Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Härtill 6 uppsatser.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide (Kishore et al., 2011), therefore how to prevent and treat this condition is of great importance to health care professionals and patients. Patients struggle to afford these medications which can ultimately influence their health outcome. Treatment of cardiovascular disease conditions may require several drugs and this causes an increase in health cost to the patient (Burapadaja Siriporn et al., 2007).The promotion of the use of generic medication and generic substitution is seen as one of the approaches to improve access to cardiovascular medications (Kishore et al., 2011; Kesselheim et al., 2008). Generic medications play an important role in reducing health care costs and in increasing access to healthcare. A large number of branded or innovator drugs and molecules are no longer protected by their patents or will be reaching patent expiration soon. Therefore there is an increased interest in research on generic drug competition and its effect on the market. Once generics enter the market, they have many effects on areas such as market share, prices and quantities sold (Gonzalez et al., 2008). The objective of this study was to determine the usage patterns of generic cardiovascular medications and possible cost savings that can be achieved by maximum generic substitution in the private community pharmacy health care environment in the Johannesburg area. Ten oral solid drug pairs experiencing generic substitution were investigated at four private community pharmacies that provided pharmaceutical products and services. The study was a quantitative, retrospective study of medical claims. Data on computerized drug claims were provided by a South African pharmaceutical service provider. Data was extracted and analysed of patients who receive one or more cardiovascular drugs for the period of June 2009 to May 2011. The results of this study showed that the cardiovascular (CVS) medications under study accounted for 21 817 of the total number of 282 109 items dispensed at all pharmacies for the study period which equals to 7.7%. Of the total of 21 817, the innovator CVS drugs accounted for a volume of 6 527 (29.9%) and the generics 15 290 (70.1%) of all the study CVS items dispensed. There was a decline in terms of percentage of innovator products (9.7%) and a corresponding increase in generic products by the same percentage from beginning to end of the study period in terms of items dispensed. The total cost of the study CVS innovator and generic drugs was R3 249k. This accounted for 7.4% of the total cost of all items dispensed for all the study pharmacies which was R43 672k. Of the total of R3 249k, a cost of R1 240k (38.2%) accounted for the innovator items and R2 009k (61.8%) accounted for the generic items. The average cost per CVS item for the entire study period was R149. The innovator average cost per item dispensed was R190 (±R93.28) and for generic R131 (±R59.55). There was a 9.9% decrease in percentage of innovator total cost and a corresponding 9.9% increase in percentage of generic cost from the beginning until end of the study period. The following was also revealed: the average cost per item decreased by R18 (from R156 during P1 to R138 for P6). The average cost per innovator item dispensed decreased by R10 (from R191 during P1 to R181 for P6) and the average cost per generic item decreased by R14 (from R138 during P1 to R124 for P6). The cost prevalence index (CPI) for innovator items was fairly expensive compared to generic medicine because the value of CPI was larger than 1. Potential cost savings of R576k would have been achieved if the least expensive generic was substituted during each period for the entire study period. If the most expensive generic was substituted, the potential cost savings would have been R448k. (Note: k =1000). Recommendations in this field of study for future research were also done.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine. Johannesburg, 2017. / Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) programmes along with infection and prevention control measures have been shown to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in hospitals. There is a global campaign by infectious diseases physicians and other stakeholders for hospitals to implement AMS programmes. In Africa, there have been a limited number of AMS studies conducted although South African private hospitals have published some outcomes on initiation of these programmes in the continent, with the aim of improving patients’ clinical outcomes and reducing the development of resistance to prescribed antibiotics. A formal AMS programme is yet to be implemented in the surgery departments of the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital. This study was conducted in two surgical wards of the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital (CMJAH). It was a quantitative study combining a prevalence cross-sectional observational stage, and an intervention study. It involved a retrospective review of patient records in the baseline stage followed by an intervention which took the form of a weekly antibiotic round led by an infectious diseases specialist. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions was assessed using the criteria developed by Gyssens and colleagues, while the appropriateness of surgical prophylaxis was determined based on the recommendations of the South African Antibiotic Stewardship Programme (SAASP) and current Standard Treatment Guidelines and Essential Medicines Lists for South Africa. The prices of the antibiotics used were obtained from the central pharmacy of the CMJAH and Masters Price Catalogue list of the National Department of Health, while the prices of laboratory tests were obtained from the Tariff database. The volume of antibiotics consumed was determined by Defined Daily Doses (DDDs)/1000 patient days. In both stages of the study amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was the most frequently used agent. The intravenous route was the most commonly used route of drug administration in both stages of the study. There was a reduction in the proportion of patients who were treated with antibiotics for more than seven days in the intervention stage, from 6.19% in the baseline stage to 2.07% in the intervention stage. A significant reduction in the duration of antibiotic therapy for two days and more was observed from 4.74 ± 4.58 days in the baseline stage compared to 3.96 ± 2.04 days in the intervention stage (p = 0.01). A shift from empiric to culture directed therapy was also observed in the intervention stage compared to the baseline stage. There was a significant reduction in the volume of antibiotic consumption from a total of 739.30 DDDs/1000 patient days in the baseline stage to 564.93 DDDs/1000 patient days in the intervention stage (p = 0.038). Overall, there was a significant reduction of inappropriate antibiotic utilisation from 35% in the baseline stage to 26% in the intervention stage (p = 0.006). A high percentage of inappropriate surgical prophylaxis was found which was mostly due to the incorrect choice of agent with 64.75% and 61.54% in the baseline and intervention stages, respectively. The average antibiotic cost per patient was reduced from R 268.23 ± 389.32 to R 228.03 ± 326.88 in the Vascular Surgery Ward compared to the General Surgery Ward where there was an increase in average cost per patient from R 219.80 ± 400.75 in the baseline stage to R 284.06 ± 461.28 in the intervention stage. Gram-negative bacteria were the most prevalent pathogens in both stages of the study at 53% in the baseline and 54% during the intervention stage. The findings of this study show an improvement in the appropriateness of antibiotic utilisation, reduction in antibiotic consumption and cost reduction in one of the study wards, following implementation of an AMS programme. Also, there was an improvement in culture directed therapy, requests for an appropriate biological specimen for culture, with a consequent increase in the cost of laboratory investigations per patient during the intervention stage, which was due to increases in culture request. Rational antimicrobial prescribing habits, strong AMS interventions along with infection and prevention control measures, sound government policies and surveillance of resistant organisms in Africa will go a long way in preserving our antibiotics and preventing the spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens. / LG2018

Introdução: nas quatro últimas décadas, os medicamentos psicotrópicos assumiram uma significativa importância na vida de milhões de pessoas. Os custos diretos e indiretos associados aos psicotrópicos são frequentemente desconhecidos. Aspectos econômicos dos psicotrópicos foram estudados em outros países, mas essas informações ainda são escassas no Brasil. Uma fonte de dados para estudos sobre despesas familiares e gastos em saúde é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. Objetivos: desenhar o perfil de brasileiros que adquirem medicamentos psicotrópicos, bem como, avaliar o gasto com esses medicamentos e o seu impacto no orçamento familiar brasileiro nos últimos anos. Métodos: estudo transversal, onde os dados utilizados são provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009, envolvendo entrevistas de uma amostra complexa, composta por 48.470 domicílios pesquisados em 2003, 128.300 pessoas e 55.970 domicílios visitados em 2009. Modelos de regressão multivariáveis de Poisson com variância robusta foram construídos através do SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. Todos os rendimentos e despesas foram convertidos para valores mensais e corrigidos para a inflação do período. Resultados: a prevalência de aquisição de psicotrópicos pela população brasileira em 2008-2009 foi de 5,2% (IC95%=5,0-5,5), resultando em um gasto anual de R$507 milhões. Essa aquisição foi mais frequente em mulheres, indivíduos brancos, de idades mais avançadas, que não vivem com o cônjuge, com grau mais 9 elevado de instrução e de maior renda. Indivíduos que gastaram com psicotrópicos apresentaram despesas maiores com plano de saúde (RP=1,40, IC95%: 1,30-1,50) e consultas médicas (RP=2,51, IC95%: 2,32-2,72). A média mensal de despesas com psicotrópicos, por domicílio, aumentou de R$ 54,38 em 2003 para R$ 78,73 em 2009, com os valores já corrigidos pela inflação. Entre os domicílios que não gastaram com psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.026,73 e os gastos mensais per capita foram de, em média, R$73,92 com saúde, R$130,17 com alimentação e R$12,77 com lazer. Entre os domicílios que adquiriram psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.154,40 e, suas despesas mensais médias, per capita, de R$210,38 com saúde, R$162,08 com alimentação e R$15,45 com lazer. Conclusões: houve um aumento acima da inflação nos gastos com medicamentos psicotrópicos entre os anos avaliados. A aquisição desses medicamentos está relacionada a famílias de níveis socioeconômicos mais elevados. As diferenças encontradas podem representar diferentes níveis tanto de acesso aos serviços médicos de diagnóstico e tratamento quanto aos próprios medicamentos. O orçamento das famílias brasileiras não parece mostrar remanejamento de recursos em função da compra de psicotrópicos. Se a mudança epidemiológica, em sua primeira etapa, representou a transição das doenças infecciosas para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o quadro que pode representar o futuro seriam as doenças neurodegenerativas, mantidas as tendências de aumento da expectativa de vida. / Introduction: over the past four decades the use of psychotropic drugs increased its relevancy to the lives of millions of people. The direct and indirect costs associated to psychotropics are usually unknown. Economic aspects of psychotropic medicine have been studied in other countries, although such information is still scarce in Brazil. A data source for studies about household expenditure and health care costs is the Survey on Household Budgets. Objectives: to draw a profile of Brazilian people that acquire psychotropic drugs, as well as evaluate spends with these medicine and its impacts on the Brazilian household budget on the recent years. Methods: a cross-sectional study, with data used are from the Survey on Household Budgets from 2002-2003 and from 2008-2009, which involved interviews of a complex sample made of 48,470 households on 2003, 128,300 people and 55.970 homes in 2009. Poisson multilevel regression models with robust variance were made by SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. All income and spends were adjusted to a monthly basis and indexed by inflation. Results: the prevalence of psychotropics acquisition in the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 was of 5.2% (CI95%=5.0-5.5), resulting in an annual expenditure of R$507 millions. The use of psychotropic drugs was more frequent among women, white people, older people, do not co-habit with a spouse or partner, more schooled and wealthier. Individuals that spent with psycotropics had more 11 spends with health insurance (PR=1.40, CI95%: 1.30-1.50) and medical consults (PR=2.51, CI95%: 2.32-2.72). The average monthly spends with psychotropics per household increased from R$54.38 in 2003 to R$78.73 in 2009, with values indexed by inflation. Among the households that did not purchase psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,026.73 and the monthly per capita spends were, in average, of R$73.92 with health care, R$103.17 with food and R$12.77 with leisure. Among the household that presented expenditure with psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,154.40 and its average monthly per capita spends were of R$210.38 with health care, R$162.087 with food and R$15.45 with leisure. Conclusion: there was an above inflation increase in the psychotropic drugs spends between the evaluated years. The psychotropics acquisition relates to higher socio-economic leveled families. The differences that were found may represent different levels of access to medical diagnose and treatment and to medication. The Brazilian household budgets do not seem to re-adequate resources to meet the purchase of psychotropics. If the epidemiologic change, at its first stage, represented the transition from infectious diseases to non-transmissive chronic illnesses. the picture that can represent the future would be the neurodegenerative diseases, if the trend of increasing life expectancy is kept.

Introdução: nas quatro últimas décadas, os medicamentos psicotrópicos assumiram uma significativa importância na vida de milhões de pessoas. Os custos diretos e indiretos associados aos psicotrópicos são frequentemente desconhecidos. Aspectos econômicos dos psicotrópicos foram estudados em outros países, mas essas informações ainda são escassas no Brasil. Uma fonte de dados para estudos sobre despesas familiares e gastos em saúde é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. Objetivos: desenhar o perfil de brasileiros que adquirem medicamentos psicotrópicos, bem como, avaliar o gasto com esses medicamentos e o seu impacto no orçamento familiar brasileiro nos últimos anos. Métodos: estudo transversal, onde os dados utilizados são provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009, envolvendo entrevistas de uma amostra complexa, composta por 48.470 domicílios pesquisados em 2003, 128.300 pessoas e 55.970 domicílios visitados em 2009. Modelos de regressão multivariáveis de Poisson com variância robusta foram construídos através do SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. Todos os rendimentos e despesas foram convertidos para valores mensais e corrigidos para a inflação do período. Resultados: a prevalência de aquisição de psicotrópicos pela população brasileira em 2008-2009 foi de 5,2% (IC95%=5,0-5,5), resultando em um gasto anual de R$507 milhões. Essa aquisição foi mais frequente em mulheres, indivíduos brancos, de idades mais avançadas, que não vivem com o cônjuge, com grau mais 9 elevado de instrução e de maior renda. Indivíduos que gastaram com psicotrópicos apresentaram despesas maiores com plano de saúde (RP=1,40, IC95%: 1,30-1,50) e consultas médicas (RP=2,51, IC95%: 2,32-2,72). A média mensal de despesas com psicotrópicos, por domicílio, aumentou de R$ 54,38 em 2003 para R$ 78,73 em 2009, com os valores já corrigidos pela inflação. Entre os domicílios que não gastaram com psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.026,73 e os gastos mensais per capita foram de, em média, R$73,92 com saúde, R$130,17 com alimentação e R$12,77 com lazer. Entre os domicílios que adquiriram psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.154,40 e, suas despesas mensais médias, per capita, de R$210,38 com saúde, R$162,08 com alimentação e R$15,45 com lazer. Conclusões: houve um aumento acima da inflação nos gastos com medicamentos psicotrópicos entre os anos avaliados. A aquisição desses medicamentos está relacionada a famílias de níveis socioeconômicos mais elevados. As diferenças encontradas podem representar diferentes níveis tanto de acesso aos serviços médicos de diagnóstico e tratamento quanto aos próprios medicamentos. O orçamento das famílias brasileiras não parece mostrar remanejamento de recursos em função da compra de psicotrópicos. Se a mudança epidemiológica, em sua primeira etapa, representou a transição das doenças infecciosas para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o quadro que pode representar o futuro seriam as doenças neurodegenerativas, mantidas as tendências de aumento da expectativa de vida. / Introduction: over the past four decades the use of psychotropic drugs increased its relevancy to the lives of millions of people. The direct and indirect costs associated to psychotropics are usually unknown. Economic aspects of psychotropic medicine have been studied in other countries, although such information is still scarce in Brazil. A data source for studies about household expenditure and health care costs is the Survey on Household Budgets. Objectives: to draw a profile of Brazilian people that acquire psychotropic drugs, as well as evaluate spends with these medicine and its impacts on the Brazilian household budget on the recent years. Methods: a cross-sectional study, with data used are from the Survey on Household Budgets from 2002-2003 and from 2008-2009, which involved interviews of a complex sample made of 48,470 households on 2003, 128,300 people and 55.970 homes in 2009. Poisson multilevel regression models with robust variance were made by SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. All income and spends were adjusted to a monthly basis and indexed by inflation. Results: the prevalence of psychotropics acquisition in the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 was of 5.2% (CI95%=5.0-5.5), resulting in an annual expenditure of R$507 millions. The use of psychotropic drugs was more frequent among women, white people, older people, do not co-habit with a spouse or partner, more schooled and wealthier. Individuals that spent with psycotropics had more 11 spends with health insurance (PR=1.40, CI95%: 1.30-1.50) and medical consults (PR=2.51, CI95%: 2.32-2.72). The average monthly spends with psychotropics per household increased from R$54.38 in 2003 to R$78.73 in 2009, with values indexed by inflation. Among the households that did not purchase psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,026.73 and the monthly per capita spends were, in average, of R$73.92 with health care, R$103.17 with food and R$12.77 with leisure. Among the household that presented expenditure with psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,154.40 and its average monthly per capita spends were of R$210.38 with health care, R$162.087 with food and R$15.45 with leisure. Conclusion: there was an above inflation increase in the psychotropic drugs spends between the evaluated years. The psychotropics acquisition relates to higher socio-economic leveled families. The differences that were found may represent different levels of access to medical diagnose and treatment and to medication. The Brazilian household budgets do not seem to re-adequate resources to meet the purchase of psychotropics. If the epidemiologic change, at its first stage, represented the transition from infectious diseases to non-transmissive chronic illnesses. the picture that can represent the future would be the neurodegenerative diseases, if the trend of increasing life expectancy is kept.

Introdução: nas quatro últimas décadas, os medicamentos psicotrópicos assumiram uma significativa importância na vida de milhões de pessoas. Os custos diretos e indiretos associados aos psicotrópicos são frequentemente desconhecidos. Aspectos econômicos dos psicotrópicos foram estudados em outros países, mas essas informações ainda são escassas no Brasil. Uma fonte de dados para estudos sobre despesas familiares e gastos em saúde é a Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares. Objetivos: desenhar o perfil de brasileiros que adquirem medicamentos psicotrópicos, bem como, avaliar o gasto com esses medicamentos e o seu impacto no orçamento familiar brasileiro nos últimos anos. Métodos: estudo transversal, onde os dados utilizados são provenientes da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002-2003 e de 2008-2009, envolvendo entrevistas de uma amostra complexa, composta por 48.470 domicílios pesquisados em 2003, 128.300 pessoas e 55.970 domicílios visitados em 2009. Modelos de regressão multivariáveis de Poisson com variância robusta foram construídos através do SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. Todos os rendimentos e despesas foram convertidos para valores mensais e corrigidos para a inflação do período. Resultados: a prevalência de aquisição de psicotrópicos pela população brasileira em 2008-2009 foi de 5,2% (IC95%=5,0-5,5), resultando em um gasto anual de R$507 milhões. Essa aquisição foi mais frequente em mulheres, indivíduos brancos, de idades mais avançadas, que não vivem com o cônjuge, com grau mais 9 elevado de instrução e de maior renda. Indivíduos que gastaram com psicotrópicos apresentaram despesas maiores com plano de saúde (RP=1,40, IC95%: 1,30-1,50) e consultas médicas (RP=2,51, IC95%: 2,32-2,72). A média mensal de despesas com psicotrópicos, por domicílio, aumentou de R$ 54,38 em 2003 para R$ 78,73 em 2009, com os valores já corrigidos pela inflação. Entre os domicílios que não gastaram com psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.026,73 e os gastos mensais per capita foram de, em média, R$73,92 com saúde, R$130,17 com alimentação e R$12,77 com lazer. Entre os domicílios que adquiriram psicotrópicos, a renda média mensal per capita foi de R$1.154,40 e, suas despesas mensais médias, per capita, de R$210,38 com saúde, R$162,08 com alimentação e R$15,45 com lazer. Conclusões: houve um aumento acima da inflação nos gastos com medicamentos psicotrópicos entre os anos avaliados. A aquisição desses medicamentos está relacionada a famílias de níveis socioeconômicos mais elevados. As diferenças encontradas podem representar diferentes níveis tanto de acesso aos serviços médicos de diagnóstico e tratamento quanto aos próprios medicamentos. O orçamento das famílias brasileiras não parece mostrar remanejamento de recursos em função da compra de psicotrópicos. Se a mudança epidemiológica, em sua primeira etapa, representou a transição das doenças infecciosas para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, o quadro que pode representar o futuro seriam as doenças neurodegenerativas, mantidas as tendências de aumento da expectativa de vida. / Introduction: over the past four decades the use of psychotropic drugs increased its relevancy to the lives of millions of people. The direct and indirect costs associated to psychotropics are usually unknown. Economic aspects of psychotropic medicine have been studied in other countries, although such information is still scarce in Brazil. A data source for studies about household expenditure and health care costs is the Survey on Household Budgets. Objectives: to draw a profile of Brazilian people that acquire psychotropic drugs, as well as evaluate spends with these medicine and its impacts on the Brazilian household budget on the recent years. Methods: a cross-sectional study, with data used are from the Survey on Household Budgets from 2002-2003 and from 2008-2009, which involved interviews of a complex sample made of 48,470 households on 2003, 128,300 people and 55.970 homes in 2009. Poisson multilevel regression models with robust variance were made by SAS/SUDAAN 10.0.1. All income and spends were adjusted to a monthly basis and indexed by inflation. Results: the prevalence of psychotropics acquisition in the Brazilian population in 2008-2009 was of 5.2% (CI95%=5.0-5.5), resulting in an annual expenditure of R$507 millions. The use of psychotropic drugs was more frequent among women, white people, older people, do not co-habit with a spouse or partner, more schooled and wealthier. Individuals that spent with psycotropics had more 11 spends with health insurance (PR=1.40, CI95%: 1.30-1.50) and medical consults (PR=2.51, CI95%: 2.32-2.72). The average monthly spends with psychotropics per household increased from R$54.38 in 2003 to R$78.73 in 2009, with values indexed by inflation. Among the households that did not purchase psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,026.73 and the monthly per capita spends were, in average, of R$73.92 with health care, R$103.17 with food and R$12.77 with leisure. Among the household that presented expenditure with psychotropics, the average monthly per capita income was of R$1,154.40 and its average monthly per capita spends were of R$210.38 with health care, R$162.087 with food and R$15.45 with leisure. Conclusion: there was an above inflation increase in the psychotropic drugs spends between the evaluated years. The psychotropics acquisition relates to higher socio-economic leveled families. The differences that were found may represent different levels of access to medical diagnose and treatment and to medication. The Brazilian household budgets do not seem to re-adequate resources to meet the purchase of psychotropics. If the epidemiologic change, at its first stage, represented the transition from infectious diseases to non-transmissive chronic illnesses. the picture that can represent the future would be the neurodegenerative diseases, if the trend of increasing life expectancy is kept.

Purpose: To estimate the willingness and ability of private plans to manage costs during the generic drug procurement reform era that began in 2006 in Canada. Two cost management aspects were assessed; the prices paid for generic drugs and the extent to which private plans have enacted measures to increase generic substitution. Methods: IMS-Brogan Pharmastat data was used to estimate the price of commonly prescribed generic drugs and generic share of prescriptions, by plan type, province and quarter from 2003 to 2012. Results: Prices did not decline unless the provincial governments mandated the reductions. Savings from this mandate was approximately $264 million in Ontario. Rates of generic substitution were unaffected by the price reductions, possibly because the rates were high beforehand. Conclusion: Private plans did not independently obtain lower generic prices. Due to already high substitution rates, there may have been limited potential for additional savings from mandatory substitution controls.

Purpose: To estimate the willingness and ability of private plans to manage costs during the generic drug procurement reform era that began in 2006 in Canada. Two cost management aspects were assessed; the prices paid for generic drugs and the extent to which private plans have enacted measures to increase generic substitution. Methods: IMS-Brogan Pharmastat data was used to estimate the price of commonly prescribed generic drugs and generic share of prescriptions, by plan type, province and quarter from 2003 to 2012. Results: Prices did not decline unless the provincial governments mandated the reductions. Savings from this mandate was approximately $264 million in Ontario. Rates of generic substitution were unaffected by the price reductions, possibly because the rates were high beforehand. Conclusion: Private plans did not independently obtain lower generic prices. Due to already high substitution rates, there may have been limited potential for additional savings from mandatory substitution controls.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

No presente estudo realizou-se a análise custo-efetividade das terapias antineoplásicas IFL (irinotecano, 5-fluorouracil e leucovorin) e IFL+BV (IFL associado ao bevacizumabe) empregado no tratamento do câncer colorretal metastático em primeira linha. Estimou o custo direto de medicamentos, materiais e recursos humanos. A efetividade dos protocolos foi medida pela proporção de pacientes livre de progressão de doença. Os dados relativos aos custos de materiais e medicamentos foram obtidos a partir de tabelas de preços que regulamentam o mercado hospitalar. Os dados concernentes à efetividade foram obtidos através da literatura científica. Utilizou-se o modelo de análise de decisão para estimar o custo total da terapia antineoplásica. Os resultados mostraram que o protocolo IFL apresentou a melhor relação custo-efetividade durante todo o tempo de seguimento, ou seja, o menor custo por unidade de efetividade, que no 10º mês foi de R$ 180.619,46. A análise de sensibilidade mostrou que esta conclusão foi robusta. Essas análises farmacoeconômicas apontaram que a seleção do protocolo antineoplásico depende do custo e efetividade, mas, sobretudo da relação custo-efetividade que permite saber o custo estimado por unidade de sucesso. / In this paper a cost–effectiveness analyses was done of the antineoplasics therapies IFL (irinotecan, 5- fluorouracil and leucovorin) and IFL + BV (IFL associated to bevacizumab) used as metastatic colorectal cancer as first line treatment. It has estimated the cost of medications, materials and human resources. The effectiveness of the protocols was measured through the proportion of patients that were free from the illness progression. Data regarding material cost and medication were obtained by price tables that regulate Hospital market. Data relating to effectiveness were obtained through scientific literature. We utilized the decision analysis model to estimate the total cost of the antineoplasics therapy. The results showed that the IFL protocol presented a better cost–effectiveness relationship during the whole period following, that is, the lowest cost per effectiveness units, that on the 10th Month was R$ 180.619,46. The sensitivity analysis showed that this conclusion was strong. These pharmacoeconomic analyses pointed to the fact that antineoplasics protocol selection depends on cost and effectiveness, but, above all on the cost–effectiveness relation which allows us to know the estimated cost per successful unit.