Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:53:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1938_1.pdf: 2696606 bytes, checksum: c2ff3cbbb3029fd0f89eb8d67c0e4f08 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Manutenção e evolução de software são atividades caracterizadas pelo seu enorme custo e baixa velocidade de execução. Não obstante, elas são atividades inevitáveis para garantir a qualidade do software quase todo software bem sucedido estimula os usuários a fazer pedidos de mudanças e melhorias. Sommerville é ainda mais enfático e diz que mudanças em projetos de software são um fato. Além disso, diferentes estudos têm afirmado ao longo dos anos que as atividades de manutenção e evolução de software são as mais caras do ciclo de desenvolvimento, sendo responsável por cerca de até 90% dos custos. Todas essas peculiaridades da fase de manutenção e evolução de software leva o mundo acadêmico e industrial a investigar constantemente novas soluções para reduzir os custos dessas atividades. Neste contexto, Gerência de Configuração de Software (GCS) é um conjunto de atividades e normas para a gestão da evolução e manutenção de software; GCS define como são registradas e processadas todas as modificações, o impacto das mesmas em todo o sistema, dentre outros procedimentos. Para todas estas tarefas de GCM existem diferentes ferramentas de auxílio, tais como sistemas de controle de versão e bug trackers. No entanto, alguns problemas podem surgir devido ao uso das mesmas, como por exemplo o problema de atribuição automática de responsável por um bug report e o problema de duplicação de bug reports. Neste sentido, esta dissertação investiga o problema de duplicação de bug reports resultante da utilização de bug trackers em projetos de desenvolvimento de software. Tal problema é caracterizado pela submissão de dois ou mais bug reports que descrevem o mesmo problema referente a um software, tendo como principais conseqüências a sobrecarga de trabalho na busca e análise de bug reports, e o mal aproveitamento do tempo destinado a essa atividade

Les familles de gènes impliqués dans le cancer et autres maladies génétiques se sont beaucoup élargies via deux Duplications Globales de Génome (DGG) qui ont eu lieu à l'origine des vertébrés. La rétention des copies de ces gènes implique une susceptibilité plus grande aux maladies génétiques et constitue une énigme du point de vue de l'évolution. Dans cette thèse, nous avons généralisé des modèles classiques de génétique des populations pour révéler le mécanisme non-adaptatif qui a conduit à cette conservation de gènes potentiellement délétères chez les vertébrés. Nous avons résolu un modèle déterministe haploïde, nous avons étendu ce modèle à des génomes diploïdes et nous avons analysé les effets de taille finie des populations et de la sélection positive par une approche stochastique. Les résultats montrent, en accord avec les données génomiques du cancer chez l'homme, que les copies DGG susceptibles aux mutations délétères dominantes sont conservées indirectement via la sélection de purification dans les espèces post-DGG, qui présentent nécessairement une incompatibilité de ploïdie avec la population pre-DGG. Les résultats obtenus en étendant des méthodes avancées d'inférence bayésienne, quantifiant les effets causaux directs, soutiennent l'hypothèse d'une influence directe de la susceptibilité aux mutations délétères dominantes sur la rétention des copies DGG. Ces résultats révèlent le mécanisme d'évolution non-adaptatif responsable de la rétention de gènes DGG susceptibles aux mutations délétères dominantes et notre extension de méthodes d'inférence bayesienne ouvre la voie à la quantification des relations causales directes dans un large ensemble de problématiques. / Gene families implicated in cancer and other genetic diseases have been greatly expanded through two rounds of whole-genome duplication (WGD) that occurred at the onset of jawed vertebrates. However, such gene duplicates are expected to lead to an enhanced susceptibility to genetic diseases, and thus their retention represents an evolutionary puzzle from a natural selection perspective. In this thesis, we have expanded classical population genetics models to reveal the non-adaptive mechanism through which such potentially deleterious ohnologs (WGD-duplicated genes) were retained in the vertebrate genomes. We have solved a deterministic haploid model, we have considered extensions to diploid genotypes, and we have analyzed population size effects and the impact of positive selection through a stochastic approach. The results demonstrate, consistently with available human cancer genome data, that ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations are indirectly selected through purifying selection in post-WGD species, arisen through the ploidy incompatibility between post-WGD individuals and the rest of the pre-WGD population. Extending advanced Bayesian inference methods to quantify direct and indirect causal effects, we have found further supporting evidences for the direct role of the gene susceptibility to deleterious mutations on ohnolog retention. Our findings rationalize the evolutionary mechanism responsible for the expansion of ohnologs prone to dominant deleterious mutations, highlighting the role of WGD-induced speciation. Our extension of Bayesian inference methods paves the way for the identification of direct causal relationships in a huge variety of problems.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Pathogenic organisms frequently utilize proteases to perform specific functions related to virulence. There is little information regarding the role of proteolysis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and no studies on the potential involvement of these enzymes in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The present study initially focused on the characterization of a family of membrane anchored, cell wall associated, subtilisin-like serine proteases (mycosins-1 to 5) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These proteases were shown to be constitutively expressed in M. tuberculosis, to be located in the cell wall of the organism and to be potentially shed (either actively or passively) from the wall. Relatively high levels of gamma interferon secretion by T-cells in response to these proteases were observed in Mantoux positive individuals. The absence of any detectable protease activity lead to a protein sequence analysis which indicated that the mycosins are probable mycobacterial-specific proprotein processing proteases. To identify possible substrates for these proteases, the genome sequence regions surrounding the mycosin genes were analyzed. This revealed that the mycosin genes are in fact part of a cluster of 6 to 12 genes which have been duplicated multiple times in the genome of M. tuberculosis. Due to the presence of members of the previously described ESAT-6 T-cell antigen family within this duplicated region, the five gene cluster regions were named the ESAT-6 loci. In silico analysis of finished and unfinished genome sequencing data revealed the presence of orthologues of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ESAT-6 loci in the genomes of other mycobacteria, e.g. M. tuberculosis CDC1551, M. tuberculosis 210, M. bovis, M. leprae, M. avium, and the avirulent strain M. smegmatis. Phylogenetic analyses done on the resulting sequences have established the duplication order of the gene clusters and demonstrated that gene cluster region 4 (Rv3444c-3450c) is ancestral. Region 4 is also the only region for which an orthologue could be found in the genomes of Corynebacterium diptheriae and Streptomyces coelicoior. Thus, the comparative genomic analyses revealed that the presence of the ESAT-6 gene cluster seems to be a unique characteristic shared by members of the high G+C gram-positive bacteria and that multiple duplications of this cluster have occurred and have been maintained only within the genomes of members of the genus Mycobacterium. The ESAT-6 gene cluster regions were shown to consist of the members of the ESAT-6 gene family (encoding secreted T-cell antigens that lack detectable secretion signals), the mycosins (secreted, cell wall-associated subtilisin-like serine proteases) as well as genes encoding putative ABC transporters, ATP-binding proteins, and other membrane-associated proteins. Thus, from the observation that members of the ESAT-6 family are secreted without the normal sec-dependent secretion signals, it was hypothesized that the membrane-associated and energy-providing proteins function together to form a transport system for the secretion of the members of the ESAT-6 protein family. Supporting this hypothesis, one of the ESAT-6 gene clusters was shown to be expressed as a single polycistronic RNA, forming an operon structure. The promoter for this operon, P e s r e g 3. was also identified and its activity characterized. Subsequent secretion analyses results have shown that secretion of members of the ESAT-6 protein family is dependent on the presence of the proteins encoded by the ESAT-6 gene cluster regions, confirming the putative transport-associated functions of the ESAT-6 gene cluster-encoded proteins. The mycobacterial ESAT-6 gene clusters contain a number of features of quorum sensing and lantibiotic operons, and an extensive review of the literature have led to the hypothesis that the members of the ESAT-6 family may be secreted as signaling molecules and may be involved in the regulation of expression of genes during intracellular residence of the bacterium. In the final part of this study, the evolutionary history of the PE and PPE gene families (members of which is found situated in the ESAT-6 gene clusters) were investigated. This investigation revealed that the expansion of these families are linked to the duplications of the ESAT-6 gene clusters, which is supported by the absence of the multiple copies of the PE and PPE families in the genome of the fast-growing mycobacterium M. smegmatis. Furthermore, dot blot analyses showed that the PPE gene present in ESAT-6 gene cluster region 5 is able to distinguish between mycobacteria belonging to the slow-growing or fast-growing species, indicating a function for the genes of these two families and/or the ESAT-6 gene clusters in the phenotypical differences distinguishing these two groups of mycobacteria. In conclusion, this study has highlighted numerous important aspects of mycobacterial genomics and has greatly contributed to the current body of knowledge concerning the role of proteases, gene duplication and mechanisms of antigen expression and secretion in M. tuberculosis. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

In this study, full coding sequences of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) muscle genes were cloned, including myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) (myod1c, myog, mrf4, myf5), inhibitors of Myostatin (fst, decorin), markers of myogenic progenitor cell (MPC) proliferation (sox8) and fusion (calpastatin), a marker of slow muscle fibre differentiation (smlc1) and a novel eukaryotic gene involved in regulating growth (cee). Several of these genes were then characterised using a range of experimental and computational analyses with the aim to better understand their role in myogenesis and their evolution in teleosts. A series of experiments supported previous findings that teleosts have extra copies of many genes relative to tetrapods as a result of a whole genome duplication (WGD) event that occurred some 320-350 Mya. For example, it was shown that genes for myod and fst have duplicated in a common teleost ancestor, but were then specifically lost or retained in different lineages. Furthermore, several characterised Atlantic salmon genes were conserved as paralogues, likely from a later WGD event specific to the salmonid lineage. Phylogenetic reconstruction and comparative genomic approaches were used to characterise the evolution of teleost paralogues within a framework of vertebrate evolution. As a consequence of one experiment, a revised nomenclature for myod genes was proposed that is relevant to all diploid and polyploid vertebrates. The expression patterns of multiple myogenic genes were also established in Atlantic salmon embryos using specific complementary RNA probes and in situ hybridization. For example, co-ordinated embryonic expression patterns were revealed for six salmon MRFs (myod1a, myod1b, myod1c, myog, mrf4, myf5), as well as markers of distinct MPC populations (pax7, smlc1), providing insight into the regulatory networks governing myogenesis in a tetraploid teleost. Furthermore, it was shown that Atlantic salmon fst1 was expressed concurrently to pax7 in a recently characterised MPC population originating from the anterior domain of the epithelial somite, which is functionally analogous to the amniote dermomyotome. In another experiment, the individual expression domains of three Atlantic salmon myod1 paralogues were shown to together recapitulate the expression of the single myod1 gene in zebrafish, consistent with the partitioning of ancestral cis-acting regulatory elements among salmonid myod1 duplicates. Additionally, the in situ expression of cee a novel and highly conserved eukaryotic gene was revealed for the first time in a vertebrate and was consistent with an important role in development including myogenesis. Additionally, Atlantic salmon were reared at 2, 5, 8 or 10 ºC solely to a defined embryonic stage, which was just subsequent to the complete pigmentation of the eye. After this time, animals were provided an equal growth opportunity. Remarkably, changing temperature during this short developmental window programmed the growth trajectory throughout larval and adult stages. While 10 and 8 ºC fish were larger than those reared at 2 and 5 ºC at the point of smoltification, strong compensatory growth was subsequently observed. Consequently, after 18 months of on growing, size differences among 5, 8 and 10 ºC fish were not significant, although each group was heavier than 2 ºC fish. Furthermore, significant embryonic-temperature induced differences were observed in the final muscle fibre phenotype, including the number, size distribution and myonuclear density of muscle fibres. A clear optimum for the final muscle fibre number was observed in 5 ºC fish, which was up to 17% greater than other treatments. In a sub-sample of embryos, temperature induced heterochonies were recorded in the expression of some MRFs (myf5, mrf4) but not others (myod1a, myog). These results allowed the proposition of a potential mechanism explaining how temperature can program the muscle phenotype of adult teleosts through modification of the somitic external cell layer, a source of MPCs throughout teleost ontogeny.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a região palatina em modelos de revestimento, após duplicação do modelo de gesso para a confecção da estrutura metálica da prótese parcial removível, em função dos materiais duplicadores, revestimentos e da profundidade da abóbada palatina. Foram utilizados 12 modelos mestres de gesso com duas diferentes profundidades da abóbada palatina, sendo seis de palato raso e seis de palato profundo. Os métodos de uplicação utilizados foram: A) Hidrocolóide reversível com revestimento aglutinado por sílica (GEL_SIL); B) Hidrocolóide reversível com revestimento aglutinado por fosfato (GEL_FOS) e C) Silicone de adição com revestimento aglutinado por fosfato (ADI_FOS). Assim, a partir de cada modelo mestre foi obtido um modelo de revestimento para cada um dos métodos descritos acima, sendo os 48 modelos resultantes aferidos com o aparelho de medição tridimensional de coordenadas e os dados analisados estatisticamente pelo método split-plot. Avaliando-se os resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: 1) Todos os métodos de duplicação produziram algum grau de imprecisão nos locais avaliados; 2) O método GEL_FOS apresentou mínimas diferenças médias em relação ao modelo mestre; 3) O método GEL_SIL apresentou diferenças médias positivas em relação ao modelo mestre, não estatisticamente significativas em relação ao método GEL_FOS; 4) O método ADI_FOS apresentou diferenças médias negativas em relação ao modelo mestre, estatisticamente significativas em relação aos métodos GEL_FOS e GEL_SIL e 5) A profundidade da abóbada palatina não influenciou significativamente os resultados obtidos. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the palatal area in investment casts after the duplication of stone casts in relation to the duplicating materials, investments and the depth of the palatal vault. Twelve master stone casts were used with two different palatal vault depths, six with a shallow palatal vault and six with a deep palatal vault. The duplicating methods used were: A) Reversible hydrocolloid with silica bonded investment (GEL_SIL); B) Reversible hydrocolloid with phosphate bonded investment (GEL_FOS), and C) Addition silicone with phosphate bonded investment (ADI_FOS). Thus, one investment cast was obtained from each master cast for each of the methods described above. The 48 resulting models were measured with a three-dimensional coordinate measurement machine, and the data were analyzed by the split-plot method. After evaluating the results we concluded that: 1) All investment casts showed some degree of distortion in the areas measured; 2) The GEL_FOS method showed the smallest average differences in relation to the master cast; 3)The GEL_SIL method showed positive, not statistically significant average differences in relation to the GEL_FOS method; 4) The ADI_FOS method showed negative, and statistically significant differences in relation to the GEL_FOS and GEL_SIL methods, and 5) The depth of the palatal vault did not influence the results significantly.

Introdução: A Holoprosencefalia (HPE) é uma malformação craniofacial decorrente de falhas no processo de formação do sistema nervoso durante o desenvolvimento embrionário. Sua etiologia é heterogênea e complexa, envolvendo fatores ambientais e genéticos. Estudos recentes sugerem que alterações subteloméricas possam ser um dos fatores etiológicos para o aparecimento da HPE. Objetivos: Investigar possíveis alterações (microdeleções/duplicações) nas regiões subteloméricas em indivíduos com diagnóstico de HPE. Metodologia: Avaliação genética de 25 amostras de DNA de indivíduos matriculados no HRAC-USP, com diagnóstico de HPE através da técnica de MLPA (Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification), segundo protocolo proposto por Schouten et al. (2002). Estes indivíduos já foram previamente triados para mutações/deleções nos genes candidatos à HPE (SHH, ZIC2, TGIF, GLI2 e PTCH1) através do sequenciamento direto de Sanger e da técnica de MLPA, sem resultado positivo para qualquer alteração. Resultados: Dentre os 25 indivíduos analisados, o fenótipo predominante foi a microforma da doença. Os principais achados clínicos da amostra estudada foram: hipotelorismo, microcefalia e fissura de lábio e palato (100%), nariz achatado (84%), presença de um incisivo central único (24%) e ponte nasal baixa (64%). Quatro pacientes apresentaram comprometimento no SNC (16%). Nenhum indivíduo apresentou quaisquer alterações, como microdeleções e/ou duplicações nos genes contidos nas regiões subteloméricas, através da análise pela técnica de MLPA. Dessa forma, estes permanecem sem diagnóstico genético definido. Discussão: A não detecção de alterações subteloméricas sugere que o fenótipo predominante na amostra, microforma, possa não apresentar alterações subteloméricas relacionadas ao aparecimento da doença. Entretanto, deve-se salientar que o universo amostral é relativamente pequeno, de forma que este possa não ser um exemplo fiel dos casos de microforma da HPE. Reforça-se, ainda, a grande variedade de fatores envolvidos no surgimento desta patologia, bem como o envolvimento de outros genes ainda não estabelecidos, além das causas ambientais, ainda não completamente elucidadas. Conclusões: Não foram encontradas alterações subteloméricas nos pacientes com diagnóstico de HPE estudados. A técnica de MLPA consiste em uma metodologia rápida, sensível, eficaz e de baixo custo, quando comparada a outras técnicas, sendo indicada para o uso em laboratórios de diagnóstico genético, uma vez que diversos estudos já mostraram que consiste em um método confiável de diagnóstico. Devido ao tamanho relativamente pequeno da amostra utilizada neste estudo, e os dados ainda inconsistentes da literatura atual, estudos adicionais são necessários para que seja possível a realização de um diagnóstico diferencial, explicando o amplo espectro fenotípico observado nesta doença, conforme sugerido pela hipótese dos múltiplos fatores. / Introduction: Holoprosencephaly (HPE), a craniofacial malformation, results from flaws in formation process of the nervous system during embryonic development. The etiology is heterogeneous and complex, involving environmental and genetic factors. Recent studies suggest that subtelomeric aberrations could be an etiological factor to the onset of HPE. Objectives: Investigate possible changes (microdeletions/duplications) in subtelomeric regions in individuals diagnosed with HPE. Methodology: Genetic evaluation of 25 DNA samples from individuals enrolled at HRAC-USP, diagnosed with HPE (performed by Syndromology Division HRAC/USP) by MLPA technique, as proposed by Schouten et al (2002). Patients were previously screened for mutations/deletions in HPE candidate genes (SHH ZIC2, TGIF, GLI2 and PTCH1) by direct Sanger sequencing and MLPA technique, without any match. Analyses were performed at the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, HRAC-USP. Results: Among the 25 individuals analyzed, the predominant phenotype was HPE microform. The main clinical findings of the study sample were: hypotelorism, microcephaly, and cleft lip/palate (100%); flat nose (84%); presence of a single central incisor (24%) and low nasal bridge (64%). Four patients had CNS commitment (16%). No subtelomeric mutations were found in our sample, such as microdeletions/duplications of genes analyzed by MLPA technique. Thus, they remain without defined genetic diagnosis. Discussion: Subtelomeric changes were not found, suggesting that the predominant sample phenotype, microform HPE, could not be related with subtelomeric changes associated to the disease outbreak. However, it should be noted that the sample universe is relatively small, so this may not be a true example of HPE microform cases. It should also be reinforced the wide variety of factors involved in the onset of this pathology, as well as the involvement of other genes not yet established and environmental causes, not completely understood. Conclusions: No subtelomeric mutations were found in the HPE individuals studied. MLPA technique consists in a rapid, sensitive and cost effective methodology, when compared to other techniques being suitable for use in genetic diagnostic laboratories, since several studies have shown that consists of a reliable method of diagnosis. Due to the relatively small sample size used in this study, and even inconsistent data in literature, further studies are needed to make it possible to perform a differential diagnosis, explaining the wide phenotypic spectrum observed in this disease, as suggested by the multiple hit hypothesis.

abstract: Advances in semiconductor technology have brought computer-based systems intovirtually all aspects of human life. This unprecedented integration of semiconductor based systems in our lives has significantly increased the domain and the number of safety-critical applications – application with unacceptable consequences of failure. Software-level error resilience schemes are attractive because they can provide commercial-off-the-shelf microprocessors with adaptive and scalable reliability. Among all software-level error resilience solutions, in-application instruction replication based approaches have been widely used and are deemed to be the most effective. However, existing instruction-based replication schemes only protect some part of computations i.e. arithmetic and logical instructions and leave the rest as unprotected. To improve the efficacy of instruction-level redundancy-based approaches, we developed several error detection and error correction schemes. nZDC (near Zero silent Data Corruption) is an instruction duplication scheme which protects the execution of whole application. Rather than detecting errors on register operands of memory and control flow operations, nZDC checks the results of such operations. nZDC en sures the correct execution of memory write instruction by reloading stored value and checking it against redundantly computed value. nZDC also introduces a novel control flow checking mechanism which replicates compare and branch instructions and detects both wrong direction branches as well as unwanted jumps. Fault injection experiments show that nZDC can improve the error coverage of the state-of-the-art schemes by more than 10x, without incurring any more performance penalty. Further more, we introduced two error recovery solutions. InCheck is our backward recovery solution which makes light-weighted error-free checkpoints at the basic block granularity. In the case of error, InCheck reverts the program execution to the beginning of last executed basic block and resumes the execution by the aid of preserved in formation. NEMESIS is our forward recovery scheme which runs three versions of computation and detects errors by checking the results of all memory write and branch operations. In the case of a mismatch, NEMESIS diagnosis routine decides if the error is recoverable. If yes, NEMESIS recovery routine reverts the effect of error from the program state and resumes program normal execution from the error detection point. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Engineering 2018

This masters thesis titled 'Buying across price tiers in the Australian wine market' explores if the duplication of purchase law (DoP) can be used to describe how consumers purchase across price tiers. The law has traditionally been used to describe how consumers buy across different brands in repeat purchase markets over time. This thesis builds on the generalisability of the DoP law by applying it to how consumers buy from different price tiers in a market where much price choice exists.

Ce manuscrit présente certains de mes travaux de recherche en matière de gestion de données, réalisés au sein de l'équipe bases de données STORM du laboratoire Logiciels, Systèmes, Réseaux de l'IMAG. Ils ont été effectués depuis 1995 (et jusqu'à 2003), année de ma prise de fonctions en tant que Maître de Conférences à l'Institut National Polytechnique (INP) de Grenoble, en poste à l'Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Informatique et de Mathématiques Appliquées de Grenoble(ENSIMAG). Mes travaux concernent des aspects système --- gestion de cache et duplication de données, support transactionnels, parmi d'autres. Ils contribuent d'une part à l'extension des fonctions des SGBD et d'autre part à la conception de services séparés utilisables indépendamment d'un SGBD. Mon point de vue porte sur la diversification du panorama des architectures des systèmes de gestion de données. J'ai d'abord travaillé dans l'introduction de fonctions déductives et actives dans les SGBD pour ensuite m'orienter vers des solutions plus ouvertes, des intergiciels de gestion de données distribuées sur des unités fixes et mobiles.

Notre objectif dans cette thèse est de donner la propriété d'adaptabilité à l'aspect duplication. La séparation des préoccupations et l'approche par services permettent au développeur d'applications de s'abstraire de l'aspect duplication lors de ses développements. Cependant, ces approches souffrent d'une limitation majeure : il semble très difficile, voir impossible, de fournir un service/aspect générique de duplication pouvant être paramétré afin d'être utilisé dans différents contextes d'exécution et couvrant l'ensemble des protocoles existants. Ces constatations nous ont conduit à la définition d'un canevas de services de duplication, nommé RS2.7. RS2.7 est le squelette d'un service de duplication définissant sa structure. Il permet d'obtenir des services de duplication indépendants de tout code propre à l'application, pouvant être utilisés dans différents contextes non fonctionnels (transactionnel, mémoires partagées, etc.) et prenant en compte les contraintes et les protocoles spécifiques à chaque domaine. Nos contributions portent sur trois axes : (1) la modélisation des services de duplication pouvant être obtenus à partir de RS2.7, (2) l'adaptabilité du canevas par rapport au contexte non fonctionnel et (3) l'adaptabilité dans tout ou partie des protocoles de duplication. RS2.7 a été mis en \oe uvre et notre validation porte sur la démonstration des caractéristiques d'adaptabilité offertes. Nous cherchons à montrer que notre canevas permet d'obtenir des services très variés et convenant pour divers contextes non fonctionnels.