The objective of this study is to develop a membrane-based generic treatment scheme for wastewaters of indigo dyeing process of denim industry, based on water reuse. For this purpose, firstly the performances of microfiltration (MF), coagulation, and ultrafiltration (UF) processes were evaluated as pretreatment alternatives and the best pretreatment alternatives appeared to be single stage 5 &micro / m MF and sequential 5 &micro / m MF followed by 100 kDa UF providing high permeation rate and high color retention. These two pretreatment alternatives were compared based on the performance of nanofiltration (NF) using NF 270 membrane, and the best pretreatment process was evaluated as 5 &micro / m MF that provided 87-92% color and 10% chemical oxygen demand (COD) retention. After the pretreatment tests, three different NF (NF 270, NF 90, Dow Filmtec, USA and NF 99, Alfa Laval, Denmark) and two different reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (HR 98 PP and CA 995 PE, Alfa Laval, Denmark) were tested to produce reusable water. Permeate COD and color performances of the tested NF and RO membranes were similar and satisfactory in meeting the relevant reuse criteria, while permeate conductivity was satisfactory only for HR 98 PP RO membrane and for NF 90 membrane. On the other hand, NF 270 membrane was superior to the other membranes in terms of permeation rate. For NF 270 membrane / cumulative color, COD and conductivity retentions were found to be 93 %, 92 %, and 60 %, respectively. When the developed process chain (5&micro / m MF+ NF 270) was also tested for a dilute indigo dyeing wastewater, it was found out that the developed scheme works similarly and is generic for indigo dyeing wastewaters.

In the present study, the recovery of the indigo dyeing rinsing wastewater originating from a denim textile mill to the degree of reuse quality, which generally requires nanofiltration (NF), was investigated. In order to control flux decline and hence to maintain an efficient NF / coagulation, microfiltration (MF) and sequential MF plus ultrafiltration (UF) pretreatment process alternatives were tested. All pretreatment alternatives were optimized to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color load to NF. Coagulation process was investigated using the coagulants, aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) and ferric chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) by running a series of jar tests. The results showed that coagulation process did not provide an effective and efficient pretreatment due to high dose of coagulant requirement. MF tests run by using 0.45, 2.5 and, 8 &micro / m membranes indicated that MF through 0.45 &micro / m pore-sized membrane is the best process providing 64% color and 29% COD removals, leading to a color value of 2493 Pt-Co and COD of 892 mg /L in the permeate. Application of sequential MF+UF filtration provided a significant benefit over single MF in terms of rejections and also permeate flux. UF applied after MF provided additional 62% color and 4% COD removals leading to 960 Pt-Co color and 856 mg/L COD. NF tests conducted using pretreated wastewater via single MF and sequential MF+UF indicated that single MF is the best pretreatment to NF and this treatment scheme provided 99% color, 97% COD and 80 % conductivity removals and satisfied reuse criteria.

A membrane based treatment scheme was developed for the recovery of the print dyeing wastewaters (PDWs) and the acid dye bath wastewaters (ADBWs) of carpet manufacturing industry. The treatment schemes were developed by selecting the best pre-treatment and treatment processes among the alternatives of chemical precipitation (CP), microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). The best process train for PDW was CP+NF, where organic matter, color, turbidity and total hardness were removed at &gt / 95%. The alternative process train CP+UF also removed color and turbidity almost completely, however organic matter rejection was low, being 25% at highest. The quality of NF permeates were suitable for dyeing of light colors whereas UF permeates were suggested for washing of the printed carpets or dyeing of the dark colors. The best process train for ADBW was MF (1.0 mm)+NF, where organic matter rejection increased from 65% to 97% due to pH neutralization. Alternatively, sequential NF was required up to three stages in order to achieve similarly high rejections at the acidic pH of ADBW. Therefore, pH neutralization was realized to be a very important operational parameter affecting the treatment scheme. Although pH neutralization increased the flux declines by almost 5%, chemical cleaning was very effective to restore the original fluxes. Finally, ADBW was mixed with PDW, which already had a pH around neutral, so that the pH of ADBW would rise towards neutral without chemical consumption. The results suggested that these wastewaters could be treated together as long as they were mixed up to equal volumes at pH around neutral. Therefore, a final treatment scheme, which involved single NF for the mixture of PDW and ADBW, following their individual pre-treatment stages, was proposed as the most efficient process train.

O presente trabalho buscou verificar aspectos relacionados ao (re)aproveitamento e agregação de valor, analisando a viabilidade técnica e de investimento em processos de coloração artificial do “basalto carijó” (riodacito) utilizando efluentes dos processos de tingimento inorgânico vermelho de ágata. Para isto foram inicialmente buscadas e descritas informações acerca das cadeias produtivas da ágata e do basalto e processos de beneficiamento destas, bem como de processos de impregnação industrialmente utilizados. A partir das informações obtidas foi iniciado o ciclo de ensaios e análises, dividido em três fases. Todos os ensaios realizados tiveram como objetivo, além do tingimento da rocha, o desenvolvimento de processos ambientalmente sustentáveis. Na primeira fase, dada a falta de informações sobre processos de impregnação em rochas ou materiais idênticos, foram utilizados processos de simples imersão, sob vácuo e/ou pressão. O primeiro ensaio foi estabelecido aleatoriamente e os subsequentes programados a partir da análise visual dos resultados obtidos nos anteriores. Na segunda fase, considerando a baixa influência verificada pelas cargas de pressão e vácuo utilizadas anteriormente, optou-se pela utilização de aquecimento de 90ºC durante os ensaios – processo baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata – tendo, diferentemente da primeira fase, todos os ensaios seus parâmetros de execução previamente estabelecidos. Nestes, foram obtidos resultados mais ágeis e melhores no que tange a alteração de cor. Após a realização dos processos de tingimento, as amostras foram serradas, para a verificação da possível impregnação do efluente, e, posteriormente, uma das metades de cada amostra levada à queima em forno sob temperatura de 200ºC durante 8 horas – processo também baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata. Na terceira fase, buscando a minimização da possibilidade de volatilização do efluente e da impregnação deste na rocha – não verificada nas amostras serradas na segunda fase de ensaios – foi reduzida para 40ºC a temperatura de aquecimento utilizada durante os processos e aumentados os tempos de exposição das amostras ao pigmentante. Também nesta fase foram utilizados efluentes provenientes de lotes com diferentes concentrações de Fe para a verificação da influência desta nos resultados. Ao final, também foram serradas e queimadas as amostras. Os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram digitalmente registrados para análise quantitativa utilizando padrão H (matiz), S (saturação) e B (brilho). Tecnicamente, após a análise quantitativa, foram verificados melhores resultados nos processos desenvolvidos na fasedois (sob 90ºC) sendo, a partir destes desenvolvida análise de investimento para ambas as indústrias envolvidas – ágata e basalto. Bons resultados foram obtidos na análise de investimento para a indústria de beneficiamento de ágata a partir dos valores de mercado utilizados como parâmetros. Já para a indústria de beneficiamento do basalto o impacto do custo de contratação dos serviços de tingimento junto à indústria da ágata determinou a inviabilidade de investimento no processo. / This study aimed to verify aspects concerning to (re)use and appreciation, analyzing the technical and the investment feasibility in artificial processes to dye "Basalto Carijó" (rhyodacite) using effluent from dyeing processes of inorganic red agate. Initially are described and sought information about supply chains and beneficiation processes of production chains agate and basalt, as well as impregnation processes industrially used. From the information obtained was started the three stages of experimentation and analysis. All trials were designed, to beyond the dyeing of the rocks, to advance in environmentally sustainable processes. In the first stage, given the lack of information about impregnation process on rocks or identical materials, simple immersion processes were used under vacuum and / or pressure. The first trial was randomly established and the subsequent programmes was starting from the visual analysis of the results obtained in the precedents. In the second stage, considering the low influence verified by loads of pressure and vacuum used previously, we opted for the use of heating of 90 ° C during the trials - based process used in for dyeing agate - having, unlike the first phase, all trials was previously established. Better, with respect to color change, and more agile results were obtained in these experiments. After completion of the dyeing process, the samples were sawn, to check the possible impregnation of the effluent, and subsequently one half of each sample was burned oven at a temperature of 200 ° C for 8 hours - process also based in used to dyeing agate. In the third phase, seeking to minimize the possibility of volatilization of the wastewater and soak this in the rock - not observed in samples sawn in the second phase of trials - was reduced to 40 ° C heating temperature used during the procedure and was increased the time of exposure the samples to the colorant. Also at this stage effluents from batches with different concentrations of Fe to verify the influence of the results were used. At the end, were also burnt the halves of the sawn samples. The results obtained in each experiment were digitally recorded for quantitative analysis using H (hue), S (saturation) and B (brightness) standard colours. Technically, after the quantitative analysis, the best results on the processes developed in phase two (under 90) being developed from these investment analysis for both industries involved have been checked. Good results were obtained in the analysis of investment industry for beneficiation agate from the market values used as parameters. As for the processing industry Basalt the impact of the cost of hiring the services of dyeing with the agate industry determined the impracticability of investment in the process.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoseOO_DISSERT.pdf: 1240113 bytes, checksum: dbf41a478040a880c57e2dbf04e10cda (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / The objective of this research is the fabrication of a composite reinforced with dyed sisal fiber and polyester matrix for application in the fields such as, fashion, clothing, interior textiles; fashion accessories are some of the examples. For the fabrication of the composite, the sisal fibers were subjected to processes such as: chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the removal of impurities; bleaching for removing the yellowish color of the natural fiber and dyeing with direct dyes to confer the colors blue, green and orange. The search for new technologies ecologically correct has become a major concern in recent decades. Studies show that composite polymer reinforced by natural fibers is suitable for a large number of applications, and its use is advantageous in terms of economic and ecological. The dyed fibers were cut to a length of 30 mm, is used in the confection of webs. For this purpose, a web preparer by immersion, developed in the Laboratory of Chemical Textile of UFRN. The composite sheets measuring 300 x 300 x3 mm were molded by compression, with unsaturated orthophthalic polyester as matrix, and the samples in sizes 150 x 25 x 3 mm were cut with the aid of a laser machine, to be subjected to traction and flexion. The mechanical properties of traction and flexion in three points were performed in the Laboratory of metal and mechanical tests of Materials Engineering of UFRN. The resulting samples from the tests were evaluated in scanning electron microscope (SEM) at CTGas RN. On the basis of the analysis of the results from the mechanical tests, it was observed that the composite had good mechanical behavior, both in traction as in flexion. Furthermore, it was observed that in the water absorption test, the samples had a different percentage among themselves, this occurred due to the variation of density found in the fibre webs. The images of the SEM showed the failures from the manufacturing process and the adhesion of fibre/matrix. When the samples were prepared with the dyed fibers to be applied in fashion, the results were positive, and it can be concluded that the main objective of this work was achieved / A busca por novas tecnologias ecologicamente corretas tem se tornado uma grande preocupa??o nas ?ltimas d?cadas. Estudos comprovam que comp?sitos polim?ricos refor?ados por fibras naturais s?o adequadas a um grande n?mero de aplica??es e seu uso ? vantajoso em termos econ?micos e ecol?gicos. O objetivo desta pesquisa ? a fabrica??o de um comp?sito refor?ado com fibra de sisal tingida e matriz de poli?ster para aplica??o na moda: vestu?rio, t?xteis lar, acess?rios de moda etc. Para o seu beneficiamento, as fibras de sisal foram submetidas aos diversos processos: tratamento qu?mico com hidr?xido de s?dio (NaOH) na retirada das impurezas; alvejamento para remo??o da cor amarelada natural da fibra e tingimento com corantes diretos para conferir as cores azul, verde e alaranjado. As fibras tingidas foram cortadas com comprimento de 30 mm e utilizadas na confec??o das mantas. Para isso utilizou-se um preparador de manta por imers?o, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Qu?mico T?xtil da UFRN. Os comp?sitos medindo 300 x 300 x 3 mm foram moldados por compress?o, com poli?ster insaturado ortoft?lico como matriz, e as amostras nos tamanhos 150 x25 x3 mm foram cortadas com aux?lio de uma m?quina ? laser, para serem submetidas ? an?lise mec?nica de tra??o e flex?o. As propriedades mec?nicas de tra??o e flex?o em tr?s pontos foram realizadas no Laborat?rio de Metais e Ensaios Mec?nicos de Engenharia de Materiais da UFRN. As amostras resultantes das propriedades mec?nicas foram avaliadas no Microscopio Eletronico de Varredura (MEV) no CTG?s RN. Com base nas an?lises dos resultados dos ensaios mec?nicos, observou-se que os compositos tiveram bom comportamento mec?nico, tanto na tra??o como na flex?o. Tamb?m observou-se que no ensaio de absor??o de ?gua, as amostras tiveram um percentual diferente entre si, isso ocorreu devido ? varia??o da densidade encontrada nas mantas. As imagens do MEV mostraram as falhas provenientes do processo de fabrica??o e a ades?o fibra/matriz. Quando foram preparadas as amostras com as fibras tingidas para serem aplicadas na moda, os resultados foram positivos e pode-se concluir que o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi atingido

O presente trabalho buscou verificar aspectos relacionados ao (re)aproveitamento e agregação de valor, analisando a viabilidade técnica e de investimento em processos de coloração artificial do “basalto carijó” (riodacito) utilizando efluentes dos processos de tingimento inorgânico vermelho de ágata. Para isto foram inicialmente buscadas e descritas informações acerca das cadeias produtivas da ágata e do basalto e processos de beneficiamento destas, bem como de processos de impregnação industrialmente utilizados. A partir das informações obtidas foi iniciado o ciclo de ensaios e análises, dividido em três fases. Todos os ensaios realizados tiveram como objetivo, além do tingimento da rocha, o desenvolvimento de processos ambientalmente sustentáveis. Na primeira fase, dada a falta de informações sobre processos de impregnação em rochas ou materiais idênticos, foram utilizados processos de simples imersão, sob vácuo e/ou pressão. O primeiro ensaio foi estabelecido aleatoriamente e os subsequentes programados a partir da análise visual dos resultados obtidos nos anteriores. Na segunda fase, considerando a baixa influência verificada pelas cargas de pressão e vácuo utilizadas anteriormente, optou-se pela utilização de aquecimento de 90ºC durante os ensaios – processo baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata – tendo, diferentemente da primeira fase, todos os ensaios seus parâmetros de execução previamente estabelecidos. Nestes, foram obtidos resultados mais ágeis e melhores no que tange a alteração de cor. Após a realização dos processos de tingimento, as amostras foram serradas, para a verificação da possível impregnação do efluente, e, posteriormente, uma das metades de cada amostra levada à queima em forno sob temperatura de 200ºC durante 8 horas – processo também baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata. Na terceira fase, buscando a minimização da possibilidade de volatilização do efluente e da impregnação deste na rocha – não verificada nas amostras serradas na segunda fase de ensaios – foi reduzida para 40ºC a temperatura de aquecimento utilizada durante os processos e aumentados os tempos de exposição das amostras ao pigmentante. Também nesta fase foram utilizados efluentes provenientes de lotes com diferentes concentrações de Fe para a verificação da influência desta nos resultados. Ao final, também foram serradas e queimadas as amostras. Os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram digitalmente registrados para análise quantitativa utilizando padrão H (matiz), S (saturação) e B (brilho). Tecnicamente, após a análise quantitativa, foram verificados melhores resultados nos processos desenvolvidos na fasedois (sob 90ºC) sendo, a partir destes desenvolvida análise de investimento para ambas as indústrias envolvidas – ágata e basalto. Bons resultados foram obtidos na análise de investimento para a indústria de beneficiamento de ágata a partir dos valores de mercado utilizados como parâmetros. Já para a indústria de beneficiamento do basalto o impacto do custo de contratação dos serviços de tingimento junto à indústria da ágata determinou a inviabilidade de investimento no processo. / This study aimed to verify aspects concerning to (re)use and appreciation, analyzing the technical and the investment feasibility in artificial processes to dye "Basalto Carijó" (rhyodacite) using effluent from dyeing processes of inorganic red agate. Initially are described and sought information about supply chains and beneficiation processes of production chains agate and basalt, as well as impregnation processes industrially used. From the information obtained was started the three stages of experimentation and analysis. All trials were designed, to beyond the dyeing of the rocks, to advance in environmentally sustainable processes. In the first stage, given the lack of information about impregnation process on rocks or identical materials, simple immersion processes were used under vacuum and / or pressure. The first trial was randomly established and the subsequent programmes was starting from the visual analysis of the results obtained in the precedents. In the second stage, considering the low influence verified by loads of pressure and vacuum used previously, we opted for the use of heating of 90 ° C during the trials - based process used in for dyeing agate - having, unlike the first phase, all trials was previously established. Better, with respect to color change, and more agile results were obtained in these experiments. After completion of the dyeing process, the samples were sawn, to check the possible impregnation of the effluent, and subsequently one half of each sample was burned oven at a temperature of 200 ° C for 8 hours - process also based in used to dyeing agate. In the third phase, seeking to minimize the possibility of volatilization of the wastewater and soak this in the rock - not observed in samples sawn in the second phase of trials - was reduced to 40 ° C heating temperature used during the procedure and was increased the time of exposure the samples to the colorant. Also at this stage effluents from batches with different concentrations of Fe to verify the influence of the results were used. At the end, were also burnt the halves of the sawn samples. The results obtained in each experiment were digitally recorded for quantitative analysis using H (hue), S (saturation) and B (brightness) standard colours. Technically, after the quantitative analysis, the best results on the processes developed in phase two (under 90) being developed from these investment analysis for both industries involved have been checked. Good results were obtained in the analysis of investment industry for beneficiation agate from the market values used as parameters. As for the processing industry Basalt the impact of the cost of hiring the services of dyeing with the agate industry determined the impracticability of investment in the process.

O presente trabalho buscou verificar aspectos relacionados ao (re)aproveitamento e agregação de valor, analisando a viabilidade técnica e de investimento em processos de coloração artificial do “basalto carijó” (riodacito) utilizando efluentes dos processos de tingimento inorgânico vermelho de ágata. Para isto foram inicialmente buscadas e descritas informações acerca das cadeias produtivas da ágata e do basalto e processos de beneficiamento destas, bem como de processos de impregnação industrialmente utilizados. A partir das informações obtidas foi iniciado o ciclo de ensaios e análises, dividido em três fases. Todos os ensaios realizados tiveram como objetivo, além do tingimento da rocha, o desenvolvimento de processos ambientalmente sustentáveis. Na primeira fase, dada a falta de informações sobre processos de impregnação em rochas ou materiais idênticos, foram utilizados processos de simples imersão, sob vácuo e/ou pressão. O primeiro ensaio foi estabelecido aleatoriamente e os subsequentes programados a partir da análise visual dos resultados obtidos nos anteriores. Na segunda fase, considerando a baixa influência verificada pelas cargas de pressão e vácuo utilizadas anteriormente, optou-se pela utilização de aquecimento de 90ºC durante os ensaios – processo baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata – tendo, diferentemente da primeira fase, todos os ensaios seus parâmetros de execução previamente estabelecidos. Nestes, foram obtidos resultados mais ágeis e melhores no que tange a alteração de cor. Após a realização dos processos de tingimento, as amostras foram serradas, para a verificação da possível impregnação do efluente, e, posteriormente, uma das metades de cada amostra levada à queima em forno sob temperatura de 200ºC durante 8 horas – processo também baseado nos utilizados para o tingimento da ágata. Na terceira fase, buscando a minimização da possibilidade de volatilização do efluente e da impregnação deste na rocha – não verificada nas amostras serradas na segunda fase de ensaios – foi reduzida para 40ºC a temperatura de aquecimento utilizada durante os processos e aumentados os tempos de exposição das amostras ao pigmentante. Também nesta fase foram utilizados efluentes provenientes de lotes com diferentes concentrações de Fe para a verificação da influência desta nos resultados. Ao final, também foram serradas e queimadas as amostras. Os resultados obtidos em cada ensaio foram digitalmente registrados para análise quantitativa utilizando padrão H (matiz), S (saturação) e B (brilho). Tecnicamente, após a análise quantitativa, foram verificados melhores resultados nos processos desenvolvidos na fasedois (sob 90ºC) sendo, a partir destes desenvolvida análise de investimento para ambas as indústrias envolvidas – ágata e basalto. Bons resultados foram obtidos na análise de investimento para a indústria de beneficiamento de ágata a partir dos valores de mercado utilizados como parâmetros. Já para a indústria de beneficiamento do basalto o impacto do custo de contratação dos serviços de tingimento junto à indústria da ágata determinou a inviabilidade de investimento no processo. / This study aimed to verify aspects concerning to (re)use and appreciation, analyzing the technical and the investment feasibility in artificial processes to dye "Basalto Carijó" (rhyodacite) using effluent from dyeing processes of inorganic red agate. Initially are described and sought information about supply chains and beneficiation processes of production chains agate and basalt, as well as impregnation processes industrially used. From the information obtained was started the three stages of experimentation and analysis. All trials were designed, to beyond the dyeing of the rocks, to advance in environmentally sustainable processes. In the first stage, given the lack of information about impregnation process on rocks or identical materials, simple immersion processes were used under vacuum and / or pressure. The first trial was randomly established and the subsequent programmes was starting from the visual analysis of the results obtained in the precedents. In the second stage, considering the low influence verified by loads of pressure and vacuum used previously, we opted for the use of heating of 90 ° C during the trials - based process used in for dyeing agate - having, unlike the first phase, all trials was previously established. Better, with respect to color change, and more agile results were obtained in these experiments. After completion of the dyeing process, the samples were sawn, to check the possible impregnation of the effluent, and subsequently one half of each sample was burned oven at a temperature of 200 ° C for 8 hours - process also based in used to dyeing agate. In the third phase, seeking to minimize the possibility of volatilization of the wastewater and soak this in the rock - not observed in samples sawn in the second phase of trials - was reduced to 40 ° C heating temperature used during the procedure and was increased the time of exposure the samples to the colorant. Also at this stage effluents from batches with different concentrations of Fe to verify the influence of the results were used. At the end, were also burnt the halves of the sawn samples. The results obtained in each experiment were digitally recorded for quantitative analysis using H (hue), S (saturation) and B (brightness) standard colours. Technically, after the quantitative analysis, the best results on the processes developed in phase two (under 90) being developed from these investment analysis for both industries involved have been checked. Good results were obtained in the analysis of investment industry for beneficiation agate from the market values used as parameters. As for the processing industry Basalt the impact of the cost of hiring the services of dyeing with the agate industry determined the impracticability of investment in the process.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T13:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carvalho_JoseGeraldode_M.pdf: 906811 bytes, checksum: ac36e65d7b8b81bace165c355c2d5f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O tratamento térmico, que na indústria têxtil é mais conhecido como termofixação, é um processo muito importante para garantir a estabilidade dimensional do tecido de poliéster durante os processos de beneficiamento e no uso. Mas o processo de termofixação modifica algumas propriedades do tecido e entre elas podemos destacar: Hidrofilidade, comportamento tintorial, alongamento e ruptura. Essas propriedades são influenciadas pelas variáveis tempo e temperatura de termofixação. Nesse sentido o presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as alterações proporcionadas pela termofixação nas propriedades físico-químicas do tecido de poliéster. O poliéster é um material que apresenta superfície quimicamente inerte, não porosa e com baixa energia de superfície (43 mN/m). O tratamento com descarga corona vem propor aumentar a energia de superfície, melhorar a hidrofilidade, o comportamento tintorial e a adesão do tecido termofixado e sem termofixar. Submeteram-se amostras de tecido plano de poliéster á termofixação em diversas combinações de tempo e temperatura dentro dos intervalos de 120 a 220°C e de 30 a 120 segundos. Após a termofixação mediu-se o encolhimento das amostras e submeteram-se as mesmas a testes de alongamento e ruptura. Trataram-se amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar com descarga corona, e em seguida, submeteu-se as mesmas a testes de hidrofilidade, tingimento, estampagem, alongamento e ruptura. Observou-se que a termofixação promove encolhimento, aumento do alongamento, diminuição da hidrofilidade e da absorção de corante em tingimento de tecido de poliéster. O tratamento corona aumenta a hidrofilidade, a absorção de corante, a ancoragem de pigmentos em amostras de tecido de poliéster termofixadas e sem termofixar / Abstract: The thermal treatment, which in the textile industry is known as heat setting, is very important to ensure the dimensional stability of polyester fabric during the process of improving and use. But the process of heat setting changes some properties of the fabric and among them we can highlight: Hidrophilicity, dyeability, elongation and strength. These properties are influenced by variables dwell time and heat setting temperature. In that sense this work has as objective to analyze the changes caused by heat in the physico-chemical properties of polyester fabric. Polyester is a material that presents the surface chemically inert, non-porous and low surface energy (43 mN / m). The treatment with corona discharge is proposing to increase the surface energy, improve the hidrophilicity, dyeability and adhesion of the polyester fabric with and without heat setting. Samples of polyester plan fabric underwent to heat setting on various combinations of time and temperature within the interval between 120 to 220 ° C, from 30 to 120 seconds. After the heat setting was measured the shrinkage of the samples and underwent the samples by tests of elongation and rupture. Samples of polyester fabric with and without heat setting were treated with corona discharge and in sequence the samples were tested by hidrophilicity, dyeing and printing. The heat setting promotes shrinkage and increase the elongation of polyester fabric. It was observed that the heat setting promotes shrinkage, increase of elongation, reduction of hydrophilicity and reduction of uptake of dye in the dyeing of polyester fabric. The corona treatment increase the hydrophilicity, the absorption of dye in pad-thermofix process and the pigment anchoring in polyester fabric samples with and without heat setting / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Because of a demonstrable need, there should be a course for the study of Appalachian art in the high school curriculum. This study is a proposal for the study of traditional Appalachian art and its importance to the promotion and preservation of the arts and crafts in the Appalachian region. This course consists of background information on selected traditional Appalachian art, contact and interaction with local artists and craftspeople, and student hands-on experience in the art forms considered. Detailed unit and lesson plans are included in the following areas: Spinning and Weaving, Dyeing, Basketry, Quilting, Pottery, Woodcarving, Blacksmithing, Vernacular Architecture, and Handmade Instruments of Country Music. This course has been taught by the writer at Science Hill High School in Johnson City, Tennessee, and was enthusiastically received by both students and members of the community.

Consumer demands have led to the development of new, more stable textile dyes. These dyes, many of the azo type, are often incompletely degraded/removed in wastewater treatment plants, leading to the discharge of highly colored effluents to rivers and streams. Concerns by downstream users of that water have led to enactment of effluent color and toxicity standards for plants that treat textile dye wastewater. Both anaerobic and aerobic biological degradation of azo dyes have been reported in the literature; the rate and extent of degradation is often quite dye-specific. This research utilized laboratory-scale reactors to investigate the effectiveness of those treatments, both singly and in combination, on two azo dye wastewaters: a textile dyeing and finishing process water and a municipal wastewater consisting predominately of textile dyeing and finishing mill effluents. / Master of Science