This thesis addresses aspects of the transport of bubbles and capsules (a thin elastic membrane enclosing a viscous fluid) by means of a viscous flow in complex vessel geometries. It focusses on two related themes: (i) the trapping of air bubbles in a sudden streamwise tube expansion and (ii) the extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules in a localised tube constriction. Air bubbles of different volumes were trapped in a tube with a square cross-section, which contains a sudden streamwise expansion in tube width. The liquid filling the tube was driven by constant volume-flux flow, and experiments were performed in both millimetric and micrometric tubes to identify the range of flow rates for which bubbles could get trapped. The gradients in surface energy generated by the broadening of the bubble into the expansion depend strongly on bubble volume and the expansion length. It is shown that in order for a trapped bubble to release from the expansion, the work of the pressure forces due to flow past the bubble must exceed the change in surface energy required to squeeze into the narrower channel. This criterion for trapping was verified by direct pressure measurements and a capillary static model, which uses three-dimensional Surface Evolver calculations. The extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules was investigated using a localised constriction of the tube width. Both bubbles and capsules were shown to adopt highly contorted configurations and exhibit broadly similar features over a wide range of flow rates, suggesting that the deformation was primarily imposed by the geometry through viscous shear forces. However, bubbles and capsules also display distinguishing features. Bubbles can breakup and exhibit thinning of the rear of the bubble at a critical flow rate, which is associated with a divergence of the rear tip speed and curvature. In contrast, the capsule membrane can wrinkle and fold, and the membrane thickness imposes the value of the maximum curvature locally available to the capsule.

Le processus d’atomisation est important pour la performance des moteurs à combustion interne. Grâce à un injecteur, le carburant liquide est admis dans la chambre de combustion et se divise en gouttelettes. Plus petites les gouttes, plus rapide leurs évaporation et meilleur le mélange air-carburant. Une meilleure combustion pourrait être obtenue, avec faibles émissions polluantes. La qualité de l’atomisation est influencée principalement par la géométrie de l’injecteur et les conditions opératoires qui forment la structure de l’écoulement interne, la turbulence, le profil de vitesse à la sortie de l’injecteur, la cavitation, etc. Tous ces aspects sont déterminants pour la rupture de l’écoulement externe. Un autre paramètre clé pour optimiser le processus d’atomisation est les propriétés physiques des carburants. On pense, parmi autres, à la tension de surface dynamique contrôlée par la diffusion des surfactants sur l’interface liquide-gaz ou à la viscosité extensionnelle qui rend un liquide plus résistant à l’étirement, influençant donc la rupture. Les effets de la géométrie de l’injecteur, les conditions opératoires et les propriétés physiques des liquides sur l’atomisation sont inter-dépendents. Les analyses expérimentales nous aident à comprendre les mécanismes impliquant et leurs interactions. D’une part, elles sont utiles pour les simulations numériques qui devraient être réalisées suivant la configuration considérée. D’autre part, les critères quantitatifs pourraient être établis afin de valider les résultats numériques. En suivant cette méthodologie de recherche, nous souhaiterons étudier l’atomisation d’une nappe liquide turbulente produite par un injecteur triple-disque. Les mesures expérimentales fournissent les images de la nappe, utilisées comme l’entrée d’une approche multi-échelle. Nous étudions, grâce à la dernière, les comportements de la nappe, des ligaments qui apparaissent à ses bords et des gouttelettes. De plus, deux méthodes de frontières immergées sont développées pour résoudre en même temps l’écoulement interne et le processus d’atomisation. Nous réalisons deux applications, la première pour un jet liquide éjecté par un injecteur cylindrique et la deuxième pour une nappe plane produite par un injecteur triple-disque. / Liquid fuel atomization is crucial for the performance of internal combustion engines. Through an injector, the liquid is delivered into the combustion chamber and breaks down into droplets. The finer the drops, the quicker their evaporation and the more proper their mixing with air. A proficient combustion could hence be expected, with low pollutant emissions. Atomization quality is primarily affected by the injector design and the operating conditions which shape the internal flow structure, the turbulence level, the velocity profile at the nozzle outlet, the cavitation and so forth. All these features are determinants of the breakup of the external liquid flow. Another key parameter to optimize the atomization process is the fuel physical properties. One can think of, among others, the dynamic surface tension controlled by the diffusion of the surfactants on the liquid-gas interface or the extensional viscosity which makes a liquid to become more resistant to the stretching, thereby affecting the breakup. Effects of the injector design, the operating conditions and the liquid properties on the atomization are inter-dependent. Analyses of experimental data help us to understand the involved mechanisms and their interactions. On the one hand, this is useful for the numerical developments which should be carried out depending upon the configuration. On the other hand, quantitative criterion could be established to validate the simulation results. Following the above research methodology, we aim to study the disintegration of planar turbulent liquid sheets produced by a triple-disk injector. Experimental measurements provide the sheet images, used as input for a multi-scale analysis. We investigate, thanks to the latter, the behaviours of the liquid sheet, the ligaments appearing on its edges and the resulting droplets. Moreover, two immersed boundary methods are developed, aiming to simultaneously solve the nozzle flow and the breakup process. We carry out two applications, the first one on a liquid jet ejected by a cylindrical nozzle and the other a planar sheet issuing from a triple-disk injector.

Afin de modéliser correctement les phénomènes liés à l'évaporation, les numériciens souhaitent obtenir des mesures expérimentales fiables, leur permettant d'améliorer leurs modèles. A l'opposé, de nombreux industriels souhaitent pouvoir réaliser des mesures in situ, avec des techniques expérimentales appliquées aux conditions réelles.C'est dans ce cadre que s'est inscrite cette thèse. L'objectif principal, a été de démontrer la faisabilité, et la stabilité, de mesures en réfractométrie d'arc-en-ciel sur des gouttes uniques en écoulement afin d'obtenir le taux d'évaporation de ces gouttes.L'utilisation d'un dispositif dédié habituellement à la PIV a servi à réaliser des acquisitions de couples d'images, séparées par un délai temporel variable. Une méthode très fine de la mesure de variation de diamètre a été introduite, autorisant la mesure du taux d'évaporation instantané d'une goutte en écoulement par le biais du déphasage de la structure de ripple. / In order to model correctly the evaporation phenomenon, numerical simulations needs to work with reliable experimental data, allowing to improve the existing models. On the other side, industrialists needs to realize in situ measurements, with experimental techniques that apply to real conditions. This is the framework of this thesis. The main work has been to prove that measurements with rainbow refractometry on unique droplets in a flow were possible, obtain the evaporation rate from those measurements, and prove their stability.The use of a specific setup, most of the time used in PIV, allowed us to realize acquisitions of couple images with a temporal delay. A very fine method for the measurement of variation of diameter has been introduced, allowing the measurement of instantaneous evaporation rate of unique droplets in a flow, using the ripple structure phase shift.

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With the thriving technology and the great increase in the usage of computer networks, the risk of having these network to be under attacks have been increased. Number of techniques have been created and designed to help in detecting and/or preventing such attacks. One common technique is the use of Network Intrusion Detection / Prevention Systems NIDS. Today, number of open sources and commercial Intrusion Detection Systems are available to match enterprises requirements but the performance of these Intrusion Detection Systems is still the main concern. In this paper, we have tested and analyzed the performance of the well know IDS system Snort and the new coming IDS system Suricata. Both Snort and Suricata were implemented on three different platforms (ESXi virtual server, Linux 2.6 and FreeBSD) to simulate a real environment. Finally, in our results and analysis a comparison of the performance of the two IDS systems is provided along with some recommendations as to what and when will be the ideal environment for Snort and Suricata.

The term diesel particulate matter (DPM) is used to refer to the solid phase of diesel exhaust, which is mainly composed of elemental carbon and organic carbon. DPM is generally in the nano-size range (i.e., 10-1,000 nm). Occupational exposure is a health concern, with effects ranging from minor eye and respiratory system irritation to major cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Significant progress has been made in reducing DPM emissions by improving fuels, engines and after-treatment technologies. However, the mining industry, in particular, remains challenged to curb exposures in some operations where relatively many diesel engines are working in confined environments with relatively low airflow. Basic theory and a limited amount of prior research reported in the literature suggest that water sprays may be able to scavenge airborne DPM. The goals of the work presented in this thesis were to build an appropriate laboratory set up and to test the efficacy of micron-scale water (or fog) droplets to remove DPM from an air stream. The general experimental approach was to direct diesel exhaust through a chamber where fog drops are generated, and to measure DPM up- and down-stream of the treatment. Initially, fundamental experiments were conducted to explore the effect of the fog drops on the removal of (electrically neutralized) DPM from a dry exhaust stream. Compared to no treatment (i.e., control) and with the use of a diffusion dryer downstream of the fog treatment, the fog improved DPM removal by about 57% by mass and 45% by number density (versus no treatment). Without the use of the diffusion dryer, improvement in DPM removal was about 19% by mass. Analysis of the results suggests that a likely mechanism for the DPM removal in this experimental system is thermal coagulation between DPM and fog droplets, followed by gravitational settling and/or impaction of the droplets with system components. Further tests using raw exhaust (i.e., neither dried nor neutralized) having a higher DPM number density; shorter residence times; additional fogging devices; and no diffusion dryer downstream of the fog treatment were also carried out. These yielded an average overall improvement in DPM mass removal of about 45% attributed to the fog treatment (versus no treatment). The significant increase in DPM removal in these tests compared to the initial test (i.e., 19% removal by mass) cannot be fully explained by differences in residence time or DPM and fog droplet densities. Increased humidity in the system (due to the undried exhaust) may have allowed for a larger mean droplet size, and therefore might explain more rapid settling of DPM-laden droplets. Another possible contributing factor is ambient surface charge of the DPM, which might perhaps result in more efficient attachment between DPM and fog drops and/or increased deposition loses in the system. / Master of Science / The term diesel particulate matter (DPM) is used to refer to the solid fraction of diesel exhaust, which is mainly composed of particles in the nano-size range (i.e., 10-1,000 nm). Occupational exposure to DPM is a health concern and can lead to major cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. Significant progress has been made in reducing DPM emissions by improving fuels, engines and exhaust treatment technologies. The mining industry, however, remains particularly challenged to reduce exposures in some underground operations where many diesel engines are working in a confined environment. Basic theory and a limited amount of prior research reported in the literature suggests that small water droplets (or “fog”) may be able to remove DPM from air. The objectives of the work presented in this thesis were to build an appropriate laboratory setup and to test if and how such a treatment may work. The general experimental approach was to direct diesel exhaust through a chamber where fog drops are generated, and to measure DPM up- and down-stream of the treatment. Initially, experiments were conducted to explore the effect of the fog treatment on the removal of DPM from a dry exhaust stream. Compared to no treatment, results indicated an improvement in DPM removal of about 20% by mass when fog drops (presumably carrying DPM) are allowed to settle in a long tube downstream of the chamber; and a total improvement of about 57% by mass was observed when any drops that had not settled in the tube were dried using a diffusion dryer. Further tests using raw exhaust (i.e., neither dried nor neutralized) and no diffusion dryer downstream of the chamber and tube resulted in additional improvements in DPM removal (i.e., about 45% by mass as compared to the 19% previously observed). This suggests that increased humidity and/or surface charge on the DPM may have improved the fog treatment. Analysis of the experimental results reported here suggests that a likely mechanism for DPM removal by the fog droplets involves attachment between the DPM and fog, followed by settling and/or impaction of the drops with treatment system surfaces.

The interaction of a liquid drop with a solid surface is being actively studied to understand practically encountered scenarios such as the impact of fuel spray droplets onto the walls of engine combustion chamber, the formation of thermal barrier coating on the surfaces of turbine blades, the process of ink-jet printing, etc. The surface topography of solid surface is one of the major parameters influencing the dynamics of drop-surface interaction process. Understanding the precise role of surface topography features such as micro asperities and grooves on the spreading and receding processes of impacting liquid drops is crucial for the improvement in abovementioned applications. Recent developments in the fabrication of micro- and nano-structures on solid surfaces provide fabulous opportunities to investigate the role of single/multiple micro asperities and grooves on the dynamics of impacting drops. The thesis deals with an experimental work on the impact of water drops on stainless steel surfaces comprising unidirectional parallel grooves. A group of six target grooved surfaces covering a wide range of surface wettability were considered. The target surfaces were prepared using the techniques of photolithography, electro discharge machining, and laser machining. Scanning electron microscope and optical surface profilometer were used to characterize the groove texture geometrical parameters of the target grooved surfaces. The experiments of drop impact were carried out in an experimental apparatus consisting of a liquid drop generator, a substrate table, and a digital video imaging system. Free-falling distilled water drops released from a certain height were allowed to impact normally on the target surfaces. The image sequences of drop impact dynamics were constructed from the images captured using the digital video imaging system. Majority of the drop impact experiments were captured using a high speed video camera operating with frame speed ranging from 3000 to 10000 fps. For the target grooved surfaces, the impact dynamics was analyzed for the impacting drop liquid oriented both in the direction perpendicular to the grooves ( ) and in the direction parallel to the grooves (||) via independent test runs. The captured digital frames were used to deduce the temporal variation of impacting drop parameters such as drop contact diameter, drop contact angle, and drop height at the center of impacting drop with the aid of image processing software. The impacting drops were characterized in terms of Weber number, We expressed in terms of drop impact velocity and drop diameter measured just before the start of impact process. The study covered We ranging from 1.8 to 170. In general, the groove texture on the solid surface influences the drop impact process for all We examined in the study. The effect is more pronounced for the receding of impacting drops. For high We drops, the groove texture enhances the perturbations seen at the periphery of spreading lamella. The study showed quantitatively that the drop impact process on a target grooved surface comprising unidirectional parallel grooves develops a non-axisymmetric drop flow on the grooved surface exhibiting different spreading and receding processes of impacting drop liquid in the directions perpendicular ( ) and parallel (||) to the grooves. The maximum spreading diameter reached immediately after the completion of early inertia-dominated spreading in is less than that obtained in || due to the loss of drop kinetic energy caused by the pinned motion of drop liquid in . The non- axisymmetric drop flow on the target grooved surface develops a difference between the frequencies of contact angle oscillation of impacting drop liquid in  and ||. The frequency difference in contact angle oscillation causes the beating phenomenon in the temporal variation of the contact angle anisotropy, Δθ and drop height at the center of impacting drop, Z. For a given target grooved surface, the experimental measurements suggested that the beat frequency is almost independent of We. The temporal variation of Δθ and Z do not show the traces of beating phenomenon for the impact of high We drops. Owing to the non-axisymmetric drop flow, the final equilibrium drop shape is eccentric for the impact of low We drops and approaches a circular shape for the impact of high We drops. The role of groove texture geometrical parameters is seen in the drop impact process via the surface wettability especially for the impact of low We drops. Larger surface roughness factor makes the target grooved surface to exhibit hydrophobic characteristics.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The association of application technology with the crop handling can provide larger adaptation in the phytosanitary handling as well as increasing the exhibition of the leaves to the radiation. This work had for objective to assess the effect of row spacings and spray nozzles interaction in asian rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) control. The experimental design was a randomized blocks with four replications, in bands with split split-plots. The research was carried out in Itaara RS wher the cultivar M-SOY 8000 RR was sowed in row spacings of 30, 45 and 60 cm, keeping the same plants population of 33 pl.m-2. The spray nozzles used were extended range flat (XR 11001), twinjet flat spray (TJ60-11002), hollow cone spray (TXA 8002) and Turbo Teejet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002). The applications were designed in split splitplots with one, two and three applications. The results showed that the reduction of the row spacing benefited the disease action. The row spacing of 60 cm presented the smallest severity values, rate of disease progress (r) and Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC). When the row spacing was reduced, the previous values were increasing gradually. Thus, the defoliate was larger in row spacings of 30 and 45 cm and the Green Foliate Area (GFA) was obtained better levels in the row spacing of 60 cm. The fungicide covering was larger in the row spacing of 60 cm as in medium as in inferior stratum for all analyzed spray nozzles. The number of pods and number of grains per pods were significantly larger in the row spacing of 60 cm mainly in the inferior stratum, resulting in a superior final productivity than row spacing of 30 and 45 cm, benefited for the largest foliate covering and photosynthetic activity of the inferior and medium stratum. / A associação da tecnologia de aplicação com o manejo fitotécnico pode proporcionar maior adequação no manejo fitossanitário assim como aumentar a exposição das folhas à radiação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da interação de espaçamentos entre linhas da soja com diferentes pontas de pulverização visando controle da ferrugem asiática (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow) da soja. Para isso foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subsubdivididas. O trabalho foi conduzido em Itaara RS onde a cultivar de soja M-SOY 8000 RR foi semeada com espaçamentos de 30, 45 e 60 cm entre linhas, mantendo a mesma população de plantas de 33 pl.m-2. Foram utilizadas pontas de pulverização de jato leque plano de uso ampliado (XR 11001), jato plano duplo comum (TJ-60 11002), cone vazio (TXA 8002) e Turbo TeeJet® Duo (TT 11002 + XR 11002), trabalhadas com pulverizador costal propelido à CO2. As aplicações foram escalonadas nas subsubuparcelas com uma, duas e três aplicações. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a redução do espaçamento entre linhas favoreceu a ação da doença. O espaçamento de 60 cm apresentou os menores valores de severidade, taxa de progresso (r) da doença e Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AACPD). À medida que o espaçamento foi reduzido, os valores citados foram aumentando gradativamente. Por conseqüência, a desfolha foi maior nos espaçamentos de 30 e 45 cm e a Área Foliar Verde (AFV) obteve melhores níveis no espaçamento de 60 cm. A cobertura do fungicida foi superior no espaçamento de 60 cm, tanto no dossel mediano como no inferior para todas as pontas analisadas. Com relação à produtividade, seus componentes, como número de vagens e número de grãos por vagem foram significativamente superiores no espaçamento de 60 cm, principalmente no dossel inferior, favorecido pela maior cobertura foliar e atividade fotossintética dos dosséis inferior e mediano, resultando em uma produtividade final superior aos espaçamentos de 45 e de 30 cm.