<p>Wildlife management deals with problems concerning sustainable harvest, conservation of threatened species and adjustment of wildlife populations to levels acceptable to for instance forestry, agriculture, traffic and conservation interests. A detailed knowledge of the population is then required. It is therefore important to develop reliable and cost-efficient survey methods.</p><p>The purpose of this study was to test the distance sampling method where objects are observed while walking along a line, as a way of counting deer pellet groups and to compare the results with ordinary plot surveys.</p><p>The inventory speed for distance sampling increases with increasing amount of droppings/km2. The amount of droppings seems to have little or no effect on the inventory speed of the plot survey method. Therefore the plot survey method could be a better alternative than the distance sampling method when the densities of droppings are high and vice versa.</p><p>When comparing the two methods estimates of animal densities with data (orally) from game managers based on other surveys and flying observations and estimations in the different areas, both methods showed too low density for red deer in Valinge. This indicates that the supplementary feeding seem to have an effect on the results of red deer density for both methods.</p>

SUMMARY According to many Lithuanian teachers, the problem of dropouts is a social, cultural, economic and managerial problem. Unwilling to study juvenile and dropouts usually add to the ranks of unskilled labor force, unemployed individuals and even criminal groups. Analysis of the available literature showed that there have been no consistent researches carried out in connection to the problem of dropouts at vocational schools. The objective of this paper is to identify the reasons of dropping out at vocational school and preventive measures applied in this regard. In order to achieve this objective, the scope of dropouts at Lithuanian vocational schools, experience of EU countries in tackling the problem of dropping out of young individuals aged 18 - 24 from the education system were reviewed in addition to the analysis of preventive potential. The second part of the paper contains research results which reveal the reasons why students susceptible to dropping out do lease schools, what teachers and managers think about the problem of dropping out. Analysis of the opinions of students and teachers demonstrated that the basic reason for dropping out from vocational schools, as pointed out by one third of students at risk and teachers, i.e., nonattendance, is related to: - insufficient subsistence funds, i.e., will to work in Lithuania or abroad; - learning failures accompanying students from comprehensive schools; - selected profession, i.e., having experienced practical... [to full text]

Over the past few years, manufacturing companies have had to deal with an increasing demand for feature-rich products at low costs. The pressures exerted on their existing manufacturing processes have lead manufacturers to investigate internet-based solutions, in order to cope with growing competition. Today, the availability of powerful and low cost 3D tools, along with web-based technologies, provides interesting opportunities to the manufacturing community, with solutions directly implementable at the core of their businesses and organizations. The wooden sign is custom i.e. each sign is completely different from each other. Mass Customization is a paradigm that produces custom products in masses. A wooden sign is custom in nature, and each sign must be completely different from another. Although process planning for mass customized products is same, the tool path required to CNC machine the custom feature varies from part to part. If the tool path is created manually the economics of mass production are challenged. The only viable option is to generate the tool path automatically; furthermore, any time savings in the tool path lead to better profit margins. This thesis presents the automatic web-based tool path planning method for machining sculptured wooden sign on 3 axis Computer Numerical Controlling (CNC) Machines using optimal and cost-effective milling cutters. The web-based tool path planning strategy is integrate with web-based CAD system to automatically generate tool paths for the CAD model using optimal cutter within desired tolerances. The tool path planning method is divided into two parts: foot print (path along which cutter moves) and cutter positioning. The tool path foot print is developed during design stage from the CAD model based on the type of surface to be machined. The foot print varies from part to part which facilitates the mass customization of wooden sign. After designing foot print, the foot print is discretized into points and the gouge-free cutter position at each of these points is found using "Dropping Method". The Dropping Method where cutter is dropped over the work piece surface, and the highest depth at which cutter can go without gouging the surface is calculated. This is repeated for all the position along the foot print. This tool path planning strategy is developed for ball nose, flat-end and radiused end milling cutter for machining wooden sign. The tool path generated using this method is optimized for machining time, tool path generation time and final surface finish. The bucketing technique is developed to optimize tool path generation time, by isolating the triangles which has possibility of intersection at particular position. The bucketing Technique reduced the tool path computation by 75 %, and made tool path generation faster. The optimal cutter selection algorithm is developed which selects best cutter for machining the surface based on the scallop height and volume removal results. The radiused end milling cutter results in highest volume removal which results in lower machining time compared to ball nose end milling cutters, but the scallop heights is higher. However, the scallop height in the radiused end milling cutter is higher only in few regions which reduces the final surface finish. For a sign, it was found around the boundary of logo, outline of lettering, interface of border and background. Thus, in order to achieve higher surface finish and lower machining time, a separate tool path is developed using "Pencil Milling Technique" which will remove the scallops from the regions that was inaccessible by radiused end mills. This tool path with the smaller cutter will move around the boundary of logo and lettering, and clean-up all the scallops left on the surface. The designed tool path for all the three cutters were tested on maple wood and verified against the actual Computer Aided Design model for scallop height and surface finish. The numerical testing of tool path was carried out on a Custom Simulator, ToolSim and was later confirmed by actually machining on a 3 axis CNC machine. The same sign was machined with variety of milling cutters and the best cutter was selected based on the minimum scallop and maximum volume removal. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate for machining sculptured sign. The average scallop height in a machined using 1/8 th inch radiused end milling cuter and using Pencil tool path on the machined surface is found to be 0.03989 mm (1.5708 thou).

abstract: The Civil Rights Project estimates that Black girls are among the least likely to graduate from high school. More specifically, only about half, or 56%, of freshman Black girls graduate with their class four years later. Beyond the statistics little is known about Black girls who drop out, why they leave school and what happens to them once they are gone. This study is a grounded theory analysis of the stories eight adult Black women told about dropping out of high school with a particular focus on how dropping out affected their lives as workers, mothers and returners to education. There is one conclusion about dropping out and another about Black female identity. First, the women in my study were adolescents during the 1980s, experienced life at the intersection of Blackness, womaness, and poverty and lived in the harsh conditions of a Black American hyperghetto. Using a synthesis between intersectionality and hyperghettoization I found that the women were so determined to improve their economic and personal conditions that they took on occupations that seemed to promise freedom, wealth and safety. Because they were so focused on their new lives, their school attendance suffered as a consequence. In the second conclusion I argued that Black women draw their insights about Black female identity from two competing sources. The two sources are their lived experience and popular controlling images of Black female identity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2011

FREITAS, Cley Anderson Silva de. Comportamento de três cultivares de mamona a cinco níveis de irrigação por gotejamento em Pentecoste, CE. 2009. 69 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Curso de Mestrado em Agronomia, Fortaleza-CE, 2009. / Submitted by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T15:27:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_casfreitas.pdf: 1494572 bytes, checksum: 05e1dbcbf20c46d52ac817d909b802c4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by demia Maia (demiamlm@gmail.com) on 2016-06-17T15:29:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_casfreitas.pdf: 1494572 bytes, checksum: 05e1dbcbf20c46d52ac817d909b802c4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T15:29:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_dis_casfreitas.pdf: 1494572 bytes, checksum: 05e1dbcbf20c46d52ac817d909b802c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The use of the irrigation in cultivars improved has a tendency to favor the increase of the productivity of castor in the semi-arid. This work was carried out in Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, Ceará, Brazil and the objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive characteristics of three castor cultivars of high agricultural importance (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS Paraguaçu) under different levels of irrigation. The experimental delineation used was of the blocks at random with subdivided parcels, composed of five treatments in the parcels, with three cultivars in the sub parcels and three repetitions. The treatments was constituted in five levels of irrigation based on the evaporation of the tank Class “A” ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA; T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). The result, found a significant effect between cultivars. The variables length and number of fruits per racemes were higher for the IAC Guarani, while the tenor of oil and number of racemes per plant were higher for the Mirante 10. However the Paraguaçu BRS stood out of the rest of cultivars as for the mass of the raceme, mass of the fruits, mass of hundred seeds and productive potential. There was no significant effect of variable tenor of oil with the blades of irrigation. The Mirante 10 presented the largest tenor of oil (40,64 %), with the maximum blade used of 913,4 mm. The best efficiency of the use of the water was obtained by the treatment T5 (913,4 mm) in the BRS Paraguaçu, what turned the productivity of 2872,42 Kg ha -1. The secondary racemes were that more contributed with the total productivity. / O uso da irrigação em cultivares melhoradas tende a favorecer o aumento da produtividade da mamoneira no semi-árido. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das variáveis produtivas de três cultivares de mamoneira de importância agrícola (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS Paraguaçu) a cinco níveis de irrigação por gotejo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, Ceará, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, composto de cinco tratamentos nas parcelas, com três cultivares nas subparcelas e três repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em cinco níveis de irrigação baseados na evaporação do tanque Classe “A” ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA, T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). Houve diferença estatística entre as cultivares, as variáveis comprimento e número de frutos por racemos foram maiores para a cultivar IAC Guarani, enquanto o teor de óleo e número de racemos por planta foram maiores para cultivar Mirante 10. Já a BRS Paraguaçu destacou-se das demais cultivares quanto a massa do racemo, massa dos frutos, massa de cem sementes e potencial produtivo. Não houve efeito significativo da variável teor de óleo com as lâminas de irrigação. Verifica-se maior teor de óleo (40,64 %), nas sementes da cv. Mirante 10, com a lâmina máxima aplicada de 913,4 mm. A melhor eficiência do uso da água foi obtida com o tratamento T5 (913,4 mm) na cultivar BRS Paraguaçu, que resultou na produtividade de 2872,42 kg ha-1. Os racemos secundários foram os que mais contribuíram com a produtividade total.

A sociedade atual está vivendo uma revolução baseada na informação. A recente explosão da popularidade da internet e desregulamentação dos setores públicos de telefonia em muitos países foram os principais responsáveis pelo aumento da demanda por largura de banda. Adicionalmente, houve um aumento no volume de tráfego em função do oferecimento de serviços multimídia de banda larga. Este cresimento rápido e global por demanda de largura de banda está acelerando o desenvolvimento e a implantação de redes de comunicações ópticas empregnando sistemas multiplexados em comprimento de onda (WDM). O emprego de fibras na transmissão de informações em alta velocidade a grandes distâncias já está consolidado, e sua utilização em redes metropolitanas MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) e redes de acesso está aumentando. Verifica-se que a tendência de evolução das redes ópticas é a aproximação das fibras até o usuário final. A forma mais viável economicamente de aproximar o usuário dos benefícios das redes ópticas com grande capacidade é o emprego de redes ópticas passivas PON (Passive Optical Network) empregando o sistema WDM. Este tipo de rede apresenta a flexibilidade de suportar tanto broadcast, onde o mesmo sinal é distribuído a todos os usuários, como serviços ponto-a-ponto. Um dos requisitos mais importantes para o aumento da capacidade destes sistemas ópticos é o aumento do número de canais (comprimentos de onda). Para viabilizar este aumento do número de canais é necessária a utilização de dispositivos com alta seletividade em comprimento de onda proposto neste trabalho. Este filtro é composto pela combinação de três estruturas distintas formando um único dispositivo: fibra tipo D, duplo refletor de Bragg (DBR), e guia multicamada em configuração ARROW ( Antiresonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide). O DBR é previamente definido na fibra tipo D e esta é então colada sobre a estrutura multicamada. ) A estrutura multicamada, por sua vez, possui a configuração ARROW em virtude de suas características de seletividade em comprimento de onda. A utilização de um fibra tipo D no dispositivo proposto permite que as perdas de inserção deste dispositivo no enlace óptico sejam drasticamente reduzidas. Este trabalho realiza um projeto criterioso de um filtro em questão, buscando valores ótimos para cada um dos parâmetros que compõem este dispositivo, tais como: espessuras de camadas, índices de refração, perda de inserção, isolação entre canais, etc. Os resultados obtidos com as simulações são discutidos e uma configuração ótima para o dispositivo é proposta. / The progress in lightwave propagation based on optical fibers has provided our society with an unprecedented communication capability. The deregulation of public telephone companies together with the increasingly popularity of the internet can be pointed out as the major contributors for this huge bandwidth demand we experience today. Additionally, there was a corresponding growth in traffic volume due to wideband multimedia services. As a consequence of this fast growing demand for bandwidth in a global scale, telecom companies have accelerated the development and implementation of optical communication networks based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technology. The tendency in terms of network evolution is to approximate the optical fibers as close as possible to the end user. The most economically viable way of doing so is by way of the so called Passive Optical Networks (PON) based on WDM systems. This type of network is flexible enough to support broadcast, where the same signal is distributed to all users, and point-to-point services. If more capacity is required for these systems, this can be achieved just by adding new channels (wavelengths) to it. Another important issue regarding WDM systems consists in the extraction of channels from the optical network, which can be achieved by using highly selective dropping filters such as the one proposed in this work. This filter is defined by the combination of three distinct structures defining one single device: a d-type fiber, a double Bragg reflector (DBR), and a multilayer ARROW type waveguide (Antiresonant Reflecting Optical Waveguide). The DBR is defined beforehand on the d-fiber, and then the d-fiber is literally glued on top of the multilayer waveguide. This multilayer waveguide is fabricated directly atop of a p-i-n photodetector in such a way that the three structures (d-fiber, multilayer waveguide and photodetector) now form a rigid structure. The ARROW type configuration for the multilayer waveguide and the DBR structure are chosen by virtue of their wavelength selectivity characteristics, helping to improve the device performance. The d-fiber structure, by its tum, has the great advantage of reducing drastically the insertion loss when compared to rectangular waveguide filters. In the analysis provided in this work parameters such as layer thicknesses, refractive indices, insertion loss, channel isolation, etc, and their influence on the device performance, are extensively investigated for optimization purposes. The simulated results are discussed thoroughly and an optimal structure configuration is proposed.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The use of the irrigation in cultivars improved has a tendency to favor the increase of the productivity of castor in the semi-arid. This work was carried out in Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CearÃ, Brazil and the objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive characteristics of three castor cultivars of high agricultural importance (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS ParaguaÃu) under different levels of irrigation. The experimental delineation used was of the blocks at random with subdivided parcels, composed of five treatments in the parcels, with three cultivars in the sub parcels and three repetitions. The treatments was constituted in five levels of irrigation based on the evaporation of the tank Class âAâ ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA; T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). The result, found a significant effect between cultivars. The variables length and number of fruits per racemes were higher for the IAC Guarani, while the tenor of oil and number of racemes per plant were higher for the Mirante 10. However the ParaguaÃu BRS stood out of the rest of cultivars as for the mass of the raceme, mass of the fruits, mass of hundred seeds and productive potential. There was no significant effect of variable tenor of oil with the blades of irrigation. The Mirante 10 presented the largest tenor of oil (40,64 %), with the maximum blade used of 913,4 mm. The best efficiency of the use of the water was obtained by the treatment T5 (913,4 mm) in the BRS ParaguaÃu, what turned the productivity of 2872,42 Kg ha -1. The secondary racemes were that more contributed with the total productivity. / O uso da irrigaÃÃo em cultivares melhoradas tende a favorecer o aumento da produtividade da mamoneira no semi-Ãrido. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento das variÃveis produtivas de trÃs cultivares de mamoneira de importÃncia agrÃcola (IAC Guarani, Mirante 10 e BRS ParaguaÃu) a cinco nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo por gotejo. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Experimental Vale do Curu, Pentecoste, CearÃ, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas, composto de cinco tratamentos nas parcelas, com trÃs cultivares nas subparcelas e trÃs repetiÃÃes. Os tratamentos constituÃram-se em cinco nÃveis de irrigaÃÃo baseados na evaporaÃÃo do tanque Classe âAâ ECA (T1 = 0,25 ECA; T2 = 0,50 ECA; T3 = 0,75 ECA, T4 = 1,00 ECA; T5 = 1,25 ECA). Houve diferenÃa estatÃstica entre as cultivares, as variÃveis comprimento e nÃmero de frutos por racemos foram maiores para a cultivar IAC Guarani, enquanto o teor de Ãleo e nÃmero de racemos por planta foram maiores para cultivar Mirante 10. JÃ a BRS ParaguaÃu destacou-se das demais cultivares quanto a massa do racemo, massa dos frutos, massa de cem sementes e potencial produtivo. NÃo houve efeito significativo da variÃvel teor de Ãleo com as lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo. Verifica-se maior teor de Ãleo (40,64 %), nas sementes da cv. Mirante 10, com a lÃmina mÃxima aplicada de 913,4 mm. A melhor eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua foi obtida com o tratamento T5 (913,4 mm) na cultivar BRS ParaguaÃu, que resultou na produtividade de 2872,42 kg ha-1. Os racemos secundÃrios foram os que mais contribuÃram com a produtividade total.

This study is an investigation into sociolinguistic variation in a second language. More specifically, it is an investigation into the extent to which speakers of English as a second language acquire particular features of the variety of English they are exposed to. The speakers in question are Polish migrants, and the variety of English is that found in Manchester, a city in the North West of England.The research uses data gathered from 41 participants who have been in Manchester for various lengths of time and who came to the UK for a wide range of reasons. The aim was to explore the extent to which local accent features are acquired by second language English speakers, and the linguistic and social factors which influence this acquisition. Methodologically, the research draws on practices from variationist sociolinguistics, but by using them in a second language context, the study has the additional aim of developing the link between these two areas of study. Four linguistic features were identified, on the basis of them each exhibiting local variants that differ from any pedagogical model of English the speakers will have been exposed to in Poland. All four demonstrated some degree of change towards the local variants in the speech of many of the participants, but to greatly differing degrees. Multiple regression analyses helped to determine which factors might be influencing the patterns of variation, with the social constraints of length of residence, level of English, gender, attitude, and identity among those believed to be playing a part. The thesis ends with a discussion exploring the implications of the findings in terms of existing and future research, and looks at how they might usefully be applied to situations outside that of academic linguistics.

The Boston accent is one of the most famous accents in the United States and is known for its non-rhoticity, which essentially means that Bostonians do not normally pronounce their r’s after vowels. While most Boston locals would tell you to ‘pahk the cah ova hea’ when you arrive in the city, not every Bostonian has the same level of non-rhoticity; this variation is due to a number of different factors, but arguably one of the most interesting factors, which this paper focuses on, is gender. This study looks into how Boston non-rhoticity differs between males and females, as well the theories that explain these potential differences. This is done by collecting and analyzing the speech of Boston locals, following two previous studies on the same topic. In addition to gender, types of speech and other social factors are also analyzed. The biggest finding of this study is that there is a statistically significant difference in non-rhoticity between males and females, with females pronouncing more r’s, which supports one previous study and opposes another, and also supports the linguistic theory that women tend to exhibit more standardized speech than men.

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