Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The purpose of the master's thesis is to describe and critically evaluate the learning aids, nowadays used to assist primary school children with specific learning disabilities (dyslexia, dysgraphia and dysorthographia) and eventually propose its possible improvements. The results of the research part are based on theoretical methodology and literature. In addition, some of the selected learning aids were tested on a small sample of pupils. To fulfill such goals, it was crucial to get oriented on the field of current tool portfolio for the pupils with given specific learning disabilities through relevant institutions, questionnaires and analysis of the tool market situation. The review and evaluation of the learning aids was finally done based on the outcome of the thesis research part.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d'explorer le rôle de l'attention visuelle dans les traitements visuels précoces en lecture. Il repose sur le cadre théorique du modèle mémoire multitrace de lecture (MTM) et de l'hypothèse du trouble de l'empan visuo-attentionel (VA) dans la dyslexie développementale. La capacité d'attention visuelle est opérationnalisée par l'empan VA, défini comme le nombre maximal d'éléments visuels qui peuvent être traités en parallèle. L'empan VA contribue significativement aux performances en lecture et est réduit chez une partie de la population dyslexique. Une série de trois études a exploré les relations entre l'attention visuelle, l'empan VA et la lecture chez le normo-lecteur. Dans une première étude, nous avons testé si le traitement des lettres dans les tâches de report de l'empan VA était parallèle ou sériel. Dans une deuxième étude, nous avons cherché à spécifier le rôle de l'attention visuelle dans l'empan VA et la lecture. Enfin, dans une troisième étude, nous voulions mettre en évidence à l'aide de l'IRMf l'implication des réseaux neuronaux de l'attention visuelle dans les traitements pré-orthographiques. Ces trois études suggèrent que l'attention visuelle est une composante importante des traitements pré-orthographiques de séquences de lettres. L'objectif de la deuxième série d'études était de montrer qu'un déficit de l'attention visuelle est l'explication la plus plausible du déficit de l'empan VA. Dans une quatrième étude, nous avons confronté les prédictions d'une explication phonologique ou visuelle du déficit de l'empan VA pour une tâche de catégorisation de séquences de caractères. Enfin, une dernière étude a évalué les corrélats neuronaux associés au traitement visuel de séquences de caractères chez des adultes dyslexiques avec trouble de l'empan VA. Ces deux dernières études suggèrent que le trouble sous-jacent au déficit de l'empan VA est bien une réduction de la capacité d'attention visuelle et non pas un déficit des capacités de recodage verbal. / This doctoral thesis aims to investigate the role of visual attention in the visual front-end of reading. It is grounded in the theoretical framework of the multi trace memory model (MTM) of reading and of the visual attention (VA) span deficit hypothesis of developmental dyslexia. Visual attention capacity in the MTM model is operationalized by the VA span, defined as the maximum number of individual visual elements that can be processed in parallel. VA span contributes significantly to reading performance in normal reading children and is selectively impaired in a subset of the dyslexic population. Three studies investigated the role of visual attention in VA span and visual word recognition in normal reading. A first study tested whether letter processing in the VA span whole report task was parallel or serial. A second study specified the role of visual attention in VA span and reading speed. Finally, a third study used fMRI to investigate whether pre-orthographic processing involves neural networks of visual attention. These three studies argue for visual attention as an important component of pre-orthographic processing. A second series of studies aimed to show that an impairment of visual attention best accounts for the VA span deficit. In a fourth study, predictions of phonological and visual accounts of the VA span deficit were tested using a multiple character categorization task. Finally, a fifth study explored the neural correlates of multiple character processing in VA span impaired adults. These last two studies argue for reduced visual attention capacity and not poor verbal recoding abilities as the underlying cause for the VA span deficit.

Mémoire d'orthophonie : Médecine : Nancy 1 : 2009. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La dyslexie est le plus fréquent des troubles neurodéveloppementaux de l’enfant. A ce jour, 9 loci de susceptibilité ont été identifiés parmi lesquels DYX 9 en Xq27. Nous avons réalisé la première étude de liaison française suivie de l’analyse de gènes candidats sur l’ensemble du génome de 58 sujets issus de 12 familles multiplex pour la dyslexie, en utilisant un phénotype catégoriel. Des résultats significatifs sont apparus pour la région Xq27.3, au sein de DYX9. Le Lod score multipoint maximal obtenu était 3.884 entre rs12558359 et rs454992. Dans cette région, les séquences codantes de 7 gènes candidats ayant un rôle dans le développement cérébral (CXORF1, CXORF51, SLITRK2, FMR1, FMR2, ASFMR1, FMR1NB), ont été étudiées à la recherche de mutations. Nous avons également étudié les séquences 5’ non codantes des gènes FMR1 et FMR2. Aucune mutation n’a été retrouvée. Ces résultats de liaison de la région Xq27.3, au locus XFRA, dans une population française confirment la région DYX9 comme région d’intérêt dans la dyslexie de développement. / Dyslexia is a frequent neurodevelopmental learning disorder. To date, 9 susceptibility loci have been determined among which DYX9 located in Xq27. We performed the first French SNP linkage study followed by candidate gene investigation in dyslexia by studying 12 multiplex families (58 subjects) with at least two children affected, according to categorical restrictive criteria for phenotype definition. Significant results emerged on Xq27.3 within DYX9. The maximum multipoint LOD score reached 3,884 between rs12558359 and rs454992. Within this region, 7 candidate genes were investigated for mutations in exonic sequences (CXORF1, CXORF51, SLITRK2, FMR1, FMR2, ASFMR1, FMR1NB), all having a role during brain development. We further looked for 5’UTR trinucleotide repeats in FMR1 and FMR2 genes. No mutation or polymorphism co-segregating with dyslexia was found. This finding in French families with Dyslexia showed significant linkage on Xq27.3 enclosing FRAXA, and consequently confirmed the DYX9 region as a robust susceptibility locus. We reduced the previously described interval from 6.8 Mb (DXS1227- DXS8091) to 4Mb also disclosing a higher Lod score.

No description available.

The dissertation pursue learning malfunctions problematics and prevention by the elementary school students. I decided for this topic based on the experience with my bachelor thesis. Bachelor thesis was focused on learning malfunctions in general. The main goal is to provide the reader enough informations about this problem and offer practical solutions for prevention and correction. In the first part I described all the malfunctions theoretically, their diagnostics, reeducation and prevention. The further chapters are about the approach to education, family and school cooperation and advisory system. The second part comes from practical research. I introduced the special utility to prevent and minimalize the malfunctions. This utility was applied in practice based on the qualitative research by the standart observation method. The reader can find in the end of dissertation the final results of my research.

The thesis is divided into two parts - the theoretical and practical. The theoretical part describes the basic characteristics, symptoms and causes of specific learning disabilities {--} dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia and dysorthography. Deal with their diagnosis, remedy and methods how to work with children with SLD, what special tools to use what are the possibilities of integration. I have the current state of the three children with SLD and I consider the options for remedy in the practical part. The aim is to determine by questionnaire survey the tools used with working with children who have developmental learning difficulties.

ANNOTATION Our thesis is focused on the problems of pupils` learning disorders at primary school. Our thesis is divided into three parts. In the theoretic one we outline problems of learning disorders, especially dysgraphia and dysorthographia. We focus especially on diagnostics and opportunities for remedy and compensation of these learning disorders. The second part analyses the number of pupils with learning disorders at primary school and determinates the level of teacher awareness of these problems of pupils` learning disorders. The third part of out thesis is the practical one. There was made the list of suggestions of work with pupils with learning disorders and we find suitable publications focused on the remedy of learning disorders. The aim of our thesis is to analyse the number of pupils with learning disorders at primary school and to find the extent of teachers` awareness of these problems. The thesis is documented with number of charts and graphs including supplementory material.