis and its role in microtubule dynamics. Although it has been known for decades that tubulin-GTP turnover is linked to microtubule dynamics, its precise role in the process and how it is driven are now well understood. In the model we are presenting here, tubulin-GTP hydrolysis could be triggered via the conformational changes induced by kinesin-13 proteins or by the stabilizing chemical agent paclitaxel. We also provide biochemical evidence showing that conformational changes of tubulin dimers precedes the tubulin-GTP turnover, which indicates that this process is triggered mechanically. Next, we identified microtubule kinesin Kif2C as a protein associated with double strand break (DSB)-mimicking DNA templates and other known DSB repair proteins in Xenopus egg extracts and mammalian cells. DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are a major type of DNA lesions with the most cytotoxic effects. Due to their sever impacts on cell survival and genomic stability, DNA DSBs are related to many human diseases including cancer. Here we found that PARP and ATM activities were both required for the recruitment of Kif2C to DNA repair sites. Kif2C knockdown/knockout or inhibition of its microtubule depolymerizing activity led to accumulation of endogenous DNA damage, DNA damage hypersensitivity, and reduced DSB repair via both non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). Interestingly, genetic depletion of KIF2C, or inhibition of its microtubule depolymerase activity, reduced the mobility of DSBs, impaired the formation of DNA damage foci, and decreased the occurrence of foci fusion and resolution. Altogether, our findings shed light on the mechanisms involved in kinesin-13 catalyzed microtubule depolymerization. Our tubulin-GTP hydrolysis model suggests that kinesin-13 proteins may interact with tubulin dimers at microtubules ends and alter their conformations, modulate the extent of the GTP caps in cells and trigger microtubule disassembly. These two models could be keys to unravel the mechanisms involved in the novel role of Kif2C in DNA DSB repair without associating with microtubule polymers.

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