This essay is about the importance of discussing ethics in political debates. I chose to analyse three of the parliamentary parties in Sweden: Sverigedemokraterna (the Sweden Democrats), Socialdemokraterna (the Social Democrats) and Liberalerna (the Liberals). I chose to ask the questions:{ Do the three parties’ ethical perspectives correlate to the discussions of one or more of the chosen theories?{   Is one of the theories more common?{  Is there a difference between the parties, if so: what is the differences? By using qualitative classification I studied the party programme and some other documents from each party. I also analysed two parliamentary debates. One was between the leaders of the parties when discussion immigration and the other was about the Panama papers. The ethical theories I chose as a theoretical base were utilitarism, ethics of duty, rights ethics and contractual ethics. In order to get an eassier way of comparing them I also chose four areas of comparison: view on humanity, preferred culture in society, method of governing and hierarchy of values.During the essay I discovered that all three parties had at least part of their ethics in common with each theory. Contractual and rights ethics were the most reoccurring ones for all three. Sverigedemokraterna and Liberalerna had slightly more in common with rights ethics, while Socialdemokraterna had a preference towards contractual ethics.

Different people can have different cultural interpretations of the person—atomic versus embedded—and these may affect health care decision-making. This study examines both the ethics of variations in personhood as well as their implications for the doctrine of informed consent and the duty to warn of genetic disease risk. It argues that variations in personhood are consistent with the ethics of the Principle of Autonomy and the Canadian stand on informed consent, though autonomy and consent play out differently in practice on the two models. Also as a result of different interpretations of the person, the duty to warn of hereditary risk is found to be relevant to the atomic conception but unnecessary among embedded individuals. / Graduate / 0422 / 0566 / 0326 / pkdheri@uvic.ca

Police officer responses to incidents of domestic violence have received widespread criticism in recent years, but the focus of most studies on this topic has been on the experiences of victims and the work of police units established specifically to deal with domestic violence. As a consequence, the responses of front-line officers have received less attention. In particular, the ways in which they perceive and respond to domestic violence as they develop their careers within the police service are almost entirely unresearched. With this in mind, the aim of this research was precisely to map the shifts and changes (if any) in police officers' reactions and responses to domestic violence incidents during their first three years in service. Where previous researchers have examined officers' response to domestic violence in one temporal dimension and others have considered issues of acculturation and socialisation, the uniqueness of this research is in the way in which it has synthesised both these elements in the production of a more complex longitudinal study. Thus the research is informed by the experiences and perceptions of seven officers from their first day as a member of a Constabulary, through to their completion of three years' service. Observation of their probationer training and of the officers on duty, the design and completion of semi-structured interviews and the use of hypothetical scenarios comprise the primary research tools, with additional insights being gained through semi-structured interviews with the officers' tutor constables. The rich and deep insights that emerged from the fieldwork were made possible because of the development and maintenance of a relationship with a small number of officers over the period of three years. My status as a full-time employee of the Constabulary benefited me enormously in this regard. Through the development of this work, I have drawn from a variety of methodological and theoretical approaches but have been mostly persuaded by theories focused on aspects of feminism and symbolic interactionism. Using theories of power and gender in the context of domestic violence and applying these to observations made of the masculine organisational sub-culture of the police service, enables a picture to emerge of officers' explicit and implicit absorption of sub-cultural values, how they learn from their own experiences, how they learn to deal with domestic violence incidents from peers and colleagues, and influences of the training orientation and content. More specifically, I argue that as an organisation, the police service (through its staff) does little to extend officers' understanding of domestic violence either theoretically or actually. There was (and continued to be) a clear lack of recognition by the study's participants of the gendered power relations inherent in most incidents of domestic violence. The study considered the content and form of probationer domestic violence training in this regard and concludes by drawing attention to the importance of officers' tacit knowledge, or in other words, their understanding of domestic violence as a result of their societal socialisation. Crucially, the primary manifestation of this 'lack' of understanding was in officers' confusion over their precise (police) role when confronted with what they perceived to be domestic 'disputes' as opposed to domestic 'violence', where the latter were more easily recognised as requiring a law-and-order response, but where the former were considered as much less straightforward to deal with. Consequently, in most circumstances, officers tended to rely on their personal experiences and understandings as human beings rather than police officers, to guide their response. A contributory factor to the lack of clarity were the many parallels between the gendered power dynamic to be found in situations of domestic violence and the form and content of banter and behaviour in the workplace. The research is not simply an end in itself in terms of answering a particular set of research questions relating to police responses to domestic violence, but could also act as a vehicle for change.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the directors disqualification provisions (SS.63-67 BCA) and wrongful trading provisions (S.68 BCA) and to provide their comparison in the light of British model regulation. First chapter is introductory and provides a brief introduction into the topic. Second chapter deals with the law & economics aspects of the regulation. More specifically it introduces various stakeholders in company and their interests and incentives. Third chapter focuses on the relationship between the director and the company. Further attention is paid to the managerial contract, the duty to avoid insolvent liquidation, the duty of care and the business judgement rule. Fourth chapter deals with the director's liability towards the company. Fifth chapter relates to the directors disqualification. In this chapter grounds for disqualification are dealt with as well as temporal, personal and territorial reach of the directors disqualification. Further attention is paid to the consequences of disqualification and consequences of a breach of the disqualification order. Sixth chapter looks at Company Directors Disqualification Act and finds similarities and differences in both regulations. Seventh chapter looks at the wrongful trading provisions contained in the BCA. Adequate attention is...

Duty of loyalty of a member of a limited company The thesis focuses on the issue of the duty of loyalty which has been imposed on the members of capital companies by the newly adopted private law legislation as enshrined in the new Civil Code, No. 89 / 2012 Coll., and in the Business Corporations Act, No. 90 / 2012 Coll., as amended and supplemented up to now. The paper compares the newly adopted legal framework which is already in force with the previous legal regulation and describes the most significant changes and differences as brought by the new legislation. Attention was also given to the relevant case law and to the issue of its possible application when connected with the new legal framework. It can be stated that the conclusions derived from the existing case law which has been based on the previous legal framework are applicable also to the newly recodified system. A summary of the overall impacts of the new legal rules shows that the imposition of the duty of loyalty on the members of capital companies in civil law strengthens the principle of legal certainty and eases the determination of those member duties which are not literally imposed by the law or by a memorandum. Albeit the duty of loyalty is a rule of conduct created by the written law, it is general enough to evaluate on its basis...

A demand for requested death in the human society seems to be increasing nowadays. In some countries, there has been such an institue legitimized. However, this demand is not usually accepted by the branches of state power. The main argument against the right for assisted life ending is often appointed as, what is so called, right for life. These are the appointments in international and national documents, which gurantee opportunity of human beeings' lives, as a unique organism. This appointment first appears in Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is then used in every other document dealing with basic human rights. Because of some sort of unclear thoughts, when deeper analysing right for life, it is possible to contest and disagree with an interpretation of above mentioned institute and its place of shield against positive efforts of setting the human's right of a decision, how and when to end the life. The problem seems to lie right in the creation of such an institue - which interpretation have had people, who have been creating original document, on their minds? Another unclear thoughts seem to appear in the effort of setting a subject and the content of the mentioned right. The main point is, if the right-for-lifeholder is a human after or before the birth and if before, when...

Duty to inform the customer arising from providing investment services is one of the most important institutes of consumer protection in the capital market, especially in light of the recent financial crisis. The aim of this thesis is to comprehensively explain and summarize the issue of disclosure duties of securities trader to the customer. Questions that I ask in this context are: 1) whether the current legislation under the Directive on markets in financial instruments (MiFID I), respectively. Act no. 256/2004 Coll. Capital Market Undertakings Act (Capital Market Undertakings Act) is sufficient; and b) what changes will bring a new directive on markets in financial instruments (MiFID II), respectively amendment to Act no. 256/2004 Coll. Capital Market Undertakings Act (amendment Capital Market Undertakings Act )and whether it is a benefit for the capital market or not. In the introduction I introduce the situation on the capital market in Europe, respectively in the Czech Republic, history and present the information duty when providing investment services and content description of each charter. The first chapter is theoretical and I define in it term of general legal term: information duty, providing investment services, bearer of information duty, and the person entitled to the information....

The Duty of Confidentiality in Health Care (Section 99 of Czech Criminal Procedure Code and other provisions) The aim of the thesis is to introduce the issue of medical confidentiality in Czech Republic. Although most stress is put on the connection with criminal law, the work also explains what medical confidentiality is and outlines some disputable points in this field as well as it further on mentions international treaties, statutes and other sources where the duty of confidentiality is incorporated. The thesis then shows medical confidentiality in connection with the matter of medical records and afterwards focuses on the exceptions when duty of confidentiality can legally be broken and finally a chapter is given to describe the questions of lability for breaching the duty of cofidentiality in health care where criminal law consequences and disciplinary consequences are described. All the matters are discussed in the light of the Health Services Act (372/2011 Coll.) which came into force on April 1, 2012.

Legal aspects of customs duty The aim of my diploma thesis is to define the concept of customs duty, describe and analyze the current legal regulation of customs duty in the Czech Republic and European Union, to explain the process of determining the customs debt and to answer the question if customs duties and customs authorities are important today or not. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is divided into three subchapters, which are focused on the characteristics and definition of custom duty, its functions and its types from a theoretical perspective. The second chapter deals with the history of customs duty and presents a brief description of its development in the present Czech Republic. It is divided into two subchapters; the first is dedicated to the development of customs duty until the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the second focuses on its development until the establishment of the independent Czech Republic. The third chapter focuses on the current customs legislation and also mentions some legislation that will become applicable in the future. It is divided into three subchapters. The first subchapter is devoted to the sources of customs law at the international level and also mentions some major international organizations. The second describes legislation...

Resumé Agreement on the Future Agreement according to the arrangement of Commercial Code The thesis deals with the institute of a contract about a future contract in the sense of a commercially legal adjustment. Although the focus is on the analysis of the legal institute according to its currently valid arrangement, the thesis also contains a brief historical excursus about the development of the pacta de contrahendo institute. The reason for it is the fact that a contract about a future contract is a legal institute with a long history which dates in the Roman law, where there cannot be any doubt that the long historical development of the institute of a contract about a future contract contributed to the forming of its current form and concept. From the point of view of the valid legal adjustment of a contract about a future contract implemented by the code of law the thesis deals with single necessities of this legal institute, as to say with the subjects which can conclude a contract about a future contract with essential necessities which condition its valid negotiation. It is also dealt with the consequences of breaking the obligations following from concluding pacta de contrahendo. Collaterally with the analysis of the valid commercially legal adjustment of the pacta de contrahendo institute there...