Because of the prevalence of substance abuse in America and the association between this issue and common problems brought to the family therapist, it is important that family therapists be trained to diagnose and either treat or refer substance abusing clients and their families. This study gathered information from the Directors of Master's level family therapy programs accredited by AAMFT about the content and format of training that students in their programs receive preparing them to work with substance abusing families. Twenty of the 22 programs were represented by completed questionnaires. Five programs were reported as having a required substance abuse course; four, a popular elective. Three respondents reported plans to increase their coverage of the topic in their curricula. The average of the responses for prevalence of substance abuse as a central issue in practicum cases was 30%. Although about 75% of the respondents believed that their graduates were ready to diagnose and refer these cases, only 25% believed that these same students were ready to treat substance abuse cases. Data showed that 40% of the respondents believed it advisable for AAMFT to require a separate course on substance abuse. Comments from those opposed to such a requirement noted the crowdedness of existing curricula, the importance of academic freedom, and the abundance of other topics to be covered. / Master of Science

This study found that women in substance abuse treatment have higher levels of social intimacy than women with no history of substance abuse (treatment). Other factors examined in relation to level of intimacy were: type and number of substances used, length of use, length of treatment, participation in mental health treatment, substance abuse in the home when the subject was a child, and a history of the subject being a survivor of abuse.

Bestaande navorsing aangaande die terapeutiese intervensie met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent is beperk, veral navorsing wat fokus op die bewuswordingsproses tydens die terapeutiese intervensie. In hierdie studie is gepoog om die benuttingswaarde van Gestalthulpmiddels ten opsigte van die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, tydens die terapeutiese proses vas te stel. Die navorsingsproses is deur kwalitatiewe navorsing gering om in hierdie doel te slaag. Die navorsingsinligting is met behulp van 'n uitgebreide literatuurstudie, asook deur middel van die waarneming en bestudering van twaalf gevallestudies bekom. Die benuttingswaarde en die toepassingsmoontlikhede van die Gestalthulpmiddels binne die Gestaltterapeutiese proses met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, is verken en beskryf. Deur middel van die prossesering en integrering van die bevindinge wat tydens die empiries ondersoek verkry is, kon die data vir praktiese doeleindes toegepas word. 'n Riglyn wat vir die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent gebruik kan word is aanbeveel. SUMMARY Existing research on the therapeutic intervention with the drug-addicted adolescent is limited, especially research that focused on the awareness process during therapeutic involvement. This study attempt to determine the face value of Gestalt helping aids throughout the improved awareness of the drug-addicted adolescent during the therapeutic process. A qualitative research approach was followed to achieve this goal. The research data is gained by a detailed literature study, as well as by the observation and study of twelve case studies. The value and the possibilities of application of the Gestalt helping aids in the Gestalt therapeutic process with the drug-addicted adolescent, is examined and described. By processing and integrating the assumptions obtained during the empirical study, the data could have been practically applied. As suggested out of this study a guideline can be developed for the improvement of awareness of the drug addicted adolescent. / Social work / M.Diac (Play Therapy)

The purpose of the study have been: (1) to provide an explanatory, descriptive, and analytic viewpoint of the functions and structure of crisis intervention centers (2) to provide an intensive investigation of counseling and treatment practices in crisis intervention centers and (3) to relate the experiences that the writer has encountered as a resident counselor at Help House Inc. (twenty-four hour drug and crisis intervention center in Denton, Texas) to sociological, psychological, social psychological and philosophical constructs that deal with or pertain to crisis intervention, particularly in the area of drug use. The study indicates how participatory observation serves as an aid in acquiring insight into sociological areas such as crisis intervention centers. The role of the participatory observer is most important because concepts and theories arise out of actual situations.

Bestaande navorsing aangaande die terapeutiese intervensie met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent is beperk, veral navorsing wat fokus op die bewuswordingsproses tydens die terapeutiese intervensie. In hierdie studie is gepoog om die benuttingswaarde van Gestalthulpmiddels ten opsigte van die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, tydens die terapeutiese proses vas te stel. Die navorsingsproses is deur kwalitatiewe navorsing gering om in hierdie doel te slaag. Die navorsingsinligting is met behulp van 'n uitgebreide literatuurstudie, asook deur middel van die waarneming en bestudering van twaalf gevallestudies bekom. Die benuttingswaarde en die toepassingsmoontlikhede van die Gestalthulpmiddels binne die Gestaltterapeutiese proses met die dwelmafhanklike adolessent, is verken en beskryf. Deur middel van die prossesering en integrering van die bevindinge wat tydens die empiries ondersoek verkry is, kon die data vir praktiese doeleindes toegepas word. 'n Riglyn wat vir die verhoging van bewuswording by die dwelmafhanklike adolessent gebruik kan word is aanbeveel. SUMMARY Existing research on the therapeutic intervention with the drug-addicted adolescent is limited, especially research that focused on the awareness process during therapeutic involvement. This study attempt to determine the face value of Gestalt helping aids throughout the improved awareness of the drug-addicted adolescent during the therapeutic process. A qualitative research approach was followed to achieve this goal. The research data is gained by a detailed literature study, as well as by the observation and study of twelve case studies. The value and the possibilities of application of the Gestalt helping aids in the Gestalt therapeutic process with the drug-addicted adolescent, is examined and described. By processing and integrating the assumptions obtained during the empirical study, the data could have been practically applied. As suggested out of this study a guideline can be developed for the improvement of awareness of the drug addicted adolescent. / Social work / M.Diac (Play Therapy)

Introdução: A literatura considera que existe um conjunto de valores, crenças e práticas familiares que constituem o referencial cultural da família e que interfere na participação dos familiares no tratamento dos consumidores de crack e outras drogas. A Teoria Social Cognitiva, bem como reflexões teóricas mais contemporâneas sobre o tema, fundamentaram a presente investigação. Objetivo: Investigar as crenças familiares sobre consumo de crack e sua relação com a participação familiar no tratamento de seus membros em Comunidade Terapêutica (CT). Método: Participaram dessa pesquisa qualitativa dez familiares de consumidores de crack que estavam em tratamento em uma Comunidade Terapêutica e um representante da instituição. Esta CT, apesar de ser particular, mantém convênio com o SUS para o tratamento de transtornos mentais e dependência química. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: uma escala para avaliar o nível socioeconômico (ABIPEME) que identifica cinco estratos sociais (A, B, C, D e E) em termos de poder de consumo; uma versão resumida do questionário CEBRID/SAMSHA para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e dois roteiros de entrevista semiestruturada versões família e representante CT, para avaliar as crenças sobre o consumo de crack, participação familiar e eficácia do tratamento. Resultados: O perfil sociodemográfico e econômico revela que os familiares entrevistados tinham entre 24 e 62 anos de idade, sendo em sua maioria da classe E, mulheres e mães de consumidores de crack, adultos jovens, que estavam em primeiro tratamento ou que já haviam passado por tratamentos anteriores. Na avaliação de risco, os familiares consideraram que o consumo de crack, desde a primeira vez na vida, já apresentava um risco grave, em comparação com as outras substâncias. As crenças que mais sobressaíram foram: a influência dos amigos, a destruição da família, o envolvimento com atividades ilícitas e o risco de vida. Os familiares acreditam na importância da participação familiar e consideram que contribuem nesse sentido. Discussão: Os resultados puderam fornecer subsídios para uma melhor compreensão das crenças familiares sobre o consumo de crack, contribuindo para fomentar uma intervenção que favoreça a participação familiar no tratamento. / Introduction: Literature considers that a gathering of family values, beliefs and practices compose the cultural reference of the family and this interferes in the participation of relatives during the treatment for users of crack and other drugs. Social Cognitive Theory, as well as some other contemporary theoretical reflections about the subject, substantiates the following investigation. Objective: To investigate family beliefs about consumption of crack and its relation to the family participation during the treatment of a relative in the Therapeutic Communities (TC). Method: Ten families of crack users that were being treated in a Therapeutic Community and a representative of the institution participated in this research. That TC, even being private, has an agreement with UHS in order to treat mental disorders and chemical dependency. The following instruments were applied: a scale to measure socioeconomic status (ABIPEME) that identify five social strata (A, B, C, D and E) in terms of consumption power; an abridged version of the CEBRID/SAMSHA questionnaire in order to evaluate the perception of risks about the consumption of psychoactive substances and two scripts for semi-structured interviews family and CT representatives versions, in order to evaluate the beliefs about crack consumption, family participation and treatment effectiveness . Results: The socio-demographic and economic profile shows that the interviewed relatives were between 24 and 62 years of age, the majority being of economic status E, wives and mothers of crack users, young adults that were in their first treatment or had been treated before. In the evaluation of risks, the relatives said that crack, since the first use, already presented a serious risk, comparing to other substances. The most exceeded beliefs were: influence of friends, destruction of family, involvement in illicit activities and the risk of life. The relatives believed in the family participation and considered themselves as cooperators. Discussion: The results could provide material for a better comprehension of family beliefs about the consumption of crack, thus contributing to foment an intervention that promotes the family participation during the treatment.

M.A. / Dependency affects the family as a whole and forms part of the transactional patterns that regulates the behaviour of the family members. Seeing that the family and dependent person has a mutual effect on each other relapse prevention is also influenced by the family system. Therefore it is essential that social work intervention with the chemical dependant person focuses on the family as a whole. Relapses seems to be a factor that needs to be taken in to account in the field of chemical dependency because of the very high relapse rates. The dependant behaviour is altered through the anticipation and management of relapses. Through viewing relapse prevention from the systemic context the family system as a whole can be focused on relapse prevention and not just the individual. This study aimed at exploring the role of the family in relapse prevention, thus identifying family factors which are of importance in relapse prevention of the chemical dependent person. A Qualitative research methodology was utilised to explore the diverse experiences of families regarding relapse prevention. The focus of this research is therefore on the family processes through which families create, maintain and discuss their own reality thus was family context, interaction and dynamics studied. The theoretical basis for the intervention with the chemical dependant person is established in the discussion of the relapse prevention model as well as the general systems theory. From this theoretical basis a work protocol was compiled to which data that was gathered and analysed. For the aim of this study a nonpiobability purposive sample was used in the compiling of the two focus groups. The focus groups lend itself to interviewing with small groups where the respondents explore their own reality. The data was gathered by means of field notes and audio tapes which were transcribed. Analysis of data was.done according to schedules and these schedules were compiled according to the literature. The schedules were divided in to the family and relapse prevention categories. Coding was done by the researcher and a co-coder in order to compare the results. In the coding process the researcher and co-coder utilised the schedules to code the transcribed audio tapes and field notes. The information gleaned form the data gathering and analysis was used to identify central themes. These themes were offered as results. The results obtained were compared to relevant literature in order to further the reliability of the research. The reliability of the study was examined in the light of credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. From the study methodological and theoretical conclusions could be drawn. The methodological conclusions have to do with the method of research which was utilised in this study. Regarding the contextual aims and context of the empirical study certain theoretical conclusions were drawn. The results and conclusions indicated certain family factors that play a role in relapse prevention in the family system. Recommendations were offered on the basis of the study and the conclusions drawn. The methodology and context of the empirical study directs the recomMendations drawn thus ensuring the practice orientation of the results and the connection of the results to the goal of this study. This, research indicates that the family plays an important role in relapse prevention of the chemical dependant person as well as the value of the application of the relapse prevention model with a systemic application in the social work intervention with the chemical dependant person.

South Africa has experienced a notable increase in adolescent drug use during the country’s transition from apartheid to democracy (Central Drug Authority [CDA], 2006). These findings are verified by epidemiological studies and two national youth risk behaviour surveys, highlighting the need for effective drug prevention interventions. Whilst drug use spans across age, gender and social strata, the rapid increase in both legal and illicit drug use among adolescents in the Northern Areas communities of Port Elizabeth has been particularly pronounced. The South African Community Epidemiology Network on Drug Use (SACENDU) statistics, which reflects on racial demographics in accordance with the Population Registration Act of 1950 (South Africa, 1950), reports that, in the year 2011, the ‘Coloured’ population constituted 62 percent of those individuals seeking treatment for drug abuse, compared to 15 percent ‘African’ treatment seekers in Port Elizabeth (Dada, Plüddemann, Parry, Bhana, Vawda & Fourie, 2012:44). Furthermore, methamphetamine use by persons under the age of 20 years in Port Elizabeth increased fivefold in a three-year period, i.e. from 7 percent in 2008 to 39 percent in 2011 (Dada et al., 2012), with the ‘Coloured’ population group accounting for the majority of methamphetamine users. These statistics reinforce a long-standing racial stereotype that associates ‘Coloured’ racial identity with an enhanced susceptibility to drug use. The National Drug Master Plan (South Africa, 2012a), and the Prevention of and Treatment for Substance Abuse Act (Act no 70 of 2008) propose that drug prevention programmes should address the values, perceptions, expectations and beliefs that the community associates with drug abuse (South Africa, 2008b). This view emphasises the importance of drug preventions interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The current study was guided by two conceptual frameworks, i.e. the Social Constructionist Framework and the Ecological Risk/Protective Resilience Framework, and focused on the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, a historically marginalised community inhabited by a predominantly ‘Coloured’ indigenous/ethnic group. The goal of the study was to enhance understanding of the socio-cultural meaning attributed to cultural identity, drug use, non-use and drug prevention in the Northern Areas of Port Elizabeth, with the view to developing guidelines for drug prevention interventions that are culturally sensitive and contextually relevant. The following objectives were formulated in order to achieve the goal of the study: • To explore adolescent narratives regarding the constructs ‘Coloured’, drug use, non-use and drug prevention programmes of three distinct groups of adolescents (drug users, non-users, and TADA peer mentors) from the Northern Areas. • To explore and describe the social service practitioners’ (social workers and social auxiliary workers’) constructions of drug use, non-use and drug abuse prevention in relation to adolescents from the Northern Areas, and how such constructions inform the drug prevention services rendered to adolescents from these communities. • To review the data collected from the adolescent narratives and the social service practitioners’ reflections on their drug prevention programmes against existing theory and models for drug prevention. • To synthesise the above information with a view to developing guidelines for culturally sensitive drug prevention programmes relevant and responsive to the specific social constructions of adolescents from the Northern Areas. A qualitative research approach, located in a narrative tradition of inquiry research design, was employed to achieve the goal of the study (Riessman, 2008). The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved an empirical study with the four sample groups (i.e. adolescent drug users, adolescent non-drug users, Teenagers against Drug Abuse [TADA] peer mentors and social service professionals (i.e. social workers and social auxiliary workers)). Phase two involved the co-construction of the practice guidelines for culturally sensitive and contextually relevant drug prevention interventions. Phase one started with the informal exploration of community stakeholders’ views on the identified research problem and the process of gaining access to the research population. Several gatekeepers (i.e. teachers, social workers, the Families Against Drugs [FAD] Support Group representatives, a minister of religion and a community stakeholder) were engaged to assist in recruiting participants from the four sample groups. A non-probability purposive sampling method was employed to purposively recruit 29 adolescent non-drug users and ten adolescent peer mentors (via the TADA Programme at one school). The same sampling method, followed by a snowball sampling technique, was employed to recruit the two remaining sample groups of ten adolescent drug users (in the recovery process) and nine social workers and social auxiliary workers respectively. The sample sizes were determined by the principle of data saturation.The data generation method used in respect of the non-users took the form of semi-structured written narratives, administered in a group context during school time, followed by a second round of data generation. The life-grid (Wilson, Cunningham-Burley, Bancroft, Backett-Milburn & Masters, 2007:144), a qualitative visual tool for mapping important life events, was employed to guide the co-construction of the biographical narratives generated during the individual semi-structured interviews with the sample of adolescent drug users. Focus group interviews were used to enhance an understanding of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ views on the construct ‘Coloured’ and their existing drug prevention programmes. Each of the individual and focus group interviews was audio-recorded, transcribed and complemented by the field notes. Informal data gathering occurred through participant observation of two drug prevention programmes, attendance of a FAD Support Group meeting, and interviews with community volunteers and the South African Police Services (SAPS) Youth Development Forum. Both the content and the context of the narratives were analysed to arrive at the research themes, sub-themes and categories. The content of the narratives was analysed by employing categorical content analysis, whilst the form of the narratives (i.e. how the stories were told) was analysed by using the socio-cultural approach to narrative analysis (Grbich, 2007:130). The journey metaphor emerged from the adolescent drug users’ narratives, depicting a prototypical storyline of a drug use journey, starting with experimentation and culminating in abuse and dependence for some and an early exit from the journey for others. The conclusions that can be drawn from these findings illuminate key protective factors and processes at a multisystemic level that can be strengthened to enhance the adolescents’ resistance to drug use and/or delay the onset of use. Embedded in the participants’ narration of the drug use journey were nuances relating to internalised stereotypes of ‘White’ supremacy and ‘Coloured’ inferiority as an explanatory framework for venturing onto and prolonging the journey.The two themes that emerged during the process of content and narrative analysis of the qualitative data (from both adolescent drug users and non-users) were as follows: Constructing drug use as a ‘Coloured’ phenomenon and reconstructing ‘Coloured’ identity; Risk and protective factors located at individual, family, peer, school, community and societal domains. The four themes that emerged during the data analysis of the peer mentors and social service practitioners’ narratives were as follows: Construction of ‘Coloured’ identity; socio-cultural meaning construction about the reasons for drug use amongst adolescents from the Northern Areas; description of drug prevention services rendered in the Northern Areas; and reflection on barriers to rendering drug prevention interventions.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:08:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paulo_tarso_monteiro_albuquerque.pdf: 31861361 bytes, checksum: 88d28a24d32dd8f021c0dead158c201a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-09 / Introduction: Literature considers that a gathering of family values, beliefs and practices compose the cultural reference of the family and this interferes in the participation of relatives during the treatment for users of crack and other drugs. Social Cognitive Theory, as well as some other contemporary theoretical reflections about the subject, substantiates the following investigation. Objective: To investigate family beliefs about consumption of crack and its relation to the family participation during the treatment of a relative in the Therapeutic Communities (TC). Method: Ten families of crack users that were being treated in a Therapeutic Community and a representative of the institution participated in this research. That TC, even being private, has an agreement with UHS in order to treat mental disorders and chemical dependency. The following instruments were applied: a scale to measure socioeconomic status (ABIPEME) that identify five social strata (A, B, C, D and E) in terms of consumption power; an abridged version of the CEBRID/SAMSHA questionnaire in order to evaluate the perception of risks about the consumption of psychoactive substances and two scripts for semi-structured interviews family and CT representative s versions, in order to evaluate the beliefs about crack consumption, family participation and treatment effectiveness . Results: The socio-demographic and economic profile shows that the interviewed relatives were between 24 and 62 years of age, the majority being of economic status E, wives and mothers of crack users, young adults that were in their first treatment or had been treated before. In the evaluation of risks, the relatives said that crack, since the first use, already presented a serious risk, comparing to other substances. The most exceeded beliefs were: influence of friends, destruction of family, involvement in illicit activities and the risk of life. The relatives believed in the family participation and considered themselves as cooperators. Discussion: The results could provide material for a better comprehension of family beliefs about the consumption of crack, thus contributing to foment an intervention that promotes the family participation during the treatment. / Introdução: A literatura considera que existe um conjunto de valores, crenças e práticas familiares que constituem o referencial cultural da família e que interfere na participação dos familiares no tratamento dos consumidores de crack e outras drogas. A Teoria Social Cognitiva, bem como reflexões teóricas mais contemporâneas sobre o tema, fundamentaram a presente investigação. Objetivo: Investigar as crenças familiares sobre consumo de crack e sua relação com a participação familiar no tratamento de seus membros em Comunidade Terapêutica (CT). Método: Participaram dessa pesquisa qualitativa dez familiares de consumidores de crack que estavam em tratamento em uma Comunidade Terapêutica e um representante da instituição. Esta CT, apesar de ser particular, mantém convênio com o SUS para o tratamento de transtornos mentais e dependência química. Foram aplicados os seguintes instrumentos: uma escala para avaliar o nível socioeconômico (ABIPEME) que identifica cinco estratos sociais (A, B, C, D e E) em termos de poder de consumo; uma versão resumida do questionário CEBRID/SAMSHA para avaliar a percepção de risco sobre o consumo de substâncias psicoativas e dois roteiros de entrevista semiestruturada versões família e representante CT, para avaliar as crenças sobre o consumo de crack, participação familiar e eficácia do tratamento. Resultados: O perfil sociodemográfico e econômico revela que os familiares entrevistados tinham entre 24 e 62 anos de idade, sendo em sua maioria da classe E, mulheres e mães de consumidores de crack, adultos jovens, que estavam em primeiro tratamento ou que já haviam passado por tratamentos anteriores. Na avaliação de risco, os familiares consideraram que o consumo de crack, desde a primeira vez na vida, já apresentava um risco grave, em comparação com as outras substâncias. As crenças que mais sobressaíram foram: a influência dos amigos, a destruição da família, o envolvimento com atividades ilícitas e o risco de vida. Os familiares acreditam na importância da participação familiar e consideram que contribuem nesse sentido. Discussão: Os resultados puderam fornecer subsídios para uma melhor compreensão das crenças familiares sobre o consumo de crack, contribuindo para fomentar uma intervenção que favoreça a participação familiar no tratamento.

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