This diploma thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and a part where the results are revealed. In the theoretical part the thesis is mainly focused on the characteristics of the chosen field. It then goes into further detail on the separate themes of each of the problems it is concerned with which is used in its research section. These themes are infrastructure and critical infrastructure, the description of the function of water management while also explaining the terms drinking water and water tank. The thesis also discusses solutions for a possible contamination by chemical, biological and radioactive matter. Terrorism is also discussed in the theoretical part of the thesis. The chosen methods for the evaluation of the results are quantitative and qualitative analysis on the basis of the corresponding technical documentation and business databases. The review of the safety measures used on waterworks objects and of the protection of the sources of drinking water was done through field research, during which, photo documentation was obtained and which was further analysed with varied criterion. There were important findings obtained through this research and it also pointed out the different levels of protection on water tanks in water systems in the Plzeň-North area. Detailed results are at the end of this thesis. With this thesis the author wants to point out the importance of protection of waterworks, mainly the protection of drinking water when it is distributed to its users. The failure to protect this commodity in its full extent would then have far-reaching impact, different from each other only in their extent. The most feared types of said emergency situations would be contamination or the interruption of drinking water supply. The main fields affected by these situations would be the food industry, healthcare, different branches of the industry, agriculture and many other, which are the ones ensuring optimal living conditions and safety for citizens not only in the Czech republic.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-12-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 montero_rc_me_bauru.pdf: 2401420 bytes, checksum: edf8873c33a227bcb3f0d5bb72554719 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A crescente demanda por recursos subterrâneos nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Aguapaí e Peixe, localizadas no oeste do Estado de São Paulo e a presença cada vez maior de substâncias em condições de acesso e contaminação das águas em subsuperfície têm pressionado de forma negativa a disponibilidade hídrica nessas bacias. Neste contexto de degradação, esta Dissertação objetiva a caracterização e avaliação da vulnerabilidade natural e dos perigos de contanimação das unidades aquíferas aflorantes nas subunidades de gestão de recursos hídricos denominados Alto Aguapeí e Alto Peixe. A caracterização da Vulnerabilidade foi realizada com aplicação do método GOD (Foster & Hirata, 1988). O perigo de contaminação dos aquíferos foi avaliado mediante a interpolação da vulnerabilidade natural com as fontes potencias de contaminação, identificadas e classificadas quanto o seu potencial de gerar carga contaminante, a partir da aplicação do método POSH (FOSTER et al, 2006). Os procedimentos de geoprocessamento foram realizados com auxílio do SIG ArcMap TM 9.3. Os resultados demonstraram que vulnerabilidades de classificação Extrema estão restritas as planícies fluviais dos rios Aguapeí e Tibiriça, ocupando cerca de 2% da área de estudos, as classes de vulnerabilidade Alta e Alta Baixa ocupam 41,5% e 23,7% respectivamente, enquanto 28,4% da área correspondem à vulnerabilidade Média. Para o restante da área obteve-se a classificação Média e Média Baixa Vulnerabilidade. A correlação das vulnerabilidades com as fontes potenciais de contaminação demonstraram que independente da localização, os postos de combustível e os locais de disposição de resíduos sólidos apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação. As atividades da indústria, por sua vez, apresentam Alto perigo de contaminação para os distritos... / The increasing demand for groundwater resources in the Watersheds of Aguapeí and Peixe Rivers, located in the western part of São Paulo province, and also the increasing presence of substances in access condition and water contamination in the subsurface have been pressuring negatively the water availability in both basins. In this degradation context, this dissertation aims to characterize and evaluate the natural vulnerability and contamination risks of aquifers outcropping units in the sub water resources management units called. Alto Aguapeí and Alto Peixe. The vulnerability characterization was made applying the GOD method (Foster & Hirata, 1988). The aquifers contamination risk was estimated by interpolation of the natural vulnerability and the potential contamination sources that was identified and classified by their potential to generate contaminant load, using the POSH method (Foster et al, 2006). The geoprocessing producers were performed with assisting of some tools from the GLS ArcMap TM 9.3. The results evidenced that extreme classification vulnerability are restricted just for river plaints of Aguapeí and Tibiriça rivers, occupying around 2% of the studied area. The High and High Low vulnerability classes occupy 41.5% and 23.7% respectively and average vulnerability 28.4%. For the rest of the area was obtained medium and low vulnerability classification. The correlation of vulnerabilities and potential sources of contamination demonstrated that regardless of location, gas stations and solid waste disposal spots have high risks of contamination. The industrial activities have a high risk of contamination due the industrial district of Garça and Marilia and moderate for units in the food sector, located outside these districts. Furthermore, it is evident the importance of introducing the territory management policies... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo - parte 1.pdf: 3041213 bytes, checksum: 0f7b215277ef0d17345b19ef1e019a4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This objectives of this work were: (i) to statistically characterize turbidity datasets of 44 water treatment plants (WTP), (ii) to evaluate the performance these 44 WTPs in achieving drinking-water turbidity standards, and (iii) to estimate risks of infection associated Cryptosporidium and Giardia in drinking-water, in case study applied to the University of Viçosa WTP (UFV WTP). The analysis of turbidity databases of raw and treated water of the 44 WTP showed that the hypotheses of data randomness, independence, stationarity and homogeneity were, in general, rejected. With few exceptions, turbidity data of raw and treated water were characterized by positive asymmetry. Raw water data showed the highest coefficients of skewness and kurtosis. Statistical tests confirmed the non-normality of all turbidity datasets analyzed, and indicated that most of them could be described by lognormal distribution. The standard of 0,15 NTU for filtered water was very rarely achieved in most WTP. Although a few WTP showed a high proportion of data with turbidity below 0,30 NTU, the actual percentage of WTP that met this standard was low. In turn, the standard of 0,50 NTU was achieved by half the WTP, often in more than 80% of data, and the 1,0 NTU standard was systematically attained in almost all WTP. Risks were estimated by stochastic modeling (Monte Carlo simulation), using the UFV WTP database, including information on the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in the source water, and on turbidity removal. Models of Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (AQRM) were constructed from these data and from literature information on: (i) dose-response models; (ii) recovery efficiency of the protozoa laboratory methods; (iii) relationships between (oo)cysts removal and turbidity, (ii) drinking-water consumption rates. Different AQRM models resulted in wide variations of risk estimates. Sensitivity analysis showed that the variables with the greatest impact on risk estimates were the (oo)cysts concentration in raw water, (oo)cysts removal by water treatment, and water consumption rates, indicating the need for a careful characterization these variables. / Esse trabalho objetivou: (i) caracterizar estatisticamente bancos de dados de turbidez de 44 estações de tratamento de água (ETAs); (ii) avaliar o atendimento dessas 44 ETAs aos padrões e critérios de turbidez de água tratada; e (iii) estimar riscos de infecção associados aos protozoários Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia spp. em água para consumo humano, em estudo de caso aplicado a ETA da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. A análise de bancos de dados de turbidez da água bruta e tratada (decantada e filtrada) das 44 ETAs, revelou que as hipóteses de aleatoriedade, independência, estacionariedade e homogeneidade dos dados foram, em geral, rejeitadas. Salvo poucas exceções, os dados de turbidez de água bruta e tratada foram caracterizados por assimetria positiva. Os dados referentes à água bruta apresentaram os maiores coeficientes de assimetria e de curtose. Testes estatísticos confirmaram a não normalidade de todas as séries de dados de turbidez analisadas e indicaram que a maioria destas poderia ser descrita por distribuição lognormal. O limite de 0,15 uT na água filtrada foi rarissimamente alcançado na maioria das ETAs avaliadas. Embora algumas ETAs tenham alcançado elevada margem de dados com turbidez abaixo de 0,30 uT, o percentual de ETAs que atendeu este limite foi baixo. Por sua vez, o padrão de 0,50 uT foi atingido por metade das estações com frequência superior a 80% dos dados, e o limite de 1,0 uT foi sistematicamente atendido pela quase totalidade das estações. A estimativa de riscos foi realizada por modelagem estocástica (simulação de Monte Carlo), utilizando o banco de dados da ETA UFV, incluindo informações sobre ocorrência de Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp. na água bruta e remoção de turbidez. Modelos de Avaliação Quantitativa de Risco Microbiológico (AQRM) foram construídos a partir desses dados e informações de literatura sobre: (i) modelos dose-resposta; (ii) taxa de recuperação das técnicas laboratoriais de pesquisa de protozoários, (iii) modelos de estimativa de remoção de (oo)cistos em função da turbidez; (iv) estimativas de consumo de água. Os diferentes arranjos de modelos de AQRM resultaram em amplas variações nas estimativas de risco. Testes de análise de sensibilidade revelaram que as variáveis de maior impacto na estimativa de risco foram a concentração de (oo)cistos na água bruta, a remoção de (oo)cistos no tratamento da água e o consumo de água, indicando a necessidade de caracterização criteriosa dessas variáveis.

Submitted by MARIA CLAUDIA COSTA DE OLIVEIRA BOTAN null (maclau_oliveira@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-01T16:19:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_final_Maria_Claudia_Botan.pdf: 4509077 bytes, checksum: 9a0c384b0ba382775d7f33ea6d5ec76e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-09-01T16:48:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 botan_mcco_dr_guara.pdf: 4509077 bytes, checksum: 9a0c384b0ba382775d7f33ea6d5ec76e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T16:48:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 botan_mcco_dr_guara.pdf: 4509077 bytes, checksum: 9a0c384b0ba382775d7f33ea6d5ec76e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escassez de água potável vem impulsionando diversas pesquisas ao redor do mundo, por este ser um elemento vital e por sua obtenção envolver um grande paradigma, afinal não há efetivamente produção de água, o que existe é uma mudança de estado físico por meio do ciclo hidrológico. É preciso trazer segurança ao abastecimento sem abrir mão do caráter sustentável, utilizando materiais de baixo impacto ambiental associando-os a fontes renováveis de energia para seu funcionamento. Neste sentido, o presente estudo consiste na busca de melhorias de um condensador de vapor atmosférico, utilizando para tal, filmes finos de diamante como trocador de calor. Como este material apresenta condutividade térmica maior que a do cobre e do alumínio, visa-se agregar eficiência energética ao sistema. Dentre os procedimentos tomados identificou-se que o substrato de Silício do tipo P-Boro (111) foi o mais adequado para o crescimento dos filmes, obteve-se diferentes espessuras para comparação de desempenho no condensador e verificou-se a viabilidade técnica da proposta, pois foi possível realizar condensação utilizando o filme de diamante. De maneira geral, não há produção de condensado em umidades relativas inferiores a 50%. A partir de umidades superiores a 80 %, a amostra mais eficiente, no quesito produção de condensado, é a amostra de 4 h de deposição, que atinge o índice de 6 L.h-1.m². O custo ainda se mostra maior se comparado ao cobre e ao alumínio, de qualquer maneira o processo de condensação do vapor apresenta-se como uma alternativa de fonte de abastecimento em locais onde este bem encontra-se de forma escassa, como por exemplo, em plataformas de petróleo e na região árida do Nordeste brasileiro. / The shortage of drinking water has been driving several researches around the world, because its obtaining involves a great paradigm, after all there is no effective production of water, but there is a change of physical state through the hydrological cycle. It is necessary to bring security to the supply without abandoning the sustainable character, using materials of low environmental impact associating them with renewable sources of energy for its operation. In this sense, the present study consists in the search for improvements of an atmospheric vapor condenser, using thin films of diamond as heat exchanger. As this material has higher thermal conductivity than copper and aluminum, it is aimed to add energy efficiency to the system. Among the procedures taken it was found that P-Boron type silicon substrate (111) was the most suitable for the growth of the films, different thicknesses were obtained for the comparison of performance in the condenser and the technical feasibility of the proposal was verified, because it was possible to perform condensation using the diamond film. In general, there is no condensate production at relative humidity of less than 50%. From the humidities more than 80%, the most efficient sample, in the case of condensate production, is the sample of 4 h deposition, which reaches the index of 6 L.h-1 .m². The cost is still unfeasible compared to copper and aluminum, however, the vapor condensation process is an alternative source of supply in places where it is scarce, such as in oil platforms in the arid region of the Brazilian Northeast.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-09-03Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:38:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 zanini_j_me_ilha.pdf: 1080071 bytes, checksum: 7aa5594eb6858d6c7003b23420437aaf (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O aumento da contaminação de corpos hídricos por pesticidas juntamente com o melhor conhecimento das propriedades nocivas desses poluentes, têm aumentado o interesse na remoção destes compostos durante o tratamento de água potável. Sendo os pesticidas constituídos por moléculas biologicamente ativas e de difícil remoção durante o processo convencional de tratamento de água, o uso de filtros lentos de areia seguidos por filtros de carvão ativado biologicamente pode representar um sistema eficiente no tratamento de água. Considerando estes aspectos, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da filtração lenta e da filtração utilizando carvão ativado biológico (CAB) na remoção do herbicida atrazina em escala de bancada e a composição fenotípica e genotípica dos microrganismos associados na degradação do herbicida. A remoção de atrazina atingiu uma remoção próxima de 100% nos efluentes dos filtros de areia e carvão. Foi verificada a presença de microrganismos (Bacillus e Salirhabdus) em ambos conjunto de filtros, podendo estes estarem ligados à degradação do herbicida da água. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram eficiência na remoção de atrazina em níveis resguardados pela legislação sanitária, possibilitando o uso deste sistema na remoção do herbicida avaliado, assegurando a distribuição e consumo humano desta água. Além de avaliar a viabilidade do uso de filtros biológicos de carvão antecedidos por filtros lentos de areia na remoção de pesticidas, o presente trabalho poderá contribuir para realização de novas pesquisas... / The increased contamination of watercourses by pesticides along with better knowledge of the harmful properties of these pollutants have increased interest in the removal of these compounds during treatment of drinking water. Since pesticides consisting of biologically active molecules and hard to remove during conventional water treatment, use of slow sand filters followed by biologically activated carbon filters may represent an efficient system for water treatment. Considering these aspects, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of slow sand filtration and biological filtration using activated carbon (BAC) in the removal of the herbicide atrazine in bench scale and phenotypic and genotypic composition of the microorganisms involved in degradation of the herbicide. The removal of atrazine reached a level close to 100% in effluent from sand and carbon filters compounds. We observed the presence of microorganisms (Bacillus and Salirhabdus) in both set of filters and they can be linked to degradation of the herbicide from water. The results showed removal efficiency of atrazine at levels controlled by the health legislation, enabling the use of this system in the removal of the herbicide evaluated, ensuring the distribution and consumption of water. Besides evaluating the feasibility of using biological filters charcoal preceded by slow sand filters for removal of pesticides, this study may contribute to new research on the technologies used in the treatment of drinking water contaminated by recalcitrant compounds.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosAL_DISSERT.pdf: 1581194 bytes, checksum: d102059d68bb4e5b964f0012273a0656 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This research study deals with the production and distribution of drinking water with quality and safety in order to meet the needs of the Man. Points out the limitations of the methodology for assessing water quality in use today. Approaches the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for adoption, by the companies responsible for producing and distributing water, of assessment methodologies and risk management (HACCP), in order to ensure the quality and safety of water drinking. Suggests strategies for implementing the plan for water safety plan. Uses the process of water production, composed by Maxaranguape river basin, the water treatment plant and distribution system, which is part of the Plan for Expansion of the Supply System of Natal, as case study. The results, it was possible to devise strategies for implementation of the Water Safety Plan (WSP), which comprises the following steps: a) a preliminary stage. b) assessment system. c) process monitoring. d) management plan and e) validation and verification of the PSA. At each stage are included actions for its implementation. The implementation of the PSA shows a new type of water production, in which the fountain as a whole (watershed and point of capture), the Water Treatment Plant (WTP) and distribution, shall compose the production process, over which to build quality and safety of the final product (drinking water) / A pesquisa trata da an?lise da produ??o e distribui??o de ?gua pot?vel com qualidade e seguran?a de modo a atender as necessidades do Homem. Aborda as recomenda??es da Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de (OMS) para a ado??o, por parte das empresas respons?veis pela produ??o e distribui??o de ?gua, de metodologias de avalia??o e gest?o de riscos (APPCC), com o objetivo de garantir a qualidade e a inocuidade da ?gua pot?vel. Sugere estrat?gias para implanta??o do plano de seguran?a da ?gua. Utiliza o processo de produ??o de ?gua, composto pela bacia hidrogr?fica do rio Maxaranguape, a esta??o de tratamento de ?gua e o sistema de distribui??o, que faz parte do Plano de Expans?o do Sistema de Abastecimento do munic?pio do Natal - RN, como estudo de caso. Nos resultados obtidos, foi poss?vel tra?ar estrat?gias para implanta??o do Plano de Seguran?a da ?gua (PSA), que compreende as seguintes etapas: a) etapa preliminar. b) avalia??o do sistema. c) monitoramento do processo, d) plano de gest?o e e) Valida??o e verifica??o do PSA. Em cada etapa est?o inseridas a??es para sua implanta??o. A implanta??o do PSA mostra um novo modelo de produ??o de ?gua, no qual, o manancial como um todo (bacia hidrogr?fica e o ponto de capta??o), a Esta??o de Tratamento de ?gua (ETA) e a distribui??o, passa a compor o processo de produ??o, ao longo do qual se constr?i a qualidade e seguran?a do produto final (?gua pot?vel)

abstract: The National Research Council 2011 report lists quantifying the extent of de facto (or unplanned) potable reuse in the U.S. as the top research need associated with assessing the potential for expanding the nations water supply through reuse of municipal wastewater. Efforts to identify the significance and potential health impacts of de facto water reuse are impeded by out dated information regarding the contribution of municipal wastewater effluent to potable water supplies. This project aims to answer this research need. The overall goal of the this project is to quantify the extent of de facto reuse by developing a model that estimates the amount of wastewater effluent that is present within drinking water treatment plants; and to use the model in conjunction with a survey to help assess public perceptions. The four-step approach to accomplish this goal includes: (1) creating a GIS-based model coupled with Python programming; (2) validating the model with field studies by analyzing sucralose as a wastewater tracer; (3) estimating the percentage of wastewater in raw drinking water sources under varying streamflow conditions; (4) and assessing through a social survey the perceptions of the general public relating to acceptance and occurrence of de facto reuse. The resulting De Facto Reuse in our Nations Consumable Supply (DRINCS) Model, estimates that treated municipal wastewater is present at nearly 50% of drinking water treatment plant intake sites serving greater than 10,000 people (N=2,056). Contrary to the high frequency of occurrence, the magnitude of occurrence is relatively low with 50% of impacted intakes yielding less than 1% de facto reuse under average streamflow conditions. Model estimates increase under low flow conditions (modeled by Q95), in several cases treated wastewater makes up 100% of the water supply. De facto reuse occurs at levels that surpass what is publically perceived in the three cities of Atlanta, GA, Philadelphia, PA, and Phoenix, AZ. Respondents with knowledge of de facto reuse occurrence are 10 times more likely to have a high acceptance (greater than 75%) of treated wastewater at their home tap. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014

A study has been performed that investigates the variation of iron content in groundwater. The study was initiated by Midvatten AB, which noticed that the iron content in groundwater samples can vary greatly over small distances. The purpose of this study was to geochemically and geohydrologically determine the factors that influence the content of iron and manganese in groundwater from a selection of eskers in Dalarna, and determine how to best sample groundwater with the method used by Midvatten AB. An evaluation was made of how the vertical variation in soil material, water composition, pumping time and pipe material affects the content of iron in groundwater. Piper diagrams were used to study the relationship between the chemical composition of the groundwater and the content of iron and manganese in groundwater samples from the studied areas. The groundwater from the studied areas was then classified in the Piper diagrams, according to the content of the major ions. Correlations were then studied between the classification and depth below groundwater table, depth below ground surface, pH, iron- and manganese content. Field samples were collected from Lennheden in order to investigate the effect of vertical variations of soil material, pumping time and pipe material on the content of iron and manganese. This was also performed to evaluate the best way of sampling groundwater. The groundwater was sampled from a steel pipe and a plastic pipe. Redox potential, pH, dissolved oxygen, iron content, temperature in groundwater, turbidity and conductivity were measured for different depths and pumping times in field. Also a groundwater sample from every sampling depth was sent to a laboratory for analysis. Diagrams and correlation tables were used to analyze these results. No correlation between iron and the major ions in groundwater was found in the Piper diagrams, but the content of manganese in groundwater had a tendency to increase with increasing alkalinity. The results from sampling groundwater showed that the average content of iron in groundwater was 0,11 mg/l from the steel pipe and 0,01 mg/l from the plastic pipe. Turbidity has the greatest effect on the analyzed content of iron in groundwater, thus the turbidity needs to be zero while sampling. A suggestion is that while investigating groundwater quality in large areas, iron pipes can be used. When the best place is located, plastic pipes can be used when the iron content needs to be investigated in detail. / Då företaget Midvatten AB har märkt att järnhalten vid provtagning av grundvattnet kan variera stort på små områden har en studie av järnhaltens variation i grundvattnet utförts. Syftet var att geokemiskt och geohydrologiskt bestämma de faktorer som påverkar järn- och manganhalten i grundvattnet i ett urval isälvsavlagringar i Dalarna, samt att bestämma hur man bäst ska provta grundvatten med Midvattens AB:s provtagningsmetodik. Studien skulle då utvärdera hur de vertikala variationerna i jordmaterial, vattensammansättning, pumptid och hur rörmaterialet påverkar järn- och manganhalten i uppumpat grundvatten. För att studera sambandet mellan den kemiska sammansättningen i grundvattnet och järn- och manganhalten analyserades flera tidigare insamlade data på grundvattenprov från de studerade lokalerna i Piperdiagram. I Piperdiagrammet klassificerades grundvattenproverna till en hydrokemisk typ med hjälp av sammansättningen av de vanligaste jonerna. Samband söktes mellan klassningen av grundvattenproverna och det uttagna provets djup under grundvattenytan, det uttagna provets djup under markytan, pH, järn- och manganhalt i brunnen. Vid undersökning av hur de vertikala variationerna i grundvattnet, pumptiden och rörmaterialet påverkade järnhalten i grundvattnet togs flera grundvattenprover i fält i Lennheden. Detta gjordes även för att utvärdera bästa tillvägagångssätt vid provtagning av grundvattnet. Grundvattnet pumpades upp i vardera ett stålrör och ett plaströr. Redoxpotential, pH, syrgashalt, järnhalt, temperatur i vattnet, turbiditet och konduktivitet mättes vid olika djup och pumptider. Prov för varje provtagningspunkt skickades in till laboratorium för analys. Resultaten av dessa analyser undersöktes därefter i diagram och korrelationstabeller. I Piperdiagrammen märktes inget samband mellan järn och grundvattnets vanligaste joner, men manganhalten tenderade att öka med ökad alkalinitet. När grundvattnet provtogs i fält var medelhalten på järn 0,11 mg/l från ett stålrör och 0,01 mg/l från ett plaströr. Det tyder på att stålröret bidrog till en högre järnhalt i grundvattnet. Den parameter (förutom stålröret) som visade störst påverkan på analysresultatet av järn i laboratorium var turbiditeten. Således behöver turbiditeten i fält vara noll vid provtagning av järn till laboratorium. Förslagsvis kan stålrör användas vid övergripande undersökning av grundvattenkvalité. Plaströr kan sedan användas vid detaljerad undersökning av järnhalten i grundvattnet när bästa plats valts.

The most difficult part of water treatment is to ensure that water will be delivered to consumer in unchanged form and hygienic unexceptionable. To hygienic safety is using doses of chlor, whiches are deadly for organisms and inhibite their proliferation in pipeline. Modern way how to clear water from organism is called chloramination. By the help of ammonium salts chlor is released in sequence. So large single-shot doses of chlor aren´t necessary. Due the big dose was THM and another dangerous compounds formed.