Sedan år 1907 har det i Sverige varit möjligt att upplåta en fastighet med tomträtt. Tomträtten är en nyttjanderätt som innebär att tomträttshavaren har rätt att nyttja en fastighet mot av årlig avgäld. Endast det allmänna får upplåta tomträtt vilket oftast är kommun men även stat får upplåta tomträtt. Villkoren är liknande äganderätten och avsikten med införandet var för att ge privatpersoner möjligheten att få tillgång till mark för bostadsändamål utan att staten eller kommunen förlorade äganderätten till marken.Frågan som ställts i detta arbetet är om tomträtten har en framtid och då speciellt i Huddinge kommun. Huddinge kommun är en kommun med ett fåtal tomträtter i dagsläget och frågan är om de ska antingen behålla, sälja av eller utveckla sitt arbete med fler tomträtter.Eftersom det är en äldre lagstiftning har det framkommit i arbetet att flera av de kommuner som arbetar med tomträtt anser det vara gammalmodig och stel lagstiftning. Det stora problemet med tomträtten är att avgälden inte kan omförhandlas innan avgäldsperioden är över och att den inte får följa en indexuppräkning. Det har lett till stora höjningar för den nya avgäldsperioden, vilket media varit snabba med att kritisera. Höjningen kommer ifrån att markvärdet ofta har stigit kraftigt. Dock har kritiken främst berört tomträtt för bostadsändamål.I arbetet har det framkommit att tomträtter för bostadsändamål har troligtvis inte en framtid i Huddinge kommun eller i andra liknande kommuner om inte fullt marknadsvärde tas ut. Problemen som kan uppstå vid omförhandlingar av tomträttsavgälden gör att de intäkter som tomträtter ger inte täcker de kostnader som kan uppstå. Avgälden för ändamålet rabatterats av de flesta kommuner och likaså friköpspriset. Bland annat därför gör att tomträtten för bostadsändamål bör Huddinge kommun vara försiktiga med att upplåta tomträtter för bostadsändamål. Tomträtter för annat ändamål än bostad har en framtid i Huddinge kommun men även i andra kommuner. Fördelarna är många med tomträtt där bland annat markägandet behålls. Är avgälden marknadsanpassad tillkommer stabil inkomst över avgäldsperioden. Speciellt i kommuner med en markvärdesutveckling som Huddinge kommun har haft är det med stor fördel att markägandet behålls. Tomträtten innebär för kommunen en ökad administrativt arbete vid omförhandlingar av avgälden och vid upplåtelse jämfört med arrende och markförsäljning. Däremot ger markförsäljning ingen återkommande inkomst och förlorad äganderätt till marken. / Since 1907, it has been possible in Sweden to lease a property with leasehold rights. The site leasehold right is a right of use that means that the site leaseholder has the right to use a property against of annual ground rent. Only the public may grant leasehold rights, which is usually the municipality but also state may grant a site leasehold. The conditions are similar to the right of ownership and the intention of the introduction was to give private individuals the opportunity to gain access to land for housing purposes without the state or the municipality losing ownership of the land.The question posed in this work is whether the site leasehold has a future and especially in Huddinge municipality. Huddinge municipality is a municipality with a few site leaseholds at present and the question is whether they should either keep, sell off or develop and work furthermore with site leaseholds.Since it is an older legislation, it has emerged in the work that several of the municipalities that work with site leasehold consider it old-fashioned and rigid legislation. The major problem with the site leasehold is that the termination cannot be renegotiated before the termination period is over and that it must not follow an index count. This has led to major increases of the ground rent, which the media has been quick to criticize. The increase comes from the fact that land value has often risen sharply. However, the criticism has primarily concerned site leasehold for residential purposes.In the work it has emerged that leaseholds for residential purposes probably do not have a future in Huddinge municipality or in other similar municipalities unless the entire market value is charged in the ground rent. The problems that can arise when renegotiating ground rent mean that the revenue that the site leaseholds brings does not cover the costs that can arise. The rent and the purchase price for the purpose was discounted by most municipalities. Among other things, this means that the site leasehold for housing purposes, Huddinge municipality should be cautious about granting leaseholds for residential purposes. Site leasehold for purposes other than housing have a future in Huddinge municipality but also in other municipalities. The advantages are many with leasehold rights where, among other things, land ownership is retained. If the debt is market-adjusted, stable income will be added over the term of the debt. Especially in municipalities with a land value development that Huddinge municipality has had, it is with great advantage that land ownership is retained. The leasehold means for the municipality an increased administrative work in the case of renegotiation of the debt and in connection with leasing compared with lease and land sales. On the other hand, land sales do not provide recurring income and lost ownership of the land.

The ancient Maya had strong ties to the sea. The trade, transportation and use of marine resources were important not only to coastal Maya communities, but also to the heavily populated cities that lay many miles inland. A review of zooarchaeological evidence recovered from excavations at the inland site of Caracol, Belize suggests that the inhabitants imported marine fish for food, marine shell for working into trade items, and sharks teeth and stingray spines for ritual use. This thesis examines the manner in which fish and other marine resources were used, procured and transported from the coast to the site of Caracol. The possibility that certain marine fish might have been transported alive to the site is explored. An examination of present day fishing and animal husbandry practices suggests that many species could have survived an inland trip in ancient times if transported under conditions that allowed for water exchanges and minimized stress. Marine resources had important economic and ritual significance to the people of Caracol. Understanding the methods by which these valuable items were transported and traded ultimately facilitates a greater understanding of the economic and socio-political relationships among these ancient polities.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

<P> Solving the electronic Schrodinger equation for the molecular wavefunction is the central problem in theoretical chemistry. From these wavefunctions (possibly with relativistic corrections), one may completely characterise the chemical reactivity and physical properties of atoms, molecules, and materials. Unfortunately, there are very few systematic approaches for obtaining highly-accurate molecular wavefunctions. The approaches that do exist suffer from the so-called curse of dimensionality: their computational cost grows exponentially as the number of particles increases. Furthermore, even after obtaining an accurate wavefunction, partitioning the molecule into atoms is not straightforward. This is because the kinetic energy operator is a differential operator in spatial coordinates. This is a source of ambiguity in the definition of an atom-in-a-molecule and the associated atomic properties. Even after selecting an appropriate definition of an atom and obtaining the atoms from the wavefunction, the atom's intrinsic reactivity cannot be completely characterised without considering every possible reaction partner. This is because each set of two molecules produces a new wavefunction that is more complicated than the products of the wavefunctions of the separate molecules. </p> <P> This thesis presents methods for addressing the three challenges raised in the previous paragraph: computing atomic properties (e.g. chemical reactivity), partitioning molecules into atoms, and computing accurate molecular wavefunctions. The first challenge is addressed by developing a general-purpose reactivity indicator to quantify the reactivity of an atom within a molecule. This indicator quantifies the reactivity of any point of the molecule using only the electrostatic potential and Fukui potential at that point. The key idea is to include only a vague description of an incoming molecule and compute an approximate interaction with the incoming object; this ensures that the general-purpose reactivity indicator is simple enough to be useful. Practically, this indicator is most useful when it is used to compute the reactivity of the atomic sites in the molecule of interest. </p> <P> Partitioning a molecule into atoms is not straightforward because of the inherent nonlocality of quantum mechanics. In the context of molecular electronic structure, this nonlocality arises from the nature of the kinetic energy operator. The quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) is a popular method that partitions molecules into atoms. QT AIM resolves the problem of ambiguity for all permissible forms of the kinetic energy operator. In this thesis the characterisation of an atom provided by QT AIM is extended to include relativistic contributions in the zero-order regular approximation (ZORA). The intrinsic ambiguity arising from the kinetic energy operator is also examined in detail. </p> <P> Computing atomic or molecular properties (including computing the general-purpose reactivity indicator) almost always requires a wavefunction. For this reason, obtaining accurate wavefunctions is the central hurdle of quantum chemistry. This thesis proposes algorithms for finding high-accuracy molecular wavefunctions without exponentially exploding computational cost. To do this, tools for exploiting the smoothness of electronic wavefunctions are crafted. Computational methods that use these tools can break the curse of exponential scaling without sacrificing accuracy. Specifically, the computation cost of these new methods grows only as some polynomial of the electron number. The wavefunctions obtained from these methods are much simpler than those from conventional approaches of similar accuracy, and are therefore ideal for computing the electron density and atomic properties. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Abstract Not Provided. / Thesis / Candidate in Philosophy

<p> The paper outlines the various criteria that companies might use in the process of searching for a site. Criteria are examined in terms of how they relate to the varied characteristics of a company. No single criteria was found to be universal to all companies in terms of the emphasis placed on them. Communities, when attracting a company, should match up the positive aspects of the community with companies that have characteristics matching these points. From findings made in this paper, recommendations concerning some of the policies or programs that a community might develop is put forward. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

Thesis advisor: John E. Ebel / Degradation within an earth embankment structure is often unobservable from the surface. In order to evaluate the structural integrity of earth embankment dams and levees and identify subsurface zones of weakness that may result in future failures, various geophysical methods have been proposed as effective subsurface imaging tools. This study presents the results of using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR), seismic refraction analysis, and multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) methods to estimate subsurface seismic structures for two earth embankment dams located in Chestnut Hill, MA, and Franklin Falls, NH. The estimated seismic velocity structures from the seismic refraction analysis and MASW performed in this study confirm the HVSR method is able to effectively estimate depth to bedrock at sites atop earth embankments using estimated fundamental frequencies. The MASW was found to resolve a low-velocity zone in the subsurface at the Chestnut Hill reservoir embankment that the seismic refraction method was unable to image, and this low-velocity zone is required to best fit a theoretical HVSR to an observed spectrum. Furthermore, the variation and uncertainty in fundamental frequency estimation were investigated by making repeated HVSR measurements at the Chestnut Hill embankment. / Thesis (BS) — Boston College, 2023. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences.. / Discipline: Departmental Honors. / Discipline: Earth and Environmental Sciences.

Maintaining cotton fiber quality is crucial for the survival of the U.S. cotton industry. Previous studies have indicated that spatial variability of fiber quality parameters exists in cotton fields. If site-specific measurement and prediction of quality is possible, then fiber could be segregated during the harvesting process, thus increasing the overall price a producer would receive for his crop. Because of the importance of fiber micronaire to the textile industry, the fact that micronaire exhibits moderate variation in the field, and the fact that it has been shown to be related to optical properties of cotton fibers, micronaire measurement was considered for quality segregation. Two years? cotton and soil data from two fields in Brooksville, Mississippi were used to investigate how much spatial variation in cotton quality factors could be explained by soil parameters. It was found that spatial variability exists in soil and cotton quality parameters, and micronaire (maturity and fineness) was found to have relatively large variability compared to other quality parameters. About 22 to 35% of the variation in micronaire could be explained by soil parameter variability. Site-specific prediction of micronaire based on only soil seems to be not practical according to the results of this study. Another objective was to develop a methodology for measuring important parameters of cotton crop quality in the field. USDA Micronaire Standard Calibration samples were used in infrared spectral measurements in order to relate their micronaire values to near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelength spectra. Near-infrared reflectance measurements in certain wavelengths ranging from 800 to 2500 nm were found to be closely correlated to micronaire values. Mid-infrared transmittance measurements (ratios) in certain wavelengths ranging from 2.5 to 25 µm were also related to micronaire values. The R2 value of the optimal prediction model was 0.92. This model was validated with HVI measurement of cotton samples from Mississippi and Arizona. Optical sensors based on spectral reflectance and transmittance measurements seem to be a reasonable choice for site-specific harvesting. A practical sensor mounted on cotton picker for measuring cotton micronaire appears to be feasible and a draft design was proposed.

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No description available.