This thesis is devoted to thermal-hydraulic design and rating of heat exchangers with the specialized commercial software HTRI. These heat exchangers are solved for real high-temperature applications, where the hot fluid is a flue gas with high temperature (above 500 °C). In the thesis is made a brief analysis of the conventional design of heat exchangers usable for high-temperature aplications, description of the basic relations, description and brief user manual of software HTRI. Further, work includes a comparative study of methods for calculation of pressure drop of the fluid at 180° elbows, as support analysis for solution of required applications characterized by low pressure drop of process fluids.

Microorganisms and drops are ubiquitous in nature: while drops can be found in sneezes, ink-jet printers, oceans etc, microorganisms are present in our stomach, intestine, soil, oceans etc. In most situations they are present in complex conditions: drop spreading on a rigid or soft substrate, drop covered with impurities that act as surfactants, marine microbe approaching a surfactant laden drop in density stratified oceanic waters in the event of an oil spill etc. In this thesis, we extract the physics underlying the influence of two such complicated effects (surfactant redistribution and density-stratification) on the motion of drops and swimming microorganisms when they are in isolation or in the vicinity of each other. This thesis is relevant in understanding the bioremediation of oil spill by marine microbes.<div><br></div><div>We divide this thesis into two themes. In the first theme, we analyze the motion of motile microorganisms near a surfactant-laden interface in homogeneous fluids. We begin by calculating the translational and angular velocities of a swimming microorganism outside a surfactant-laden drop by assuming the surfactant is insoluble, incompressible, and non-diffusing, as such system is relevant in the context of bioremediation of oil spill. We then study the motion of swimming microorganism lying inside a surfactant-laden drop by assuming the surfactant is insoluble, compressible, and has large surface diffusivity. This system is ideal for exploring the nonlinearities associated with the surfactant transport phenomena and is relevant in the context of targeted drug delivery systems wherein one uses synthetic swimmers to transport the drops containing drug. We then analyze the motion of a swimming organism in a liquid film covered with surfactant without making any assumptions about the surfactant and this system is relevant in the case of free-standing films containing swimming organisms as well as in the initial stages of the biofilm formation. In the second theme, we consider a density-stratified background fluid without any surfactants. In this theme, we examine separately a towed drop and a swimming microorganism, and find the drag acting on the drop, drop deformation, and the drift volume induced by the drop as well as the motility of the swimming microorganism.</div>

Several available free software audio solutions were analyzed, and Jackdmp—a C++ reimplementation of the renowned JACK Audio Connection Kit—was selected as the most appropriate solution for a real-time audio architecture on DROPS. The JACK sound architecture provides the lowest processing latency possible on a desktop computer for a given set of sound card parameters. It reduces the latency jitter caused by software to zero and synchronizes streams at sample accuracy. A real-time admission scheme for JACK clients is proposed. The execution time of different typical JACK clients was analyzed with measurements to validate the assumptions the proposal is based on, but also to gain further knowledge about their timing behavior. The measurements showed that the condition set by Paul Davis—the time to process a client must be a linear function of the buffer size—holds for all tested clients. Jackdmp was ported to DROPS. The developed design of the port and its implementation is documented here. Measurements showed that—although the real-time performance of the Linux kernel is continuously being improved in the mainline and on special external branches—DROPS can provide a signaling latency that is two times lower on average than the values that can be achieved on the same machine running with a low latency patched Linux kernel. Thus, it can be stated that DROPS is well-suited for real-time audio processing and that the pursued path to use it as the foundation of a truly real-time capable audio workstation should be followed. / Wenn man heute digitale Audiotechnik zum Aufnehmen oder Abmischen von Musik oder anderen Audiodaten verwenden möchte, steht man vor der Wahl, entweder auf eine sehr spezialisierte Hardwarelösung zurückzugreifen oder aber sich eines gewöhnlichen Desktopsystems mit entsprechender Audiosoftware zu bedienen. Der Vorteil eines Desktopsystems ist neben seinem deutlich niedrigeren Preis vor allem die Flexibilität. Bezüglich seines Echtzeitverhaltens bietet ein Computer mit einem Standard-Desktop-Betriebssystem aber bei weitem nicht dieselbe Verlässlichkeit einer spezialisierten Hardwarelösung oder analoger Technik. Die Architektur von DROPS --- mit dem echtzeitfähigen Fiasco- Mikrokern auf der einen Seite sowie der Unterstützung von Legacy-Anwendungen durch L4Linux auf der anderen Seite --- birgt die Hoffnung, die Vorteile von den beiden eben beschriebenen Welten auf einem System mit DROPS kombinieren zu können. Die Motivation meiner Arbeit war es, für dieses langfristige Ziel einen ersten Grundstein zu legen. Dazu war es meine Aufgabe, verschiedene Open-Source- Lösungen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Echtzeit-Audioarchitektur für DROPS zu analysieren und die am besten geeignete auf L4Env zu portieren. Meine Wahl fiel dabei auf das in der Linux-Audio-Szene wohlbekannte Jack Audio Connection Kit (JACK). Desweiteren konnte ich in der Arbeit untersuchen, wie sich die JACK Audioarchitektur in ein globales Echtzeit-Scheduling --- z.B. eines von DROPS --- einbetten ließe, und schlage eine generische Methode dafür vor.

Several available free software audio solutions were analyzed, and Jackdmp—a C++ reimplementation of the renowned JACK Audio Connection Kit—was selected as the most appropriate solution for a real-time audio architecture on DROPS. The JACK sound architecture provides the lowest processing latency possible on a desktop computer for a given set of sound card parameters. It reduces the latency jitter caused by software to zero and synchronizes streams at sample accuracy. A real-time admission scheme for JACK clients is proposed. The execution time of different typical JACK clients was analyzed with measurements to validate the assumptions the proposal is based on, but also to gain further knowledge about their timing behavior. The measurements showed that the condition set by Paul Davis—the time to process a client must be a linear function of the buffer size—holds for all tested clients. Jackdmp was ported to DROPS. The developed design of the port and its implementation is documented here. Measurements showed that—although the real-time performance of the Linux kernel is continuously being improved in the mainline and on special external branches—DROPS can provide a signaling latency that is two times lower on average than the values that can be achieved on the same machine running with a low latency patched Linux kernel. Thus, it can be stated that DROPS is well-suited for real-time audio processing and that the pursued path to use it as the foundation of a truly real-time capable audio workstation should be followed. / Wenn man heute digitale Audiotechnik zum Aufnehmen oder Abmischen von Musik oder anderen Audiodaten verwenden möchte, steht man vor der Wahl, entweder auf eine sehr spezialisierte Hardwarelösung zurückzugreifen oder aber sich eines gewöhnlichen Desktopsystems mit entsprechender Audiosoftware zu bedienen. Der Vorteil eines Desktopsystems ist neben seinem deutlich niedrigeren Preis vor allem die Flexibilität. Bezüglich seines Echtzeitverhaltens bietet ein Computer mit einem Standard-Desktop-Betriebssystem aber bei weitem nicht dieselbe Verlässlichkeit einer spezialisierten Hardwarelösung oder analoger Technik. Die Architektur von DROPS --- mit dem echtzeitfähigen Fiasco- Mikrokern auf der einen Seite sowie der Unterstützung von Legacy-Anwendungen durch L4Linux auf der anderen Seite --- birgt die Hoffnung, die Vorteile von den beiden eben beschriebenen Welten auf einem System mit DROPS kombinieren zu können. Die Motivation meiner Arbeit war es, für dieses langfristige Ziel einen ersten Grundstein zu legen. Dazu war es meine Aufgabe, verschiedene Open-Source- Lösungen hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung als Echtzeit-Audioarchitektur für DROPS zu analysieren und die am besten geeignete auf L4Env zu portieren. Meine Wahl fiel dabei auf das in der Linux-Audio-Szene wohlbekannte Jack Audio Connection Kit (JACK). Desweiteren konnte ich in der Arbeit untersuchen, wie sich die JACK Audioarchitektur in ein globales Echtzeit-Scheduling --- z.B. eines von DROPS --- einbetten ließe, und schlage eine generische Methode dafür vor.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, Escola de Enfermagem, 2012. / Submitted by eloisa silva (eloisa1_silva@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-04-11T17:34:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 janainaavila.pdf: 2636680 bytes, checksum: a3a2a4bbc2df00321dfcffda0c7ef76e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-12T19:17:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 janainaavila.pdf: 2636680 bytes, checksum: a3a2a4bbc2df00321dfcffda0c7ef76e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-12T19:17:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janainaavila.pdf: 2636680 bytes, checksum: a3a2a4bbc2df00321dfcffda0c7ef76e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / O estudo teve como objetivo geral: propor cuidados de enfermagem para prevenção das quedas junto aos idosos institucionalizados, por meio do processo de enfermagem, embasados em elementos da Classificação Internacional da Funcionalidade,Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF). Os objetivos específicos foram: elaborar instrumento que guiasse o processo de enfermagem, visando à prevenção de quedas nos idosos institucionalizados, embasado em elementos da Classificação Internacional da Funcionalidade,Incapacidade e Saúde; desenvolver processo de enfermagem direcionado à prevenção de quedas do idoso institucionalizado, utilizando North American Nursing Diagnosis Association e Classificação das Intervenções de Enfermagem, avaliando funcionalidade, incapacidade e saúde. Pesquisa qualitativa, do tipo estudo de caso. Os participantes foram nove pessoas idosas residentes em uma instituição de longa permanência, no Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Na coleta dos dados foram utilizados: Miniexame do Estado Mental, Escala de Risco para Quedas e Histórico de enfermagem, aplicados por meio da entrevista semiestruturada, observação e exame físico. Os dados foram coletados em maio de 2012. Na análise de dados, os casos foram apresentados, tendo como produto final o processo de enfermagem dire cionado ao idoso institucionalizado, embasado em elementos da Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde e voltado à prevenção das quedas. Houve aprovação do comitê de ética e pesquisa, parecer número 003/2012. Verificou-se que o maior número de residentes com risco de quedas eram mulheres, viúvas, entre 80 a 90 anos; sabiam ler e escrever; hipertensas; faziam uso de polifarmácia; moradia com barreiras arquitetônicas. Foram identificados doze diagnósticos de enfermagem. Para cada diagnóstico de enfermagem, seguindo a Taxonomia da North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, foram verificados em média de três a quatro domínios alterados da Classificação Internacional da Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde e propostas intervenções de enfermagem por meio da Nursing Interventions Classification. Foram os principais diagnósticos de enfermagem: Risco de quedas, Risco para perfusão tissular cardíaca diminuída, Proteção ineficaz, Risco de glicemia instável, Nutrição desequilibrada: mais do que as necessidades corporais, Percepção sensorial visual perturbada, Incontinência urinária de urgência, Percepção sensorial auditiva perturbada, Dor aguda, Estilo de vida sedentário, Dor crônica, Mobilidade física prejudicada. Espera-se com esta pesquisa contribuir para um cuidado de enfermagem adequado, específico, a fim de que a pessoa idosa institucionalizada seja considerada em seus aspectos multidimensionais, conforme preconiza a classificação internacional de funcionalidade, incapacidade e saúde. E, através dessa perspectiva, promover avanços para que estratégias sejam criadas para a manutenção da autonomia, funcionalidade e prevenção de quedas à pessoa idosa institucionalizada. / The study aimed to: propose nursing care for the prevention of falls among institutionalized elderly, through the nursing process, based on elements of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. The specific objectives were: elaborate instrument that guided the nursing process, aimed at preventing drops in elderly institutionalized, based on the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health; develop nursing processaiming at preventing drops among the institutionalized elderly, using North American Nursing Diagnosis Association and Nursing Interventions Classification, assessing functioning, disability and health. Qualitative research, the case study. Participants were nine elderly residents in a long-stay institution in Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In collection data were used: records of enderly, Mini Mental State Examination, Questionnairefor Risk about Drops, Historic of nursing, applied through semi-structured interviews, observation and examination. Data were collected in May 2012.In data analysis, cases were presented, with the final product a proposed nursing care directed to the institutionalized elderly, focused on the nursing process, based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health and turned the prevention of drops. There was approval of the ethics committee and research, opinion number 003/2012. It was found that the largest number of residents at risk of falling were women, widows, between 80 to 90 years, could read and write; hypertensive; made use of polypharmacy, housing with architectural barriers.We identified twelve nursing diagnoses. For each nursing diagnosis, following the taxonomy of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, were found on average three to four domains altered the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health nursing interventions and proposals through the Nursing Interventions Classification. Were the main nursing diagnoses:Risk of drops, risk for decreased cardiac tissue perfusion, ineffective Protection, Risk glucose unstable, imbalanced Nutrition: more than body requirements, visual sensory perception disturbed, Urge Urinary Incontinence, auditorysensory perception disturbed, Acute Pain, Lifestyle sedentary, chronic pain, impaired physical mobility. It is hoped that this research contribute to adequate nursing care, specific, so that the institutionalized elderly have a multidimensional nursing care, as recommended by the international classification of functioning, disability and health. And from this perspective, to promote advances strategies are established to maintain autonomy, functionality and drops prevention for the elderly institutionalized. / El estudio tuvo como objetivo: proponer los cuidados de enfermería para la prevención de caídas entre los ancianos, a través del proceso de enfermería, con base en los elementos de la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, la Discapacidad y la Salud (CIF). Los objetivos específicos fueron: elaborar un instrumento que guíe el proceso de enfermería, orientada a la prevención de caídas en ancianos institucionalizados, basado en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud; desarrollar el proceso de enfermería dirigida a la prevención de las caídas en los ancianos institucionalizados, utilizando Asociación Norte Americana de Enfermería Diagnóstico y Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería que evalúe el funcionamiento, la discapacidad y la salud. La investigación cualitativa, el estudio de caso. Participaron nueve residentes personas anciano en una institución de larga estancia en Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. En la recolección de datos se utilizaron: registros de los ancianos, Mini Examen del Estado Mental, Cuestionario de Riesgo, de la Histórico de la enfermería, aplicado a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas, observación y examen. Los datos fueron recogidos en mayo de 2012. En el análisis de datos, los casos se presentaron con el producto final a los cuidados de enfermería propuesta dirigida a las personas ancianos institucionalizados, se centró en el proceso de enfermería, basado en la Clasificación Internacional del Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud y de cara a la prevención de caídas. Hubo aprobación del comité de ética e investigación, opinión número 003/2012. Se encontró que el mayor número de residentes en riesgo de caer eran mujeres, viudas, año entre 80 y 90, sabían leer y escribir, hipertensos, el uso hecho de la polifarmacia, vivienda con barreras arquitectónicas. Se identificaron doce diagnósticos de enfermería. Para cada diagnóstico de enfermería, siguiendo la taxonomía de la Asociación North American Nursing Diagnosis, se encontraron en promedio de tres a cuatro dominios alterado la Clasificación Internacional de las intervenciones de enfermería Funcionamiento, de la Discapacidad y de la Salud y las propuestas a través de la Clasificación de Intervenciones de Enfermería. Fueron los principales diagnósticos de enfermería: Riesgo de caídas, el riesgo de disminución de la perfusión del tejido cardiaco, la protección efectiva, la glucosa Riesgo inestable, nutrición desequilibrada: superior a los requerimientos, la percepción sensorial visual alterada,incontinencia urinaria de urgencia, la percepción sensorial auditiva alterada, dolor agudo, estilo de vida sedentario, dolor crónico, deterioro de la movilidad física. Se espera que esta investigación contribuya a una asistencia adecuada, específica, de modo que los ancianos institucionalizados tienen un cuidado de enfermería multidimensional, según lo recomendado por la clasificación internacional del funcionamiento, la discapacidad y la salud. Y desde este punto de vista, para promover los avances que se han establecido estrategias para mantener la autonomía, la funcionalidad y la prevención de caídas en los ancianos institucionalizados.

Dynamic behavior of impacting water drops on superhydrophobic solid surfaces provides important details on the stability/durability of such solid surfaces. Multi-scale surface roughness combined with a layer of low energy chemical is an essential surface modification process followed to create superhydrophobic capabilities on solid surfaces. The present work aims at studying the effect of low energy surface coating on droplet impact dynamics by carrying out experiments of water drop impacts on rough solid surfaces with and without chemical modification. A group of six aluminium alloy (Al6061) surfaces (three pairs) are prepared. Roughness, characterized in terms mean surface roughness, Ra, is introduced to these metallic surfaces using sand-paper polishing, electric discharge machining (EDM), and chemical based surface etching process. Low energy surface layer is laid on the rough surfaces by coating NeverWet hydrophobic solution, octadecyl-trichloro-silane (OTS), and perfluorodecyltricholorosilane (FAS-17). The impact dynamics of water drops is analyzed by capturing high speed videos for a range of drop Weber number from 1 to 570 and the salient features of drop impact process on the coated rough surfaces are compared with the corresponding uncoated rough surfaces. A one-to-one comparison on the spreading, fingering, receding, and final equilibrium of impacting drops on the coated and uncoated target surfaces is presented. Upon coating NeverWet, the original surface features of the base aluminium surface are completely covered by the hydrophobic coating material resulting in a fresh top surface layer. The outcomes as well as the bounce-off characteristics of impacting water drops on the coated surface are comparable to those observed on lotus leaf. The surface morphology features of rough aluminium surfaces coated with OTS and FAS-17 are comparable to those of the corresponding uncoated surfaces. The quantitative measurements on primary spreading and maximum spread factor of impacting drops are largely unaffected by the presence of low energy chemical coating. The dominant effect of surface coating is seen on the receding of impacting drops and hence the final drop configuration. This behavior is more prominently seen on EDM fabricated rough surface (larger Ra) combined with OTS coating than that on etching based rough surface (smaller Ra) combined with FAS-17 coating highlighting the dependence of coating effect with roughness features.