Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-12-12T13:56:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Jessica Catarine Frutuoso do Nascimento.pdf: 3226012 bytes, checksum: 795583806a66d8ac66b9fbdb738f7d93 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T13:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação_Jessica Catarine Frutuoso do Nascimento.pdf: 3226012 bytes, checksum: 795583806a66d8ac66b9fbdb738f7d93 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-24 / CAPES / FACEPE / CNPQ / O carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) é o tumor maligno de mama mais comum e uma das principais causas de morte relacionada ao câncer em mulheres no mundo. A alteração no padrão de glicosilação é uma característica marcante do fenótipo tumoral. Dentre as reações glicosídicas alteradas no câncer está a fucosilação. Os tetrassacarídeos fucosilados sialil Lewis X (sLex) e sialil Lewis A (sLea) são ligantes reconhecidos pelas glicoproteínas transmembrânicas selectinas envolvidos nas interações célula-célula necessárias nos processos inflamatórios, hemostase/trombose, cicatrização de feridas e metástase tumoral. A etapa final na síntese do sLex e sLea é realizada pela ação da α1,3/4-fucosiltransferase (FUT3), enzima codificada pelo gene FUT3. A expressão do sLea em carcinoma mamário está relacionada ao estágio tumoral e maiores níveis desse antígeno foram encontrados em tumores metastáticos. Níveis elevados da enzima FUT3 está relacionada ao maior poder metastático em linhagens celulares de câncer de próstata e pâncreas e sua ação é fundamental para o mecanismo de transição epitelial-mesenquimal induzido por TGF-β no câncer colorretal. Apesar da ação pró-tumoral exercida pela enzima FUT3 e seus produtos, estudos vem demonstrando sua importância para a citotoxicidade mediada pelas células NK sobre células tumorais, tanto devido ao reconhecimento do antígeno sLex pelos receptores lectina do tipo C quanto devido a fucosilação dos receptores DR4 e DR5 por essa enzima que é fundamental para o desencadeamento da via de apoptose extrínseca estimulada pelo Apo2L-TRAIL. Visando o maior conhecimento do papel dessa enzima no câncer de mama, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os níveis teciduais da FUT3 em tumores mamários malignos (carcinoma ductal invasivo - CDI) de pacientes do Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE (HCUFPE) e do Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP), investigando se há correlação entre a expressão enzimática com a malignidade tumoral e o risco de metástase. A genotipagem da região promotora do gene FUT3 também foi realizada a fim de identificar possíveis SNPs relacionados à expressão dessa enzima. Para tal biópsias em parafina de carcinoma ductal invasivo (CDI) foram selecionadas no arquivo do Setor de Anatomia Patológica do HC-UFPE e do IMIP. Os níveis teciduais da FUT3 foram avaliados por imuno-histoquímica. O DNA foi extraído por metodologia adaptada de Ramalho et al. (2014), a região promotora amplificada por PCR e posteriormente sequenciada pelo método de Sanger modificado. As sequências obtidas em duplicata foram analisadas através do software CLC Main Workbench. A análise estatística foi realizada através do teste exato de Fisher para os dados de expressão e pelo teste de Qui quadrado para a análise genômica, ambas as análises utilizando o software GraphPad Prism v.5. Nossos resultados demonstraram que a ausência tecidual da enzima FUT3 está relacionada ao CDI em pacientes brasileiros, sendo mais freqüente em tumores maiores e negativos para o receptor do fator de crescimento epidérmico humano 2 (HER2). Análise genômica mostrou que duas variações localizadas na região promotora do gene FUT3 estão associadas ao CDI, embora o efeito direto desses polimorfismos na expressão da FUT3 não pode ser avaliada. O alelo T do SNP rs73920070 (-6933 C> T) está associado a ausência da neoplasia enquanto que o alelo T do SNP rs2306969 (-6951 C> T) está associado a presença do carcinoma ductal invasivo na população brasileira. / Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is the most common breast malignant tumor and the mainly cause of death related to cancer among women in the world. The alteration of glycosylation pattern is a well established feature of tumor phenotype. Fucosylation is one of main glycosidic changes in cancer. The fucosylated tetrasacarides sialil Lewis X (sLex) and sialil Lewis A (sLea) are ligands recognized by the transmembrane glycoproteins selectins involved in cell-cell interactions during the inflammatory process, hemostasis/thrombosis, wound healing and tumor metastasis. The final step in sLex and sLea synthesis is done by the action of α1,3/4-fucosyltransferase (FUT3), enzyme encoded by FUT3 gene. The expression of sLea in mammary carcinoma is related to tumor stage and higher levels of this antigen were found in metastatic tumors. Higher protein expression of FUT3 were related to a bigger metastatic power in prostate and pancreas cancer cell lines and its action is primordial to epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by TGF-β in colorectal cancer. Despite the protumoral action of FUT3 enzyme and its products, studies have shown their importance to NK cell-mediated citotoxicity against tumor cells, due to the sLex antigen recognition by type C lectin receptors and due to the fucosylation of DR4 and DR5 receptors, fundamental step to the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis stimulated by Apo2L-TRAIL. Aiming to better understand the role of this enzyme in breast cancer, the purpose of this study was evaluate the tissue protein expression of FUT3 in breast malignancies (invasive ductal carcinoma – IDC) in patients from Hospital das Clínicas da UFPE (HC-UFPE) and Instituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP). We investigated whether there is correlation between the FUT3 enzymatic expression with malignancy and metastasis risk in this cancer type. The genotyping of the FUT3 promoter region was also realized in order to identify SNPs with potential to interfere on the enzyme expression. IDC formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded biopsies were selected from pathological anatomy service from HC-UFPE and IMIP. FUT3 tissue levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. DNA was extracted using the adapted methodology from Ramalho et al. (2014), the promoter region was amplified by PCR and next sequenced by Sanger modified method. The sequences obtained in duplicate were analyzed using the CLC Main Workbench software. Statistical analyzes were realized using Fisher’s exact test for expression data and Qui square test for genomic data. Both analyzes were conducted using GraphPad Prism software v. 5. Our results demonstrate that the lack of FUT3 expression in breast tissues is related to the presence of IDC in Brazilian patients. No expression of FUT3 was more frequent in patients with large neoplastic lesions and tumors that do not express the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Genomic analyzes showed that two variations localized in FUT3 promoter region are statistically associated to IDC, however the direct effect of these polymorphisms in FUT3 enzyme expression is still to be evaluated. The T allele of rs73920070 (-6933 C> T) SNP is associated to the neoplasia absence while the T allele of rs2306969 (-6951 C> T) SNP is associated to IDC presence in Brazilian northeastern population.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-10T13:25:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese juliana vasconcelos.pdf 2.pdf: 2676689 bytes, checksum: 3be9c8d80ebc1f51f2479aaec4fe30ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T13:25:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) tese juliana vasconcelos.pdf 2.pdf: 2676689 bytes, checksum: 3be9c8d80ebc1f51f2479aaec4fe30ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / CNPQ / O câncer de mama é o tipo de tumor que mais acomete as mulheres no mundo. No Brasil estimam-se para 2016/2017, 57.960 novos casos de câncer de mama por ano. O desenvolvimento destes tumores envolve um mecanismo complexo e multifatorial, onde glicosiltransferases e microRNAs (miRNAs) desempenham papeis importantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a galactosiltransferase 7 (GALNAC7) e o miRNA 30c no carcinoma ductal invasivo mamário (CDI). Nosso estudo demonstrou, uma baixa expressão do antígeno Tn nos tumores mamários, diante da baixa expressão da GalNAC7 e do seu carboidrato-substrato N-acetil-galactosamina (GalNAc). O estudo evidenciou, também, que o gene GALNT7 não apresenta influência significativa quanto a um prognostico reservado para CDI, diante de sua baixa expressão gênica e proteica, demostrando que o mecanismo de O-glicosilação na formação de mucinas pode ser estimulado, também, por outros genes da família GALNT, porém observamos que o gene GALNT7 pode ser modulado pelo o miRNA 30c frente ao aumento de sua expressão nos tumores estudados, levantando a hipótese de um novo alvo diagnóstico e terapêutico via modulação da expressão de genes da glicosilação. A análise dos dados clínicopatologicos, não demonstrou correlação significativa, com exceção da expressão de GalNAc e tamanho do tumor. Diante da análise do segmento clínico de cada paciente, na curva de sobrevida, não houve resultados significativos quando comparados com os subtipos moleculares, estadiamento clínico, idade e tamanho do tumor. Assim, nossos resultados sugerem que o miRNA 30c pode ser um potencial regulador da expressão do gene GALNT7 e que assim favorece a menor expressão da enzima GALNAC7 levando a uma menor inserção do carboidrato GalNAc nos glicoconjugados de superfície de células de carcinoma ductal invasivo. / Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in world. In Brazil, it is estimated 57,960 new cases of mammary cancers per year in 2016/2017. The development of these tumors comprises a complex and multifactorial mechanism where glycosyltransferase and microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles. This study aimed to evaluate the galactosyltransferase 7 (GALNAC7) and the miRNA-30c in mammary invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Our results showed a low expression of Tn antigen in mammary tumors resulting from the low expression of GALNAC7 which leads to a low insertion of its saccharidesubstrate N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) in tumor cell glycoconjugates. The study also evidenced that the gene GALNT7 did not influenced the poor prognostic of IDC, since a low gene expression and, consequently, a low protein expression was observed. Such fact indicates that other genes of the GALNT family may stimulate the O-glycosylation. However, we observed that miRNA-30c might modulate GALNT7 expression and can be a new potential target for diagnosis and therapeutic via modulation of the expression of glycosylation genes. Among the clinocopathologic data, only GalNAc expression and tumor size present a correlation. Patient’s survival curve did not present correlation with tumor molecular subtyping, clinic staging, age and tumor size. Our results suggest that miRNA-30c may be a potential regulator of the GALNT7 gene expression and so favoring a lower expression of the enzyme GALNAC7 leading to a lower insertion of the saccharide GalNAc in glycoconjugates of cell surface in invasive ductal carcinoma.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T17:19:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Alves de Freitas Lemos - 2015.pdf: 1558373 bytes, checksum: f3d20ea70bfd08864a3c3eaae4b69cad (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-12-04T17:21:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Alves de Freitas Lemos - 2015.pdf: 1558373 bytes, checksum: f3d20ea70bfd08864a3c3eaae4b69cad (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T17:21:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Nayara Alves de Freitas Lemos - 2015.pdf: 1558373 bytes, checksum: f3d20ea70bfd08864a3c3eaae4b69cad (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-17 / Objective: To analyze the temporal evolution of DCIS in residents of Goiânia during the period 1994-2010. Methods: It used the database of the Population Based Cancer Registries of Goiania (RCBPGo), cases coded as carcinoma in situ of the breast in females, at (ONCOSIS) program in Goiânia, between 1994 and 2010. It was later made individual search of histopathological reports of DCIS. We sought to identify the temporal evolution of standardized and crude incidence of DCIS. The incidence rates, crude, as standard, set by the global population Doll, were calculated by age groups to 10 years from 30 years, and was estimated to MPMA using Poisson Regression to these age groups. They calculated the disease-free survival and overall survival at 60 and 120 months, using the Kaplan-Meier method. The data on DCIS deaths were obtained from the Mortality Data System (SIM), the medical record information and the electoral higher court (TSE). Results: In the initial database were recorded 376 cases of DCIS. In reviewing the reports, 114 cases were excluded because it is not dealt with DCIS. Of the 282 cases of DCIS in the period studied, there were four cases in 1994 and 21 in 2010. The crude rate of annual incidence of DCIS was 1.33/100,000 in 1994, and of 4.21/100,000 in 2010. The adjusted incidence for the world population Doll was 0.58/100,000 in 1994, and of 1.85/100,000 in 2010. The average annual percentual change (AAPC) of the crude incidence rate for the period was 11.93% per year (95 9-15% CI; P <0.01) and standardized incidence rate of 11.94% per year (95% CI 9-15; p <0.01). There were 17 cases of local recurrence, 16 invasive ductal carcinomas and only one case of in situ recurrence. Three cases evolved with distant metastases. The cumulative rate of local recurrence was 3,9% at 60 months and 10% to 120 months. Overall survival was 96,5% and 91,9% at 60 and 120 months, respectively. The cancer-specific survival was 99,5% at 60 months and 98,4% at 120 months. Abstract xvii Conclusions: The study showed that there are a large number of cases that need to be recoded by changing the initial bank. Thus, we suggest that the highest injury potential aggressiveness is described first, standardized reports and the training of collectors, so there are no unknown information to transcribe the DCIS for RCBP the chips. There was an increasting incidence of DCIS rate in Goiânia, possibly related to mammographic screening. Despite the small number of local recurrences when appeared they arose mostly with invasion. Still, it was confirmed in the studied group high overall survival rate after 10 years of treatment. / Objetivo: Analisar a evolução temporal do carcinoma ductal in situ em moradores de Goiânia durante o período de 1994 a 2010. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo retrospectivo de série temporal dos casos de carcinoma ductal in situ, no sexo feminino, em Goiânia, registrados no banco de dados do Registro de Câncer de Base Populacional dessa cidade no período entre 1994 a 2010. Posteriormente, realizou-se busca individual dos laudos histopatológicos de carcinoma ductal in situ para identificar a evolução temporal do carcinoma ductal in situ. As taxas de incidências, tanto bruta, quanto padronizada, ajustada pela população padrão, foram calculadas por grupos etários a cada 10 anos, a partir de 30 anos, e calculou-se a mudança percentual da média anual utilizando-se a regressão de Poisson. Para a análise de sobrevida global foi realizada busca ativa das pacientes no Sistema de Informações em Mortalidade, nas informações do prontuário médico e no Tribunal Superior Eleitoral. Foram calculadas a sobrevida livre de doença e a sobrevida global em 60 e 120 meses, pelo método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: No banco de dados inicial foram registrados 376 casos de CDIS. Na revisão dos laudos, foram excluídos 114 casos, pois não faziam parte dos critérios de inclusão. Dos 262 casos em Goiânia no período estudado, houve quatro casos em 1994 e 21 em 2010. A taxa bruta de incidência anual de CDIS foi 1,33/100.000 em 1994, e de 4,21/100.000 em 2010. Já a incidência ajustada para a população padrão foi de 0,58/100.000 em 1994, e de 1,85/100.000 em 2010. A mudança percentual da média anual da taxa de incidência bruta para o período foi de 11,93% ao ano (95% IC 9-15; p<0,01) e da taxa de incidência padronizada de 11,94% ao ano (95% IC 9 - 15; p<0,01). Houve 1 7 casos de recidiva local, sendo 1 6 carcinomas ductal invasores e apenas um caso de recidiva in situ. Três casos evoluíram com metástases à distância. A taxa cumulativa de recidiva local foi de 3,9% aos 60 meses e de 10% aos 120 meses. A sobrevida global Resumo xv foi de 96,5% e de 91,9% aos 60 e 120 meses, respectivamente. A sobrevida câncer-específica foi de 99,5% aos 60 meses e de 98,4% aos 120 meses. Conclusões: o trabalho mostrou um grande número de casos que precisam ser recodificados, alterando o banco inicial. A sugestão é que os laudos histopatológicos descrevam primeiramente a lesão de mais alto potencial de agressividade. É necessária uma padronização dos laudos, e a partir daí, o treinamento dos coletadores, para que não haja informações desconhecidas ao transcrever o CDIS para as fichas do RCBPGo. Foi constatado o aumento da taxa de incidência do CDIS na cidade de Goiânia, possivelmente relacionado à melhora do rastreamento mamográfico. E apesar do pequeno número de recidivas locais, quando apareciam, surgiam na sua grande maioria com invasão. Ainda assim, confirmou-se no grupo estudado alta taxa de sobrevida global após 10 anos do tratamento.

BACKGROUND. The cytologic differentiation between neoplastic and reactive/reparative processes in the endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations (EUS-FNA) of the pancreas can be difficult. Malignant transformation of the pancreatic ductal epithelium changes the expression of apomucins. The goal of the current study was to determine an optimal immunohistochemical panel of mucin (MUC) antibodies that would allow the cytomorphologic distinction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and its differentiation from reactive/reparative processes and inadvertently sampled gastric and duodenal mucosa. METHODS. Pancreatic EUS-FNA specimens performed on 351 patients were reviewed. Expression profiles of MUC1, 2, 5AC, and 6 were examined on 56 cell block sections and 26 follow-up pancreatectomy specimens. RESULTS. MUC1 and 6 expression was found in nonneoplastic pancreatic samples, whereas there was an absence of expression of MUC2 and 5AC. MUC2 was detected in mucosal goblets cells of the duodenum, MUC6 in Brunner glands, and MUC5AC in gastric foveolar cells. MUC5AC expression in differentiating ductal adenocarcinomas from benign conditions demonstrated better operating characteristics than either MUC1 or MUC6. The apomucin expression pattern both in cytology and follow-up surgical pathology specimens was similar. In surgical pathology specimens, the panel of 3 antibodies, MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC+, was noted in 15 of 17 ductal carcinomas (88.2%). In nonneoplastic pancreatic tissue, the expression panel MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC- was observed in 14 of 17 (82.4%) cases. In cytology specimens, the combination of MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC+ was noted in 21 of 30 ductal carcinoma cases (70.0%), 3 of 6 atypical cases (50%), and 1 of 1 suspicious for malignancy cases (100%). The combination MUC1+/MUC2-/MUC5AC+ was not observed in any of the negative for malignancy or reactive cases (0 of 6). CONCLUSIONS. The most optimal panel for the diagnosis of ductal adenocarcinoma in both the EUS-FNA specimens is a panel including MUC1/MUC2/MUC5AC, whereas a panel of all 4 antibodies (MUC1, 2, 5AC, and 6) will in addition aid in differentiating inadvertently sampled normal/reactive duodenal and gastric epithelium from neoplastic pancreatic tissue.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第18128号 / 医博第3848号 / 新制||医||1001(附属図書館) / 30986 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 福山 秀直, 教授 戸井 雅和, 教授 平岡 眞寛 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an extremely poor prognosis. To improve the prognosis, novel molecular markers and targets for earlier diagnosis and adjuvant and/or neoadjuvant treatment are needed. Recent advances in human genome research and high-throughput molecular technologies make it possible to cope with the molecular complexity of malignant tumors. With DNA array technology, mRNA expression levels of thousand of genes can be measured simultaneously in a single assay. As several studies using microarrays in PDAC have already been published, this review attempts to compare the published data and therefore to validate the results. In addition, the applied techniques are discussed in the context of pancreatic malignancies. / Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.

Carcinoma da mama com apresentação bilateral é uma doença pouco avaliada na literatura, com raros trabalhos científicos que comparam os aspectos moleculares de ambos os tumores. No presente estudo, analisamos os tumores de 45 pacientes portadoras de carcinoma ductal invasivo bilateral em relação às expressões de claudinas-4 e 7, de E-caderina e de -catenina por meio de imunoistoquímica em TMA. Além desses marcadores, analisamos o estado dos receptores de estrógeno e de progesterona, bem como diversas características histopatológicas (grau histológico, nuclear, mitose, infiltrado, desmoplasia e necrose). A amostra foi caracterizado por média de idade de 52,4 anos e os tumores foram divididos em mama primário (MP) e mama secundário (MS). Não houve diferenças entre os dois grupos (MP e MS) nos marcadores testados, sendo que a expressão foi coincidente nas seguintes proporções: claudina-4 (83,8%, p=0,61), claudina-7 (82,2%, p=0,29), E-caderina (81%, p=0,48), -catenina (89,7%, p=0,48), receptor de estrogeno (66%, p=0.75) e receptor de progesterona (55%, p=0.99). Em relação aos aspectos morfológicos, grau histológico (SBR) II, infiltrado inflamatório discreto, necrose, desmoplasia moderada e índice mitótico (<10fm/10cga) foram coincidentes em 57,8%, 60%, 55,6%, 63,6% e 55,6%, respectivamente. Os presentes resultados nos permitem inferir que os tumores de apresentação bilateral são, em sua maioria, similares do ponto de vista morfológico e da expressão dos marcadores testados / Forty-five patients with invasive ductal carcinoma were evaluated for the expression of claudin-4, claudin-7, E-cadherin, and -catenin through tissue microarray (TMA) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. Besides these markers, estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status was analyzed, in addition to histopathologic characteristics, i.e., histologic grade, nuclear, mitoses, infiltrate, desmoplasia, and necrosis. Tumors were divided into primary breast (PB) and secondary breast (SB). The expression of claudin-4 and -7 was coincident in PB and SB in 83.78% and 82.22% respectively. The expression of -catenin and E-cadherin in PB and SB was coincident in 89.74% and 80.95% respectively. Estrogen receptor status was (+) in both breasts in 66%, while progesterone receptor status (+) was in 55%. The histological grade using the Nottingham-modified Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system (MSBR) showed mild infiltrate, necrosis (+), moderate desmoplasia and mitotic index (<10) was coincident in 57.77%, 60.00%, 55.55%, 63.63% and 55.55% respectively. The degree of agreement showed claudin-4 (p=0.61), claudin-7 (p=0.29), E-cadherin (p=0.48), and -catenin (p=0.48). The expression of claudin-4 and -7, E-cadherin and -catenin present a strong agreement between tumors, showing that bilateral tumors are not different. Histopathologic characteristics showed a lesser agreement between tumors

Bmi-1 é uma proteína do grupo Polycomb capaz de induzir atividade de telomerase, levando à imortalização de células epiteliais. As células, quando imortalizadas, se tronam mais susceptíveis a danos em dupla fita (double-strand breaks (DSB))e a recombinação homóloga é uma das duas vias de reparo dos DSBs. Dentre os genes reguladores da recombinação homóloga temos o BRCA-1, que está envolvido na resposta ao dano associado à proteína RAD51, que por sua vez se acumula rapidamente nos focos de dano ao DNA após a sinalização do H2AX, que têm se mostrado um excelente marcador de dano celular por se acumular rapidamente nos focos de lesão, desencadeando o processo de reparo. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) remove intermediários da recombinação homóloga antes da segregação de cromossomos, prevenindo danos à estrutura do DNA celular. O papel das proteínas envolvidas na recombinação homóloga, em carcinomas ductais invasores positivos para o BMI-1, necessita ser investigado. Utilizando-se tissue microarrays contendo 239 casos de carcinomas ductais mamários primários, foi analisada a expressão imunoistoquímica de BMI-1, receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona, HER-2, Ki67, p53 e BRCA-1, H2AX, RAD51 e topoisomerase III. Positividade para o Bmi-1 foi encontrada em 66 casos (27.6%). A positividade imunoistoquímica do BMI-1 relacionou-se a RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) e TopoIII (p < 0,001). Concluindo, nossos resultados mostraram haver relação entre o BMI-1 e genes reguladores da HR, sugerindo que a positividade de BMI-1 pode ser um importante evento na recombinação homóloga em carcinomas ductais invasores da mama. / Bmi-1 is a Polycomb group protein which is able to induce telomerase activity, enabling the immortalization of epithelial cells. Immortalized cells shown more susceptible to double-strand breaks (DSB) and the homologous recombination (HR) are one of DSB repair pathways. Among the regulatory genes in HR, there is BRCA1, involved in the response to DNA damage associated with the RAD51 protein, which accumulates in DNA damage foci after signaling H2AX. H2AX has also been shown to be a good marker of DNA damage. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) removes HR intermediates before the segregation of chromosomes, preventing damage to the structure of the cellular DNA. The role of proteins involved in HR, in breast carcinomas positive for BMI-1, remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was evaluate the association between BMI-1 and homologous recombination proteins. Using tissue microarrays containing 239 cases of primary breast tumors, the expression of Bmi-1, BRCA-1, H2AX, Rad51, p53, Ki-67, topoisomerase III, RE, RP and HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We observe high expression of Bmi-1 in 66 cases (27.6%). Immunohistochemistry overexpression of BMI-1 was related to RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) and TopoIII (p < 0,001). Our results showed a relation between the expression of BMI-1 and HR regulatory genes, suggesting that overexpression of Bmi-1 is an important event in breast cancer homologous recombination.

Changes in the microenvironment have been implicated in the transition of pre-invasive ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS) to invasive breast cancer. Normal myoepithelial cells have a tumour suppressor phenotype but they are altered in DCIS and ultimately lost with transition to invasive cancer. A consistent change in DCIS is up-regulation of the integrin αvβ6 in myoepithelial cells. Preliminary observations identified a correlation between myopeithelial αvβ6 and an increased peri-ductal inflammatory infiltrate. The hypothesis of this study is that the altered myoepithelial phenotype influences the peri-ductal inflammatory environment, which in turn mediates a pro-apoptotic effect on myoepithelial cells contributing to their loss. To investigate this, the inflammatory infiltrate was characterised in a series of DCIS tissue in relation to αvβ6 status. This demonstrated significantly higher levels of CD4+ve and FOXP3+ve T cells around αvβ6+ve DCIS ducts compared to αvβ6-ve ducts (P=<0.01), suggesting an increase in Treg cells. In-vivo, Matrigel plugs containing injected into the flanks of female C57/Blk6 normal mice generated influx of higher levels of CD4+ve cells (p=0.005) and FOXP3+ T cells (p=0.007) in the presence of αvβ6+ve myoepithelial cells compared to αvβ6-ve cells, supporting the findings in human tissue samples. Since Treg cells produce TRAIL that can induce apoptosis, we investigated the influence of αvβ6 on myoepithelial cells on the levels of TRAIL in T cells and the hypothesis that αvβ6-positive myoepithelial ells may be more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, leading to loss of the myoepithelial barrier. Firstly, levels of TRAIL in Jurkat and primary T cell populations co-cultured with β4 (ii) or β6 myoepithelial cells were measured. This demonstrated a higher level of TRAIL in primary T cells co-cultured β6 myoepithelial cells compared to those co-cultured with β4 myoepithelial cells. β6+ve and β6-ve myoepithelial cells were exposed to TRAIL, and this demonstrated that TRAIL enhanced apoptosis, measured by cleaved PARP, in β6+ve cells. Furthermore, these cells showed loss of the anti-apoptotic protein Galectin-7, and knockdown of Galectin-7 in normal β6-ve myoepithelial cells rendered them more susceptible to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. In DCIS tissues, an inverse relationship between αvβ6 and Galectin-7 in myoepithelial cells was demonstrated, and Cytokine Array analysis showed that αvβ6+ve myoepithelial cells express higher levels of IL-16, which has a role in Treg cell recruitment. Taken together these results suggest that expression of αvβ6 by myoepithelial cells in DCIS generates a tumour-promoter peri-ductal inflammatory infiltrate through altered cytokine release, is associated with reduced galectin-7 expression and enhances myoepithelial cell apoptosis in response to TRAIL. This provides a potential mechanism by which myoepithelial cells may be lost during evolution of DCIS and so contribute to progression to invasive disease.

Bmi-1 é uma proteína do grupo Polycomb capaz de induzir atividade de telomerase, levando à imortalização de células epiteliais. As células, quando imortalizadas, se tronam mais susceptíveis a danos em dupla fita (double-strand breaks (DSB))e a recombinação homóloga é uma das duas vias de reparo dos DSBs. Dentre os genes reguladores da recombinação homóloga temos o BRCA-1, que está envolvido na resposta ao dano associado à proteína RAD51, que por sua vez se acumula rapidamente nos focos de dano ao DNA após a sinalização do H2AX, que têm se mostrado um excelente marcador de dano celular por se acumular rapidamente nos focos de lesão, desencadeando o processo de reparo. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) remove intermediários da recombinação homóloga antes da segregação de cromossomos, prevenindo danos à estrutura do DNA celular. O papel das proteínas envolvidas na recombinação homóloga, em carcinomas ductais invasores positivos para o BMI-1, necessita ser investigado. Utilizando-se tissue microarrays contendo 239 casos de carcinomas ductais mamários primários, foi analisada a expressão imunoistoquímica de BMI-1, receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona, HER-2, Ki67, p53 e BRCA-1, H2AX, RAD51 e topoisomerase III. Positividade para o Bmi-1 foi encontrada em 66 casos (27.6%). A positividade imunoistoquímica do BMI-1 relacionou-se a RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) e TopoIII (p < 0,001). Concluindo, nossos resultados mostraram haver relação entre o BMI-1 e genes reguladores da HR, sugerindo que a positividade de BMI-1 pode ser um importante evento na recombinação homóloga em carcinomas ductais invasores da mama. / Bmi-1 is a Polycomb group protein which is able to induce telomerase activity, enabling the immortalization of epithelial cells. Immortalized cells shown more susceptible to double-strand breaks (DSB) and the homologous recombination (HR) are one of DSB repair pathways. Among the regulatory genes in HR, there is BRCA1, involved in the response to DNA damage associated with the RAD51 protein, which accumulates in DNA damage foci after signaling H2AX. H2AX has also been shown to be a good marker of DNA damage. Topoisomerase III (TopoIII) removes HR intermediates before the segregation of chromosomes, preventing damage to the structure of the cellular DNA. The role of proteins involved in HR, in breast carcinomas positive for BMI-1, remains to be investigated. The aim of this study was evaluate the association between BMI-1 and homologous recombination proteins. Using tissue microarrays containing 239 cases of primary breast tumors, the expression of Bmi-1, BRCA-1, H2AX, Rad51, p53, Ki-67, topoisomerase III, RE, RP and HER-2 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. We observe high expression of Bmi-1 in 66 cases (27.6%). Immunohistochemistry overexpression of BMI-1 was related to RE (p=0,004), RP (p<0,001), Ki-67 (p < 0,001), p53 (p=0,003), BRCA-1(p= 0,003), H2AX (p= 0,024) and TopoIII (p < 0,001). Our results showed a relation between the expression of BMI-1 and HR regulatory genes, suggesting that overexpression of Bmi-1 is an important event in breast cancer homologous recombination.