A novel method is shown for fitting and/or validating electro-thermal models using pulsed I(V) measurements and pulsed I(V) simulations demonstrated using modifications of an available non-linear model for an LDMOS (Laterally Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) device. After extracting the thermal time constant, good agreement is achieved between measured and simulated pulsed I(V) results under a wide range of different pulse conditions including DC, very short (<0.1%) duty cycles, and varied pulse widths between these extremes. A pulsed RF load-pull test bench was also assembled and demonstrated for a VDMOS (Vertically Diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor) and an LDMOS power transistor. The basic technique should also be useful for GaAs and GaN transistors with suitable consideration for the complexity added by trapping mechanisms present in those types of transistors.

<p>The general contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators, in deliberation, leads to a duty of disclosure for negotiators. The extent of this duty of disclosure is influenced by many different factors; amongst others the type of agreement, the negotiators knowledge and opportunity of procuring knowledge. The general duty of disclosure is both a part of the contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators in negotiating a contract, and an indirectly statutory obligation, that, if neglected will lead to nullification of the agreement. The legislator has stated that the general contract law, Lag (1915:218) om avtal och andra rättshandlingar på förmögenhetsrättens område (avtalslagen), should be used to regulate negotiating of contracts, including the negotiation of contracts of employment. In arbetsdomstolens judging, additional factors have been weighed in, and the judgement is done also through the use of a concept taken from employment law, the concept of ”saklig grund för uppsägning”. Arbetsdomstolen appear to prefer using employment law and principles of protection for the employee, even though the legislators opinion was that general contract law should regulate negotiations of contracts of employment. This way, other factors are included in the judging of the duty of disclosure when seeking employment than in the general judging of duty of disclosure. Amongst other the interests of society and the will of protecting the person seeking employment, affects arbetsdomstolens judging of the duty of disclosure in negotiating contracts of employment. The thesis arguments that this interpretation, of the confines between contract law and employment law, is contrary to the statements of the legislator, and also an unfit interpretation of the principle of duty of disclosure, in terms of reaching partition of risks between negotiators of contracts of employment.</p>

<p>Knowledge about the current road slope can improve several applications in a heavy-duty vehicle such as predictive cruise control and automated gearbox control. In this thesis the possibility of estimating the road slope based on signals from a vehicles air suspension system has been studied. More specifically, the measurement consists of a pressure signal measuring the axle load, and a vertical distance sensor.</p><p>A variety of suspension systems can be mounted on a Scania truck. During this thesis, two discrete-time models based on two different rear axle air suspension systems have been proposed. The models use the effect of alternating axle load during a change in the road slope and the estimates are computed using an extended Kalman filter.</p><p>The first model is based on a rear axle suspension known as the 2-bellow system. This type of suspension is strongly affected by the driveshaft torque, which results in a behaviour where the rear end is pushed upwards and thus decreasing the rear axle load during uphill driving. A model was developed in order to compensate for this behaviour. Unfortunately, the estimates showed less promising results and all attempts to determine the error was unsuccessful.</p><p>The latter model is based on the 4-bellow system. This suspension system is not affected by the driveshaft torque and a less complex model could be derived. The experimental results indicated that road slope estimation was possible and with a fairly accurate result. However, more work is needed since the estimate is affected by road surface irregularities and since the algorithm requires knowledge about the vehicles mass and the location of the centre of gravity.</p><p>All the presented results have been estimated based on real data from a test track at Scania Technical Centre in Södertälje.</p>

<p>The purpose of this essay has been to compare different constitutions, and their outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This has been done in the light of the political philosophy, in order to give the answer to four questions. These questions are: Which rights and obligations can be seen in the constitutions, and how can it be interpreted. Can there be signs of any political philosophy in the constitutions?  Are there any differences between the constitutions regarding citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty? If so, what are the differences? Can the rights be seen in a further extent than the obligations in the constitutions?</p><p>I have conducted a qualitative comparision study and analyzed the political philosophers and made a classification scheme of their views. Further I made a comparison between the constitutions of the countries, and their view on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty. This was later inflicted in to the classification scheme, to see if the countries could fit in to the political philosophers views, and also to find out if there would be any differences in values between the countries constitutions.</p><p>To bind together the outlook on citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty between the citizen and the state, I have used a social contract theory, to get better understanding regarding the relationship between the legal system and the citizen.</p><p>My conclusions of this essay is that the political philosophers views of citizenship, rights, obligations and natural duty was sometimes similar, but the differences were clear in the light of the classification scheme. The countries constitutions were also similar, but I found that the constitutions could fit in different places in the classification scheme, giving the result that citizenship and rights, were important in all of the constitutions, but obligations and natural duty was not.</p>

<p>Syfte: Vårt syfte med denna uppsats är att, via egna studier och genom att beakta den aktuella debatten, undersöka om revisionsplikten i små företag är nödvändig. Vi vill ta reda på hur stort intresset är att avskaffa plikten i Sverige och dessutom vill vi se vad avskaffandet har inneburit för andra länder.</p><p>Metod: För att uppnå vårt syfte, har vi genomfört en intensiv studie där vi grundligt har undersökt några få enheter. Datainsamlingen som ligger till grund för vår uppsats är deduktiv, då vi bygger förväntningarna på tidigare empiriska rön och teorier. Vår undersökning är baserad på en redan befintlig debatt och vi vill veta om den accepteras eller förkastas. Således har vi använt en kvalitativ ansats där vi har inhämtat information från fem intervjuer, varav två intervjuer genomfördes med småföretagare</p><p>Resultat & Slutsats: Efter att ha ställt vår empiriska undersökning mot tidigare teorier, har vi kommit fram till att det finns skäl att ifrågasätta revisionsplikten i småföretag. Det är möjligt att på alternativa sätt få vägledning och i slutskedet uppvisa rättvisande och trovärdiga räkenskaper. Nyttan av revisionen berättigar inte alltid kostnaden.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Vår förhoppning är att detta arbete ska bidra till en ökad förståelse för varför revisionsplikten i småföretag är ifrågasatt.</p> / <p>Aim: Our purpose with this essay is to, by own studies and by the current debate, investigate if the duty of auditing among small companies is necessary. We want to find out what interest there is to abolish the duty in Sweden, and we also want to see what has happened in countries that have abolished the duty.</p><p>Method: To fulfil our purpose, we have accomplished an intensive study where we have investigated a few units. The collection of data that our study is built up upon, is deductive since we have based our expectations on earlier empirical observations and theories. Our research is based on an ongoing debate and we want to know if it is accepted or rejected. Therefore we have applied a qualitative approach were we have gathered information from five interviews and two of them were with businessmen in small companies.</p><p>Results & Conclusions: We have looked at our empirical research towards earlier theory and after that found that there is a reason to question the need of auditing in small companies. There are possible to get guidance in alternative ways, and in the end show just and trustworthy accounts. The benefit of auditing doesn’t always justify the cost.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: Our expectations are that this work will contribute to an increased understanding of the questioning of the need for auditing in small companies.</p>

<p>Problemdiskussion: För 25 år sedan infördes revisionsplikt i Sverige för samtliga aktiebolag. Idag diskuteras huruvida den lagen ska avskaffas och vilka bolag som ska kunna avsäga sig revision.</p><p>Syfte: Författarna vill utreda om en avskaffad revisionsplikt kan leda till en ökning av den ekonomiska brottsligheten, därtill hur denna lagförändring kan påverka Skatteverkets arbete att bekämpa den.</p><p>Metod: En kvalitativ studie har genomförts. Där den empiriska datainsamlingen bygger på intervjuer med tre regionchefer på skattverket. Den övriga datainsamlingen har skett via Internet, litteratur och via databaser vid Örebro universitet.</p><p>Slutsats: För att den ekonomiska brottsligheten ska öka som en följd av revisionspliktens avskaffande krävs det att företaget anser att nyttan att frånsäga sig revision är större än den hjälp revisorn bistår med idag. Många bedömer att företag i framtiden kommer att använda sig av frivillig revision eftersom deras intressenter kommer att kräva detta.</p> / <p>Problem discussion: 25 years ago the Swedish government decided to introduce an audit duty for all limited companies in Sweden. Today the discussion are about however this law should be abolished or not and what companies who are able to use this possibility to choose audit.</p><p>Purpose: The authors purpose are to investigate however the abolishing of the audit duty could lead to an increase of the economic crime and if it’s going to influence the national tax board (skatteverket) in there work to control the economic crime.</p><p>Method: The authors have made a qualitative study. They got there empirical information collected from three personal interviews at the national tax board (skatteverket). The remaining information was collected from Internet, literature and computer database at the University of Örebro.</p><p>Conclusion: The economical crime should not be increased by the abolishing of the audit duty unless the companies consider that the benefit from getting away from the audit duty will give them more profits than what the auditor can give theme in form of knowledge and practical advice.</p>

<p>We came across the discussion about the so-called duty to report (14 kap 1 § SoL) and we found some previous research, showing that preschool teachers are hesitant to report, and that they want real evidence that children are being mistreated, even though the duty to report clearly states that they have to report as soon as they <em>suspect</em> that a child is being mistreated. Our purpose became to study what tendencies and conditions preschool teachers and principals, placed in the municipalities of Hässleholm and Kristianstad, have to fulfil their duty to report according to the social services act, when there is a well founded suspicion that a child is being mistreated.  We split the purpose into the following research questions:</p><p> </p><p> </p><ul><li> Do local guidelines about how preschool teachers should act when suspecting that a child is being mistreated exist, and are they being followed? To what degree does the staff has knowledge about these guidelines? </li><li>How do preschool teachers experience the treatment from colleagues, principals and social welfare officers when they´ve done or wanted to do a report? </li><li>How do preschool teachers experience the reactions of a report from custodians?</li></ul><p> </p><p>We did conversational interviews with two principals, one from the municipality of Hässleholm, and one from the municipality of Kristianstad. We also made focusgroup interviews with the staff, three persons each from one of their respective preschools. Our conclusion is that preschool teachers are unwilling to report mistreatment. They prefer to, together with the principal and other professional people in the municipality, attempt to solve the problems within the organization of the school. The teachers do not stand behind the report themselves, instead it´s the principal. Unless the principal, who´s not always around to see the children in first-hand, thinks that a report should be made, a report will not be done.  We also have seen that the view on reports is homogenous for all the staff within the same workgroup. The staff affects each other, thus creating a norm telling them how to act in situations concerning a mistreated child.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>

<h1>Abstract</h1><p>This paper is about how recreational pedagogues need to do their work to be a good support for children who comes from families that have social problems. The paper is based on a life story method with a recreational pedagogue who has worked at a recreational center her whole career. The purpose of the paper is to contribute with knowledge about the experiences of working with socially vulnerable children as a recreational pedagogue. The investigation that took place in the home-environment of the pedagogue was then typed out and rewritten by me to a narrative story where the most relevant pieces have been pointed out. The subject of the investigation is about being a child in a family with a problem of abuse and the significance of working with the children from those families. The story also includes the duty to report and how you as a recreational pedagogue do the appraisal if the child is being treated badly in their home. The result of the interview has then been held up against the literature about the social services work, a scientific rapport in form of a quantitative investigation that shows facts of how the duty of reporting incongruity to social services is being handled in real life, other scientific research of socially vulnerable children and youth and a book made by family therapists and is about the roles of the pedagogues. The conclusions that I could show from the investigation was that there has not been much research done about the recreational centers and socially vulnerable children together. That the most important toll that a pedagogue has got to help these children is our language, our experiences and our commitment. Another conclusion I have made is that we are all individuals. Teachers, parents and pupils, we all have different needs and different basic conditions and therefore we have to have that in mind while we do our work.</p>

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The general contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators, in deliberation, leads to a duty of disclosure for negotiators. The extent of this duty of disclosure is influenced by many different factors; amongst others the type of agreement, the negotiators knowledge and opportunity of procuring knowledge. The general duty of disclosure is both a part of the contract law principle of loyalty between negotiators in negotiating a contract, and an indirectly statutory obligation, that, if neglected will lead to nullification of the agreement. The legislator has stated that the general contract law, Lag (1915:218) om avtal och andra rättshandlingar på förmögenhetsrättens område (avtalslagen), should be used to regulate negotiating of contracts, including the negotiation of contracts of employment. In arbetsdomstolens judging, additional factors have been weighed in, and the judgement is done also through the use of a concept taken from employment law, the concept of ”saklig grund för uppsägning”. Arbetsdomstolen appear to prefer using employment law and principles of protection for the employee, even though the legislators opinion was that general contract law should regulate negotiations of contracts of employment. This way, other factors are included in the judging of the duty of disclosure when seeking employment than in the general judging of duty of disclosure. Amongst other the interests of society and the will of protecting the person seeking employment, affects arbetsdomstolens judging of the duty of disclosure in negotiating contracts of employment. The thesis arguments that this interpretation, of the confines between contract law and employment law, is contrary to the statements of the legislator, and also an unfit interpretation of the principle of duty of disclosure, in terms of reaching partition of risks between negotiators of contracts of employment.