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Os sistemas de irrigação localizada requerem, obrigatoriamente sistemas de filtração para um tratamento mínimo da água. Os filtros são fundamentais à qualidade da água utilizada na agricultura irrigada, promovendo melhor desempenho dos sistemas de irrigação e seus componentes. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a perda de carga em função da vazão, em filtros de tela e de discos e determinou-se a bateria de filtros de mínimo custo anual total para diferentes vazões de projeto. Os ensaios foram realizados no laboratório de irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, utilizando-se filtros comerciais da marca AMIAD, com elemento filtrantes de tela (modelos 3/4", 1", 1 ½" e 2") de discos (modelos 1", 1 ½" e 2"). A vazão máxima utilizada no ensaio, para cada modelo de filtro, foi àquela recomendada pelo fabricante. Para todos os filtros analisados no laboratório observaram-se altos valores dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) indicando uma forte relação potencial entre as variáveis vazão e perda de carga. Considerando as condições em que o estudo foi realizado e com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que: o modelo matemático potencial descreve adequadamente a variação da perda de carga nos filtros de tela e discos em função da variação da vazão; os filtros de tela proporcionam menor perda de carga que os filtros de discos; a filtragem da água utilizando filtros de discos apresenta maior custo anual total; para os limites de vazão estudados e para as perdas de carga máximas permitidas, em geral as baterias compostas por filtros de 2" apresentaram o menor custo mínimo anual total; de forma geral, para os filtros estudados, as curvas de perda de carga em função da vazão apresentadas no catálogo do fabricante não representaram fielmente as curvas obtidas nesse trabalho, em ensaio de laboratório. / Drip irrigation systems always require filtration systems for a basic water treatment. The filters are fundamental for the water quality used in irrigated farming, providing better performance of irrigation systems and their components. It was studied in this work the loading loss according to the flow in net and disc filters and it was determined the filter sets with the minimum cost for different flows. The trials were carried out in the irrigation laboratory of the Rural Engineering Department of the Superior School of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", São Paulo University, using AMIAD brand commercial filters, with net filtration elements (models 3/4", 1", 1 ½" ", and 2"), and discs (models 1", 1 ½" and 2").The maximum flow used in the trial, for each filter model, was that recommended by the manufacturer. It was observed for all the analyzed filters in the laboratory high values of determination coefficient (R2) indicating a strong potential relation between the flow and loading loss variables. Considering the conditions in which the study was carried out and based on the results obtained, it was concluded that: The potential mathematical model describes adequately the loading loss variation in the net and disc filters according to the flow variation; the net filters provide less loading loss than the disc filters; the water filtration using disc filters show higher total annual cost; for the studied flow limits and for the maximum allowed loading loss, in general the sets composed of 2" filters present the lowest total annual cost, overall, for the filters studied, the loading loss curves according to the flow showed in the manufacturer’s catalogue did not present accurately the curves obtained on this work in laboratory trial.

Les travaux de recherche présentés dans cette thèse sont orientés vers la compréhension des mécanismes réactionnels propres aux produits pétroliers tels que les lubrifiants et les graisses par analyse thermique. La technique d’analyse thermique principalement utilisée était la calorimétrie de réaction. Dans un premier temps, une étude approfondie de la réponse instrumentale a été conduite. Une nouvelle méthode d’étalonnage a été proposée en se basant sur l’étalonnage par effet Joule. Avec ce type de correction, une étude cinétique plus précise peut alors être conduite, elle permet en outre d’étudier la cinétique de mécanisme complexes comme celles rencontrées avec les produits pétroliers. Dans un second temps, l’étude de la neutralisation de l’acide sulfurique par un lubrifiant marin a été effectuée. Cette étude a permis de développer une méthode d’analyse de routine permettant de comparer l’efficacité d’un lubrifiant à neutraliser une quantité précise d’acide sulfurique. Il devient alors possible d’estimer le temps nécessaire pour neutraliser l’acide afin d’éviter qu’il n’endommage l’intégrité des parties métalliques sensées être protégées par le lubrifiant marin. Une étude cinétique du phénomène de neutralisation, par l’intermédiaire des méthodes isoconversionnelles, a permis d’avoir une indication sur le modèle réactionnel pilotant ce mécanisme. Pour finir, l’influence du choix des paramètres tels que la température, les vitesses de chauffe où les temps de cuisson de graisse, a été étudié par en mêlant des techniques d’analyses thermique et rhéologiques. / The research work presented in this thesis are oriented on the understanding of reactional mechanisms occurring in the field of oil products, such as lubricants and greases, by thermal analysis. The main thermal analysis technique used was the reaction calorimetry. Firstly, the instrumental response study of the calorimeter was led. A new calibration method have been proposed, this method is based on the calibration by Joule effect. From this correction, a more accurate kinetic evaluation can be done in order to study the complex mechanisms as those met with oil products. In a second time, the study of the neutralization of sulfuric acid by a marine cylinder lubricant was carried out. This work allowed to develop a routine analysis method to compare the lubricant ability to neutralize a precise amount of sulfuric acid. The time estimation is important to determine the frequency of lubricant replacement and to avoid the damage on the metallic parts. A kinetic study of the neutralization phenomena using isoconversional kinetic method, allowed to obtain the reactional model. Finally, the influence of parameters choice such as temperature, heating rate or cooking time have been evaluated by thermal and rheological analysis. Greases have been produced in a reaction calorimeter using a stirring system specifically developed. Information obtained allow to choose accurately the parameters used during the manufacturing processes in order to save time and decrease production costs.

Load control design is one of the major cornerstones of radio resource management in today's UMTS networks. A WCDMA cell's ability to utilize available spectrum efficiently, maintain system stability and deliver minimum quality of service (QoS) requirements to in-cell users builds on the algorithms employed to manage the load. Admission control (AC) and congestion control (CC) are the two foremost techniques used for regulating the load, and differing environments will place varying requirements on the AC and CC schemes to optimize the QoS for the entire radio network. This thesis studies a real-life situation where cells are put under strenuous conditions, investigates the degrading effects a high-speed train has on the cell's ability to maintain acceptable levels of QoS, and proposes methods for mitigating these effects. The scenario is studied with regard to voice traffic where the limiting radio resource is downlink power. CC schemes that take levels of fairness into account between on-board train users and outdoor users are proposed and evaluated through simulation. Methods to anticipatorily adapt radio resource management (RRM) in a cell to prepare for a train is proposed and evaluated through simulation. A method to detect a high-speed train in a cell, and the users on it, is outlined and motivated but not simulated. Simulation results are promising but not conclusive. The suggested CC schemes show a surprising tendency towards an increase in congestion avoidance performance. Proactive RRM shows a significant increase in QoS for on-board users. No negative effects to users in the macro environment is noticed, with regard to the studied metrics.

ROCHA, Wellington Moreira da. Educação de jovens e adultos e a evasão escolar: o caso do Instituto Federal do Ceará - campus de Fortaleza. 2011. 155 F. Dissertação (Mestrado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará. Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-07-05T16:51:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-07-06T13:57:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-07-06T13:57:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_Dis_WMRocha.pdf: 2411166 bytes, checksum: 3df192cb12412a7059627052bf47b44d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / In this work, we aimed at identifying the stronger factors that contributed to the dropping out of high school integrated to the professional education. The analyzed sample group belongs to the EJA modality at Federal Institute of Ceará (IFCE) – Fortaleza Campus. In order to improve the probabilities of finding more reliable and consistent answers, we worked with all involved segments in the pedagogical process: current ones and students that drop out, teachers, administrative staff and the pedagogue. This research was defined as an empirical case study with descriptive and explanatory features. Moreover, we intended to analyze: a) the composition of the curriculum, b) the dynamic of the relationship between teacher and student, c) the infrastructure conditions of the IFCE regarding the good performance of the course, and d) the more relevant issues which motivate the student to abandon the course. The methodological process of investigation, composed of three phases, occurred sequentially from 2009 to 2011. Summarily, these phases were: bibliographic, documental, and field researches, helped by techniques of focus group; participative observations; and semi-structured surveys along the investigated segments. With the purpose of founding our possible findings, we made a review about the history of the EJA and of the professional education in Brazil. Additionally, we defined the IFCE’s aspects, its PROEJA system, and, particularly, its students. Considered as theorical, work of Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) and (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), the work of Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), Oliveira (2003), of Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008) and Marconatto (2009), among others. From content analysis, we obtained speech samples of participants, distinguishing 188 (32.41%) for questions related to pedagogical practice, 163 (28.10%) related to dropping out, 161 (27.76%) related to permanence and 68 (11.72%) related to infrastructure. Based on the speech samples, students’ profile, and overall observations, it was found that the "internal factors" from the institution had a high contribution to dropping out of that campus. / Esta dissertação procurou identificar os fatores que influenciaram, mais fortemente, os alunos evadidos dos cursos de nível médio integrados à formação profissional na modalidade EJA, no Instituto Federal do Ceará (IFCE) - campus de Fortaleza. Na busca de aumentar as chances de encontrar respostas mais confiáveis e consistentes, procurou-se trabalhar com todos os segmentos envolvidos no processo pedagógico: evadidos, alunos, professores, administradores e pedagoga. A pesquisa se caracterizou como um estudo de caso, empírica, do tipo explicativa, descritiva, e pretendeu analisar: a) o desenvolvimento do currículo, b) a dinâmica do relacionamento professor/aluno, c) as condições de infraestrutura do IFCE para o bom desempenho dos cursos e d) as questões de maior relevância que motivam o abandono por parte do aluno. O procedimento metodológico da investigação decorreu no recorte temporal entre 2009 e 2011 e se realizou em três tempos e formas: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo, subsidiadas pelas técnicas de grupo focal, de observação participante e de entrevistas semiestruturadas, junto aos segmentos investigados. Buscando uma fundamentação para os possíveis achados, foi feita uma revisão sobre as trajetórias da EJA e do ensino profissional no Brasil, caracterizou-se o IFCE, e realizou-se uma rápida incursão sobre o IFCE - campus de Fortaleza, o seu PROEJA e em particular sobre o perfil de seus alunos. Considerou-se como fundamentos teóricos, trabalhos de Makarenko (1987), Freire (2000) e (2001), Bourdieu (1992), McLaren (1992), os trabalhos de Haddad (2000), Kuenzer (1997), Frigotto (2005), Ciavatta (2008), de Oliveira (2003), de Andriola (2003), Almeida (2008), Marconatto (2009) entre outros. Obteve-se pela técnica da análise de conteúdo, um total de 580 recortes das falas dos participantes, destacando-se 188 (32,41%) para as questões relacionadas à prática pedagógica, 163 (28,10%) relacionados à evasão, 161 (27,76%) relacionados à permanência e 68 (11,72%) relacionados à infraestrutura. Na análise do conjunto de recortes, do perfil dos alunos e das observações realizadas, constatou-se que os “fatores internos” relacionados à instituição tiveram uma prevalência bastante acentuada no aumento da evasão naquele campus.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:36:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CiceraRC.pdf: 295488 bytes, checksum: f585fd9cdb64dd6c5356348468ed6cde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-21 / For young people and adults that have not yet conquered reading and writing, being literate is the most important thing in life , a dream . Scholarly learning for them is like hegemonic knowledge in contemporary literate society. Thus, for them to get into school is to be able to have such knowledge and, through it, feel inserted into this society. However, along this process of learning, they start to drop out, little by little, statistically increasing the number of people who give up on young people and adult education Eja, as well as slowly reducing the contingent of illiteracy in the country. With this reality as a starting point, we question the concrete and symbolic reasons or motives that lead to a dropping out of the literacy classes at Eja. To do so, we have established, as the object of our study, the feelings of giving up among those involved in young people and adult literacy training. To understand such feelings is our purpose in this investigation. The theory of Social Representations (MOSCOVICI, 1978, 2004) was the theoretical-methodological option for subsidizing data search, analyses and interpretation, making us perceive the significance of the object of this study for these individuals. The gathering of such symbolic content involved the use of semi-structured interviews with eleven drop-outs and ten students who had repeated this modality of teaching in public schools in Natal, RN, during the 2006 school year. From the thematic and categorical analyses (BARDIN, 1977), we identified elements that gave support to some themes. Later, these themes led to three categories, suggesting that feelings associated with dropping out were based on the following: learning difficulties because they did not understand the contents; having their lack of knowledge exposed, thus bringing forth feelings of shame, humiliation, and embarrassment for not knowing how to read and write at a mature age; work, tiredness and sickness. The students who manage to remain in school are those who force themselves to live with the feelings of maladaptation and those who develop a sense of adaptation the other way round to the institution, that is, acceptance of institutional failures and omissions / A condi??o de alfabetizado, para jovens e adultos que ainda n?o conseguem dominar a leitura e a escrita, ? a coisa mais importante da vida , um sonho . A aprendizagem escolar ? entendida por eles como um saber hegem?nico na sociedade contempor?nea letrada. Por isso, entram na escola, buscam deter tal conhecimento e, atrav?s dele, sentir-se inseridos nesta sociedade. Entretanto, no decorrer desse processo de aprendizagem, v?o aos poucos desistindo, o que contribui tanto para elevar as estat?sticas da desist?ncia na Educa??o de Jovens e Adultos/Eja quanto para, lentamente, reduzir o contingente de analfabetos do pa?s. A partir dessa realidade, questionamo-nos sobre as raz?es ou motivos concretos e simb?licos que levam ? desist?ncia nas classes de alfabetiza??o da Eja. Para tanto, configuramos nosso objeto de estudo como os sentidos da desist?ncia entre alfabetizandos da Eja, cuja compreens?o ? nosso objetivo. A Teoria das Representa??es Sociais (MOSCOVICI, 1978, 2004) foi a op??o te?rico-metodol?gica para subsidiar a busca, as an?lises e as interpreta??es dos dados, fazendo-nos perceber o significado do objeto de estudo para esses indiv?duos. Para captar tal conte?do simb?lico, realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com onze alunos desistentes e dez repetentes dessa modalidade de ensino em escolas p?blicas de Natal/RN durante o ano letivo de 2006. A partir das an?lises tem?tica e categorial (BARDIN, 1977), identificamos elementos que suscitaram temas. Estes, posteriormente, levaram a tr?s categorias, sugerindo como sentidos da desist?ncia: dificuldades na aprendizagem por n?o compreenderem os conte?dos; exposi??o do n?o saber, trazendo ? tona os sentimentos de vergonha, humilha??o, constrangimento por n?o saberem ler e escrever em idade madura; trabalho/cansa?o e doen?as. Aqueles que conseguem permanecer na escola s?o os que se obrigam a conviver com os sentimentos de desadapta??o , e os que desenvolvem com a Institui??o uma adapta??o ao avesso , isto ?, a aceita??o das falhas e das omiss?es institucionais

Os sistemas de irrigação localizada requerem, obrigatoriamente sistemas de filtração para um tratamento mínimo da água. Os filtros são fundamentais à qualidade da água utilizada na agricultura irrigada, promovendo melhor desempenho dos sistemas de irrigação e seus componentes. Neste trabalho, estudou-se a perda de carga em função da vazão, em filtros de tela e de discos e determinou-se a bateria de filtros de mínimo custo anual total para diferentes vazões de projeto. Os ensaios foram realizados no laboratório de irrigação do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, utilizando-se filtros comerciais da marca AMIAD, com elemento filtrantes de tela (modelos 3/4”, 1”, 1 ½” e 2”) de discos (modelos 1”, 1 ½” e 2”). A vazão máxima utilizada no ensaio, para cada modelo de filtro, foi àquela recomendada pelo fabricante. Para todos os filtros analisados no laboratório observaram-se altos valores dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) indicando uma forte relação potencial entre as variáveis vazão e perda de carga. Considerando as condições em que o estudo foi realizado e com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que: o modelo matemático potencial descreve adequadamente a variação da perda de carga nos filtros de tela e discos em função da variação da vazão; os filtros de tela proporcionam menor perda de carga que os filtros de discos; a filtragem da água utilizando filtros de discos apresenta maior custo anual total; para os limites de vazão estudados e para as perdas de carga máximas permitidas, em geral as baterias compostas por filtros de 2” apresentaram o menor custo mínimo anual total; de forma geral, para os filtros estudados, as curvas de perda de carga em função da vazão apresentadas no catálogo do fabricante não representaram fielmente as curvas obtidas nesse trabalho, em ensaio de laboratório. / Drip irrigation systems always require filtration systems for a basic water treatment. The filters are fundamental for the water quality used in irrigated farming, providing better performance of irrigation systems and their components. It was studied in this work the loading loss according to the flow in net and disc filters and it was determined the filter sets with the minimum cost for different flows. The trials were carried out in the irrigation laboratory of the Rural Engineering Department of the Superior School of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, São Paulo University, using AMIAD brand commercial filters, with net filtration elements (models 3/4”, 1”, 1 ½” ”, and 2”), and discs (models 1”, 1 ½” and 2”).The maximum flow used in the trial, for each filter model, was that recommended by the manufacturer. It was observed for all the analyzed filters in the laboratory high values of determination coefficient (R2) indicating a strong potential relation between the flow and loading loss variables. Considering the conditions in which the study was carried out and based on the results obtained, it was concluded that: The potential mathematical model describes adequately the loading loss variation in the net and disc filters according to the flow variation; the net filters provide less loading loss than the disc filters; the water filtration using disc filters show higher total annual cost; for the studied flow limits and for the maximum allowed loading loss, in general the sets composed of 2” filters present the lowest total annual cost, overall, for the filters studied, the loading loss curves according to the flow showed in the manufacturer’s catalogue did not present accurately the curves obtained on this work in laboratory trial.

In various post-consonantal environments, the palatal glide /j/ has been subject to variation and change since the late 17th century. Retention, coalescence, and deletion of the glide respectively account for various pronunciations of the word due [dju:], [dʒu:], and [du:] in different dialects of English. Research in this area has often focused on internal motivations. However, the external motivations that regulate the practice of glide variants in the speech of different segments of communities have been a relatively recent area of investigation. Among other dialects, Australian English is one of the major varieties that has not been formally assessed in this area. Hence, the aim of this thesis has been to investigate possible associations between the glide variants and their emergence in the speech of 48 speakers of Australian English. The audio data for this study were 12 tokens pronounced by the speakers in wordlist, sentences, and a story, and were extracted from the AusTalk Corpus (Burnham, Cox et al., 2011). The results for separate analysis of social variables seem to indicate that the spread of different glide variants in the speech of speakers are mainly conditioned by age. The combination of the social variables shows that glide retention is most frequent in the speech of higher educated old individuals. By contrast, glide deletion seems to be almost non-existent in their speech while more frequent in the pronunciations of the young. Overall, glide coalescence is the most present and has the strongest stylistic consistency in the speech of individuals. Further details and possible reasons behind these observations are discussed in the work that follows.

L’éducation a connu des progrès remarquables au Vietnam au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, l'inégalité des chances en matière d'éducation aggrave les disparités chez les enfants et menace les progrès en termes de productivité du travail. Pourtant, les mécanismes de transmission des inégalités et le rôle des compétences dans ce processus restent encore largement méconnus. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur ces questions. Plus précisément, elle vise à étudier comment les compétences interagissent avec les facteurs environnementaux dans l’atteinte des résultats scolaires et l’insertion sur le marché du travail au Vietnam. Le premier chapitre de cette thèse examine dans quelle mesure les compétences prédisent l'abandon scolaire. Le chapitre 2 analyse l’effet du passage au temps complet d’enseignement au primaire sur les inégalités scolaires. Enfin, le chapitre 3 étudie l'importance relative des compétences dans l’insertion des jeunes sur le marché du travail. À cette fin, diverses approches quantitatives sont menées à partir des données de Young Lives. Les contributions de la thèse à la littérature existante sont de prendre en compte les compétences non cognitives dans l’analyse, de considérer l'interaction entre le milieu social et l'environnement scolaire et enfin de traiter les erreurs de mesures des compétences au Vietnam. La thèse montre que les efforts en vue de plus d’égalité d’opportunités scolaires doivent être poursuivis. Elle montre également l’importance d'améliorer les compétences non cognitives pour améliorer le bien-être individuel et la croissance économique. / Vietnam has attained outstanding performance in education during the past two decades. However, inequality in educational opportunities aggravates disparities among children and threaten the improvement of labour productivity. The underlying mechanism for transmitting inequality and role of skills in the process remaining unclear motivates this thesis. It aims to study how skills interact with environmental factors to determine outcomes on education and livelihoods in Vietnam. Firstly, Chapter 1 examines how skills predict dropping out Then Chapter 2 inspects whether full-day schooling reduces educational inequality. Finally, Chapter 3 investigates the relative importance of skills in determining labour market outcomes. To this end, the research applies diversified quantitative approaches using data from the Young Lives in Vietnam. The contributions of the thesis are threefold, namely taking into consideration the non-cognitive skill in the analysis, addressing the interaction between social background and school environment, and the measurement errors accompanied poor proxies for skills in Vietnam. The thesis hints at further levelling educational opportunities of children and enhancement of non-cognitive skills for greater outcomes in life and economic growth

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