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Blast hole loggingMack, Gary W. January 1983 (has links)
No description available.
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Quantitative Analysis of Drilling Predation Patterns in the Fossil Record: Ecological and Evolutionary ImplicationsHoffmeister, Alan P. 11 April 2002 (has links)
Drilling predation presents a rare opportunity to quantify ecological and evolutionary interactions in the fossil record. To date, most of this research has been done on Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits, and large-scale studies have focused on temporal rather than spatial patterns. However, drilling predation occurs throughout the entire Phanerozoic, and patterns in spatial variability may mask secular trends. These issues are addressed in a series of projects presented here.
An extensive survey of museum specimens and bulk materials indicate that drilling predation in Late Paleozoic brachiopod prey is relatively rare (<1% of fossil specimens are drilled) but widespread and continuously present. The intensity of drilling predation on Late Paleozoic bivalve mollusks (this is the first quantitative report of this kind) is much higher than that seen for contemporaneous brachiopod prey, but lower than what is common for Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic mollusks. Drilling intensity varies significantly between taxa and across localities, (e.g., a sample of the Pennsylvanian brachiopod Cardiarina cordata produced an estimate of 32.7%, which is an intensity similar to that seen in Cenozoic mollusks and the highest yet reported for any brachiopod). However, data for the brachiopod genus Composita, which appears to be a preferred brachiopod prey in many Late Paleozoic assemblages, show that although this genus is subject to drilling predation continuously throughout its geologic range, the over all intensity is very low (less than 1%) and at no time does the intensity ever exceed 10%.
Spatial variation in Miocene assemblages from Europe is shown to be on the same order as temporal variation throughout the Cenozoic. Significant variation in drilling intensity is also documented for the Paleozoic. This emphasizes the point that to fully understand patterns of predation through time, both spatial and temporal distribution must be considered. / Ph. D.
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The development of a standard drilling test for machinabilitySmorczewski, William T., Swensson, Sigurd S. January 1948 (has links)
The purpose of this thesis might be subdivided under two headings - modification of the testing machine so that it would be suitable for drilling tests and development of a standard drilling test for machinability which would employ the modified machine.
The first mission was accomplished by the substitution of a specimen-holder in the form of an angle iron for the tool holder already attached to the carriage. One other modification consisted of replacing the timing circuit of the machine with a 1 rpm indicator card mount which, together with a recording pen, gave a pictorial record of the progress of the drill through test specimens.
The second purpose of the investigation was fulfilled when the straight line portion of the machinability curve was found, proved, and defined by equation. Also of equal interest with regards to this machinability concept was the establishment of confidence limits showing the relative variability of the materials tested.
Perhaps the statement should be made that the exact values of these confidence limits depend on the number of test specimens being included in the index determination. The investigators based their calculations on a sub-group containing four specimens. This sub-group size was believed sufficiently high to detect any test equipment defect, such as a feather edge on the drill or an incorrectly set speed, without requiring an excessive number of drilling operations.
Although the index values calculated and listed in Table #13 are correct for the materials tested, they are not recommended for general use since they are based on test specimens all coming from one source. A larger number of tests on specimens from a large number of foundries and steel mills would be necessary for a true estimate of the machinability of the test materials. / M.S.
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Effects of intra-pulse structure in laser drillingCheng, Jun 01 January 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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Modelling of ultrasonically assisted micro drillingZhang, Zhiwei January 2010 (has links)
Micro drilling has been applied in the interconnection and precision manufacturing industries extensively. As a promising machining technique, Ultrasonically Assisted Drilling (UAD) has become increasingly popular in both academia and industry in recent years. In this thesis, modelling techniques and experiments for Ultrasonically Assisted Micro Drilling (UAMD) are investigated. Representative work on modelling of micro drills and UAD has been documented and categorised. Existing gaps in the literature are identified and the aims of this research are formulated. Using the Finite Element (FE) technique, a hybrid model is developed to realise modelling for the whole drill bit without compromising the computation efficiency, even when the drill has a complicated geometry (small diameter flute, multiple step shanks, etc). A specific drill model (Φ0.3 mm diameter, 2 step shanks) is chosen for a case study in order to evaluate the model. The hybrid tool shows sufficiently accurate results and impressive computation efficiency in the evaluation. For vibration modelling, force modelling and experimental work, a standard Φ1 mm drill with 1 step shank is used across the chapters. First of all, FE analysis is conducted on the whole drill and normal modes are solved with boundary condition as fixed simply supported. A 2 Degree-of-Freedom (DOF) model is then built considering rotation and the ultrasonic excitation to solve the transverse vibration with boundary conditions consistent with the FE model. The asymmetric geometric characteristics of the drill bit are taken account of through using the first two fundamental modes in the FE model. Potential parametric resonances are discussed in the numerical simulation. Other vibration characteristics are also discussed with varying parameters such as ultrasonic frequency, ultrasonic amplitude and rotational speed. In order to extend the vibration model, a nonlinear thrust force model has been developed for incorporation into the 2 DOF model. The force model considers ultrasonic parameters, feed rate, material properties and the nonlinearity of the UAMD process. Force reduction during the UAMD process is explained qualitatively with the model and a full range of feed rates have been simulated to study their effect on the force reduction. The limitations of this model have also been explained. A high speed UAMD system was designed to examine the effects of key parameters. Experiments with different ultrasonic frequencies, amplitudes and rotational speeds were conducted and the influences of these parameters on thrust force were investigated. With the thrust force data from these experiments, a correlation study to the simulation results based on the force model is carried out. The study identifies the limitations on the current one dimensional force model and leads to recommendations for the further development of the force model. Further work is identified for both modelling and experiments, and the present models can be expanded to suit the research and development of UAMD techniques.
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Residual Stress Measurements of Unblasted and Sandblasted Mild Steel Specimens Using X-Ray Diffraction, Strain-Gage Hole Drilling, and Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) Hole Drilling MethodsLestari, Saskia 21 May 2004 (has links)
The objectives of this research are to measure residual stress in both unblasted and sandblasted mild steel specimens by using three different techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), strain-gage hole drilling (SGHD), and electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) hole drilling, and to validate the new ESPI hole drilling method by comparing its measurement results to those produced by the SGHD method. Both the XRD and SGHD methods were selected because they are accurate and well-verified approaches for residual stress measurements. The ESPI hole drilling technique is a new technology developed based on the SGHD technique, without the use of strain gage. This technique is incorporated into a new product referred to as the PRISM system, manufactured by Hytec, Incorporated, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Each method samples a different volume of material at different depths into the surface. XRD method is especially different compared to the other two methods, since XRD only measures stresses at a depth very close to the surface (virtually zero depth). For this reason, no direct comparisons can be made between XRD and SGHD, as well as between XRD and ESPI hole drilling. Therefore, direct comparisons can only be made between SGHD and ESPI hole drilling methods.
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Thermoporoelastic Effects of Drilling Fluid Temperature on Rock Drillability at Bit/Formation InterfaceThepchatri, Kritatee 1984- 14 March 2013 (has links)
A drilling operation leads to thermal disturbances in the near-wellbore stress, which is an important cause of many undesired incidents in well drilling. A major cause of this thermal disturbance is the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and the downhole formation. It is critical for drilling engineers to understand this thermal impact to optimize their drilling plans.
This thesis develops a numerical model using partially coupled thermoporoelasticity to study the effects of the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and formation in a drilling operation. This study focuses on the thermal impacts at the bit/formation interface. The model applies the finite-difference method for the pore pressure and temperature solutions, and the finite-element method for the deformation and stress solutions. However, the model also provides the thermoporoelastic effects at the wellbore wall, which involves wellbore fractures and wellbore instability.
The simulation results show pronounced effects of the drilling fluid temperature on near-wellbore stresses. At the bottomhole area, a cool drilling fluid reduces the radial and tangential effective stresses in formation, whereas the vertical effective stress increases. The outcome is a possible enhancement in the drilling rate of the drill bit. At the wellbore wall, the cool drilling fluid reduces the vertical and tangential effective stresses but raises the radial effective stress. The result is a lower wellbore fracture gradient; however, it benefits formation stability and prevents wellbore collapse. Conversely, the simulation gives opposite induced stress results to the cooling cases when the drilling fluid is hotter than the formation.
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An Experimental Investigation Of The Shale Inhibition Properties Of A Quaternary Amine CompoundTas, Baki Tugrul 01 February 2013 (has links) (PDF)
Depleting oil reserves and increased costs of the oil and gas recoveries have created the need to drill
in challenging formations. When drilled through, shale formations in particular always generated a
wide variety of problems if conventional water-based muds are used. Furthermore, the complexity and
variations in shales have compounded the task of developing suitable drilling fluids. In light of these
problems, the study of shale properties and their interactions with fluids will continue to be a muchneeded
source of information in drilling industry.
In this study a low molecular weight quaternary amine compound, which is provided by KarKim
Drilling Fluids Inc., and its mixtures with sodium and potassium chloride is investigated in the aspects
of capillary suction times, hot rolling recoveries, methylene blue capacities and one-dimensional free
swelling properties in order to compare performances of salts and amine compound.
For all test methods quaternary amine concentration from 1% to 6% by volume were studied and seen
that less amount of quaternary amine compound is needed in order to obtain close shale recoveries
and shale volume change potential if compared with sodium and potassium chloride. This prevents the
usage of high concentration of chlorides and hence provides environmental sensitiveness.
Furthermore, it was concluded that combining an amount of salt with quaternary amine compound
gives the system enhanced shale inhibition properties.
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A Study On Heat Transfer Iside The Wellbore During Drilling OperationsApak, Esat Can 01 January 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Analysis of the drilling fluid temperature in a circulating well is the main objective of this study. Initially, an analytical temperature distribution model, which utilizes basic energy conservation principle, is presented for this purpose. A computer program is written in order to easily implement this model to different cases. Variables that have significant effect on temperature profile are observed. Since the verification of the analytical model is not probable for many cases, a computer program (ANSYS) that uses finite element method is employed to simulate different well conditions. Three different wells were modeled by using rectangular FLOTRAN CFD element that has four nodes. Maximum drilling fluid temperature data corresponding to significant variables is collectedfrom these models. This data is then used to develop an empirical correlation in order to determine maximum drilling fluid temperature. The proposed empirical correlation can estimate the temperature distribution within the wellbore with an average error of less than 16%, and maximum drilling fluid temperature with an average error of less than 7 %.
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Site characterisation of the Whataroa Valley for the Deep Alpine Fault Drilling Project stage 2 (DFDP-2), West Coast, New ZealandKlahn, Andrew Paul January 2011 (has links)
The Alpine Fault in western South Island ruptures every 300±100 years in large magnitude (7.8 ± 3) earthquakes and presents a major seismic hazard to New Zealand. The Deep Alpine Fault Drilling Project (DFDP) aims to drill, sample, and monitor the Alpine Fault in order to investigate the processes of earthquake genesis, rock deformation, and fault gouge formation for a tectonically active fault late in the seismic cycle. Rapid dextral reverse movements and exhumation rates on the central section of the Alpine Fault at Whataroa Valley make this a geologically favourable setting to drill and sample fault rocks at depth that can be correlated with surface exposures. The suitability of a site for stationing a major drilling operation depends upon practical issues such as the engineering geological characteristics of the proposed site, possible geohazards, and drilling logistics. This thesis presents new engineering geological, geophysical, and geomorphic investigations of the Whataroa Valley for the DFDP-2 drill site in order to provide a framework for proposed future operations.
MASW, GPR and basic geotechnical methods such as test pits and face logs were conducted at various locations at the site to gain geotechnical properties and attempt to find depth to bedrock. Results showed bedrock is at least 25m deep as it was not seen in any of the GPR surveys. Correlation of the MASW and GPR profiles with freshly eroded and face logged outcrops permitted assignment of s-wave velocities to each of the gravels present and confirmation of features seen in the geophysical surveys. Vs30 values gained from the MASW classed the gravels as a soft soil in Site Class D in NZS 1170.5. Expected peak ground accelerations at the study site during an Alpine Fault earthquake are estimated at ≥0.8g.
The Whataroa River is actively eroding the southern edge of the investigation area. Comparison of historic aerial photos and newly obtained LiDAR showed the river bank has moved a total of 165 m since 1948, a majority of that occurring in the past decade, 35 m of erosion occurring over a few days during early January 2011. Little correlation between heavy rainfall periods and increased erosion rates suggest changing channel dynamics play a major part in the channel migration. Modelling of the threshold discharges required to overtop the Whataroa terraces results in return periods several orders of magnitude larger than Alpine Fault earthquake recurrence intervals that result in major sediment pulses,
implying that inundation from river flooding under current channel conditions is highly unlikely.
Debris flows originating from the west valley wall have been identified as a possible hazard to drilling operations. Recent debris flows were easily mapped due to the changes in vegetation, whereas the remnants of historic debris flows were able to be mapped using the LiDAR. Studies of these show that they have a minimal run out distance (<100 m), and can be easily avoided by ensuring the drill site is located outside the proposed debris flow risk zone plus a 50 m buffer that has been added for caution.
Current uncertainty of the fault dip and target depth of the hole causes large variation in proposed drill rig locations at the surface. All of the investigations are summarised on a hazard map used to suggest a range of favoured drill sites based on varied angle dips and drilling depths, minimizing flood, erosion and sediment inundation hazards, and specifying access routes.
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