A monitorização terapêutica tem sido descrita como valioso recurso clínico, na individualização do regime de dosagem, de acordo com a concentração do fármaco e/ou de seus produtos de biotransformação, em amostras de plasma ou soro, coletadas com base no contexto clínico e nos princípios da farmacocinética. Em razão da complexidade dos fluidos biológicos e da baixa concentração dos fármacos nestas matrizes, a etapa de preparo de amostra, extração, pré-concentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes, têm sido requerida para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos com alta sensibilidade e seletividade analítica. A extração sortiva em barra de agitação (SBSE), recente técnica de preparo de amostra, baseia-se no equilíbrio de sorção do analito entre as fases: extratora (polidimetilsiloxano) e amostra aquosa. A fase extratora PDMS é a única disponível no mercado, o que tem limitado a sensibilidade e a seletividade analítica da técnica SBSE. O uso de polipirrol (PPY) como fase extratora está relacionado às diferentes interações de seus grupos funcionais (hidrofóbica, -, com o grupo funcional polar, troca iônica, ácido-básica, dipolo-dipolo e dipolo induzido-dipolo.) com os analitos. Neste trabalho, uma nova fase extratora SBSE, com o revestimento misto PDMS/PPY foi avaliada para análises de antidepressivos em amostras de plasma, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A otimização das variáveis SBSE: tempo e temperatura de extração, tempo de dessorção e pH da matriz biológica, baseada no equilíbrio de sorção dos analitos entre as fases: polimérica (PDMS/PPY) e fluido biológico, permitiu a determinação dos analitos em concentrações plasmáticas que contemplam o intervalo terapêutico. A presença de estrutura porosa (PPY) e não porosa (PDMS) na superfície polimérica da barra extratora SBSE-PDMS/PPY foi confirmada através de análises por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). De acordo, com os resultados obtidos nas análises de MEV e nas análises (individuais e simultâneas) de amostras de plasma enriquecidas com os analitos, os mecanismos de retenção dos fármacos junto à superfície PDMS/PPY ocorreram através dos processos de adsorção (PPY) e absorção (PDMS). A validação analítica foi realizada segundo as normas da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O método padronizado apresentou linearidade no intervalo de concentração plasmática que variou dos limites de quantificação a 500 ng mL-1, coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,994, precisão inter ensaios com coeficientes de variação menores que 15% e exatidão de 96% a 106%. Os valores de limites de quantificação obtidos são congruentes com a menor concentração plasmática do intervalo terapêutico preconizado. O método SBSE-PDMS/PPY padronizado e validado foi utilizado para determinações dos antidepressivos, sertralina, duloxetina e fluoxetina em amostras de plasma de pacientes, em terapia com estes fármacos. Desta forma, o método SBSE-PDMS/PPY poderá ser empregado para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / Therapeutic drug monitoring has been described a valuable clinical resource for the customization of the dosage regimen, in accordance with the drug concentration and/or its biotransformation products, in of plasma or serum samples, collected on the basis of clinical context and pharmacokinetics principles. Due the complexity of biological fluids and the low concentration of the drug in these matrices, an stage of sample preparation, extraction, pre-concentration of the analytes and elimination of the interferents has been required for the development of chromatographic methods with high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a recent sample preparation technique, is based on the sorption equilibrium of the analytes between the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and aqueous phases. PDMS is the only commercially available extraction phase (SBSE), which has limited the analytical sensitivity and the selectivity of the SBSE technique. The use of polypyrrole (PPY) as extraction phase is related to the different interactions of its functional groups (- interactions, polar groups interactions, acid-base, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced-dipole) and the analytes. In this work, a new SBSE extraction phase, with a PDMS/PPY coating was evaluated for the analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The optimization of the SBSE variables extraction time and temperature, dessorption time and pH of the biological matrix based on the sorption equilibrium of the analytes between the polymeric (PDMS/PPY) and biological fluid phases, allowed determination of the analytes in plasmatic concentrations that correspond to the therapeutic interval. The presence of a porous structure (PPY) as well as no none, porous (PDMS), on the polymeric surface of SBSE-PDMS/PPY was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. In agreement with the results obtained by SEM analyses and individual and simultaneous analyses of the plasma samples spiked with the analytes, the mechanisms of drugs retention on the surface of PDMS/PPY occur through adsorption (PPY) and absorption (PDMS). Analytical validation was carried through according to the norms of the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance. The standardized method presented linearity in the plasmatic interval concentrations that varied from the limits of quantification to 500 ng mL-1, the determination coefficients were higher than 0.994, inter precision assays with coefficients of variation lower than 15%, and accuracy from 96% to 106%. The quantification value limits were in agreement with the lowest plasmatic concentration of the established therapeutical interval. The standardized and validated SBSE-PDMS/PPY method was used for determination of sertraline, duloxetine and fluoxetine in plasma patient samples under therapy with these drugs. Thus, the SBSE-PDMS/PPY method could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Les violences corporelles émaillent le quotidien des agents de sécurité en établissements de nuit. Leurs rôles de "videur" et de "portier" visent à prévenir, traquer et gérer les conflits ; ils se structurent autour de la perspective de la brutalité physique et du risque de survenues de blessures graves. Les violences en établissements de nuit constituent une problématique mondiale invariablement criminologique, quasi absente de la recherche française. Le terrain de cette recherche originale est l’observation et l’analyse du conflit, du face-à-face au corps à corps, hors du lynchage et des violences intimes. L’immersion, par ethnographie énactive, est adaptée à l’étude de situations légalement risquées et propices à la mythification. De manière complémentaire, la sociologie d’E. Goffman fournit un point de départ intéressant pour analyser le maintien, la rupture, et le rétablissement des cadres, oscillant entre la situation et les éléments situés. L’étude démontre que le conflit face-à-face suit un processus échelonné, du heurt à la rixe, en passant par la bagarre, répondant du rituel d’interaction. Cet élément de désordre, dans la confusion parfois apparente, profondément enraciné dans la culture de la violence, qu’il structure en retour, reste ordonné en lui-même. Il est un élément organisateur de l’ordre social. L’appréhender restitue la notion de brutalité physique et questionne le seuil de définition de la violence. Cela nécessite d’interroger le sentiment d’agression et le passage à l’action, dans une dynamique situationniste et processuelle, où les déplacements, gestes et mouvements en eux-mêmes, sont des éléments clefs / Nightclub security officer’s daily job is punctuated by physical violence. Their roles as bouncer and doorman aim to prevent, track down and manage conflicts. Their professional activity is structured around the perspective of physical brutality and the risk of the occurrence of tragic events. The field work of this original research consists of the observation and analyze of conflicts: the face to face and hand to hand, excluding intimate violence and lynching. Violence in night spots constitue a worldwide criminological problem. However, it remains absent from French researches. Bodily immersion and observations by enactment ethnography are appropriate ways to study legally risky and mythologizing situations. E. Goffman’s sociology is an interesting starting point to analyze the conservation and the rupture of frames, swinging between the situation and the situated social performances. The study shows that the face to face conflict follows a graduated process: from clash to brawl, threw fight, being an interaction ritual. This disorder element, that sometimes seems confused, has its origins anchored in the violence culture which it structures in return. Conflict stays organized and is an organization element of the social order. Having an understanding of it brings back to the notion of physical brutality and questions the threshold of thedefinition of “violence”, the feeling of aggression and the “acting out” in a situationist and processual research dynamic in which moves, gestures and movement themselves become key elements.

No description available.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2009

A monitorização terapêutica tem sido descrita como valioso recurso clínico, na individualização do regime de dosagem, de acordo com a concentração do fármaco e/ou de seus produtos de biotransformação, em amostras de plasma ou soro, coletadas com base no contexto clínico e nos princípios da farmacocinética. Em razão da complexidade dos fluidos biológicos e da baixa concentração dos fármacos nestas matrizes, a etapa de preparo de amostra, extração, pré-concentração dos analitos e eliminação dos interferentes, têm sido requerida para o desenvolvimento de métodos cromatográficos com alta sensibilidade e seletividade analítica. A extração sortiva em barra de agitação (SBSE), recente técnica de preparo de amostra, baseia-se no equilíbrio de sorção do analito entre as fases: extratora (polidimetilsiloxano) e amostra aquosa. A fase extratora PDMS é a única disponível no mercado, o que tem limitado a sensibilidade e a seletividade analítica da técnica SBSE. O uso de polipirrol (PPY) como fase extratora está relacionado às diferentes interações de seus grupos funcionais (hidrofóbica, -, com o grupo funcional polar, troca iônica, ácido-básica, dipolo-dipolo e dipolo induzido-dipolo.) com os analitos. Neste trabalho, uma nova fase extratora SBSE, com o revestimento misto PDMS/PPY foi avaliada para análises de antidepressivos em amostras de plasma, por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A otimização das variáveis SBSE: tempo e temperatura de extração, tempo de dessorção e pH da matriz biológica, baseada no equilíbrio de sorção dos analitos entre as fases: polimérica (PDMS/PPY) e fluido biológico, permitiu a determinação dos analitos em concentrações plasmáticas que contemplam o intervalo terapêutico. A presença de estrutura porosa (PPY) e não porosa (PDMS) na superfície polimérica da barra extratora SBSE-PDMS/PPY foi confirmada através de análises por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). De acordo, com os resultados obtidos nas análises de MEV e nas análises (individuais e simultâneas) de amostras de plasma enriquecidas com os analitos, os mecanismos de retenção dos fármacos junto à superfície PDMS/PPY ocorreram através dos processos de adsorção (PPY) e absorção (PDMS). A validação analítica foi realizada segundo as normas da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. O método padronizado apresentou linearidade no intervalo de concentração plasmática que variou dos limites de quantificação a 500 ng mL-1, coeficientes de determinação maiores que 0,994, precisão inter ensaios com coeficientes de variação menores que 15% e exatidão de 96% a 106%. Os valores de limites de quantificação obtidos são congruentes com a menor concentração plasmática do intervalo terapêutico preconizado. O método SBSE-PDMS/PPY padronizado e validado foi utilizado para determinações dos antidepressivos, sertralina, duloxetina e fluoxetina em amostras de plasma de pacientes, em terapia com estes fármacos. Desta forma, o método SBSE-PDMS/PPY poderá ser empregado para fins de monitorização terapêutica. / Therapeutic drug monitoring has been described a valuable clinical resource for the customization of the dosage regimen, in accordance with the drug concentration and/or its biotransformation products, in of plasma or serum samples, collected on the basis of clinical context and pharmacokinetics principles. Due the complexity of biological fluids and the low concentration of the drug in these matrices, an stage of sample preparation, extraction, pre-concentration of the analytes and elimination of the interferents has been required for the development of chromatographic methods with high sensitivity and analytical selectivity. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), a recent sample preparation technique, is based on the sorption equilibrium of the analytes between the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and aqueous phases. PDMS is the only commercially available extraction phase (SBSE), which has limited the analytical sensitivity and the selectivity of the SBSE technique. The use of polypyrrole (PPY) as extraction phase is related to the different interactions of its functional groups (- interactions, polar groups interactions, acid-base, dipole-dipole, dipole-induced-dipole) and the analytes. In this work, a new SBSE extraction phase, with a PDMS/PPY coating was evaluated for the analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. The optimization of the SBSE variables extraction time and temperature, dessorption time and pH of the biological matrix based on the sorption equilibrium of the analytes between the polymeric (PDMS/PPY) and biological fluid phases, allowed determination of the analytes in plasmatic concentrations that correspond to the therapeutic interval. The presence of a porous structure (PPY) as well as no none, porous (PDMS), on the polymeric surface of SBSE-PDMS/PPY was confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. In agreement with the results obtained by SEM analyses and individual and simultaneous analyses of the plasma samples spiked with the analytes, the mechanisms of drugs retention on the surface of PDMS/PPY occur through adsorption (PPY) and absorption (PDMS). Analytical validation was carried through according to the norms of the National Agency of Sanitary Vigilance. The standardized method presented linearity in the plasmatic interval concentrations that varied from the limits of quantification to 500 ng mL-1, the determination coefficients were higher than 0.994, inter precision assays with coefficients of variation lower than 15%, and accuracy from 96% to 106%. The quantification value limits were in agreement with the lowest plasmatic concentration of the established therapeutical interval. The standardized and validated SBSE-PDMS/PPY method was used for determination of sertraline, duloxetine and fluoxetine in plasma patient samples under therapy with these drugs. Thus, the SBSE-PDMS/PPY method could be used for therapeutic drug monitoring.

Desde a inauguração do Bar Valentino, em 1979, foi construída uma relação muito íntima entre seu espaço e o desenvolvimento das manifestações artísticas na cidade de Londrina, localizada ao norte do estado do Paraná. Pelas referências artísticas que adquiriu ao longo do tempo e por sua localização central, o Bar Valentino tornou-se um dos principais pontos de encontro de Londrina, aglutinando grupos de jovens provenientes de diversas áreas da cidade, configurando-se como um espaço de confluência entre seus circuitos. Em 2006, devido à venda do terreno onde o espaço permaneceu por 27 anos, o Bar Valentino abandonou o centro da cidade, transferindo-se para um bairro relativamente nobre, de forma que tais circuitos foram reconfigurados. Dada esta situação, esta pesquisa teve por objetivo identificar e interpretar tanto os antigos como os atuais circuitos dos freqüentadores deste espaço, relacionando-os à atual fase de crescimento e expansão da cidade de Londrina, tanto no plano físicoespacial quanto no da sociabilidade. / Since the opening of the Bar Valentino, in 1979, has built a cozy relationship between its space and the development of artistic events in the city of Londrina, located on the north of the state of Paraná, Brazil. For the artistic references that acquired over time and by its central location, the Bar Valentino has become a main point of meeting of Londrina, joined groups of young people from different areas of the city, setting itself as an area of confluence between its circuits. In 2006, due to the sale of the land where the space remained for 27 years, the Bar Valentino abandoned the city center, moving to a neighborhood relatively noble, so that such circuits were reconfigured. Given this situation, this study aimed to identify and interpret both old and current circuits of visitors on this area, linking them to the current phase of growth and expansion of the city of Londrina, both physical and space scope as the sociability.

The diploma thesis deals with the business plan for establishing a beer bar with Belgian specials in Olomouc. The first part describes the theoretical basis of the work. It is focused on the description of the business idea, methods used for analytical research of the business surroundings, and the structure of the business plan itself. The second part deals with analytical methods mentioned. Based on these methods, appropriate and most suitable strategy is implemented. The third part of the thesis contains a comprehensive elaboration of the business plan, which follows the choice of strategies for this business.

This diploma thesis deals with the measurement of the anti-roll bar characteristics. The target of this thesis is to design a device for measuring of torsional stiffness of the automobile stabilizer bars, design a measuring sequence for detection values subsequently used to calculate the stiffness, and calculate the total measuring error. The measuring device is designed for the needs of the Institute of Automotive Engineering of FME BUT.

Thematically this paper falls into the topic of second part of book being written by doc. Jurková Prague soundscapes, which looks into modes of remembering. This paper deals with one of these modes, which is music as medium of remembering. It is a case study, that inquires reminiscing of in-group of people, that formed around the year 2003 in music bar Woodstock in Prague. The central link for this group, or using the term of Thomas Turino, cultural cohort, was western popular music of the 1960s and bar, wher the group regularly met. The paper examines two levels that interconnect these memories and inquires what role does the music play in memories of the members now, when the bar has come through series of changes. The first one is remembering on indivudual level, remembering the times of discovering the 60s music, and second is the period of the "golden age" of the bar in it's beginning. There is an important distinction between two ways in which it is possible to look back though music - revival, which is by nature activist and nostalgia, which is passive. Theoretically, apart from classic Merriam's three part model, is this worke based on the concept of collective memory of Maurice Halbwachs. However, it diverts from radical Halbwachsian anti-individualism and with regard to more contemporary...

Blockmodellen är en problemlösningsstrategi där block ritas upp för att visualisera information i problemlösningsuppgiften. Modellen har sitt ursprung i Singapore där den används flitigt. Idag används Blockmodellen även i många svenska klassrum trots att det knappt finns någon svensk forskning inom området. Syftet med denna studie är att ge en bild av hur undervisning med Blockmodellen kan se ut i svenska klassrum och hur elever i årskurs 4–6 använder modellen utifrån den undervisning som erbjuds. För att besvara syftet används observation som metod där lärare blir observerade i deras undervisning där de vägleder elever i att lösa problemlösningsuppgifter med hjälp av Blockmodellen. Det samlas även in elevlösningar som har gjorts under lektionerna. Materialet har analyserats utifrån en tematisk analys där olika teman har identifierats och sammanställts.  Resultatet visar att lärare bland annat vägleder elever på olika sätt genom problemlösningsuppgifter där de ska använda Blockmodellen som verktyg. Det sker genom lektionsupplägg, stödstrukturer och exempellösningar. Resultatet visar även att elever ställs inför vissa utmaningar när de använder Blockmodellen, vilket kan vara placering av information i blocken, exempellösningar, placering av frågetecknet och blockens storlek. En slutsats är att lärarens vägledning kan både stötta och hindra eleverna i användandet av Blockmodellen och en annan är att eleverna kan se modellen som en inlärd regel där de enbart ritar block utifrån en mall. / The Bar model is a problem-solving strategy where blocks are drawn to visualize information in the problem-solving task. The model originated in Singapore where it is widely used. Today, the Bar model is also used in many Swedish classrooms, even though there is hardly any Swedish research in the area. The purpose of this study is to give a picture of how teaching with the Bar model can look like in Swedish classrooms and how students in grades 4–6 use the model based on the teaching offered. To answer the purpose, observation is used as a method where teachers are observed in their teaching where they guide students in solving tasks using the Bar model. Student solutions that have been made during the lessons are also collected. The material has been analyzed based on a thematic analysis where themes have been identified and compiled. The result shows that teachers guide students in different ways through problem-solving tasks where they must use the Bar model as a tool. It is through lesson plans, scaffolding and example solutions. The result also shows that students are faced with certain challenges when using the Bar model, for example, placement of information in the blocks, example solutions, placement of the question mark and the size of the blocks. One conclusion is that the teacher's guidance can either support or hinder the students in using the Bar model. A second conclusion is that the students can see the model as a learned rule where they only draw blocks based on a template.