The main objective of this thesis is to determine the market value of the company Mlékárna Valašské Meziříčí, spol. s. r. o. based on the yield valuation methods. The purpose of this company valuation is its planned sale when a particular buyer is not known yet and the owners of the company want to have a preliminary idea of the potential market price. The thesis consists of two main parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the essential concept, the resources of this topic and describes the methods and procedures of the company valuation. In the practical part there is a process description of the strategic and financial analysis. The results of this analysis are used for the preliminary company valuation on the base of value drivers followed by the final company valuation. The company's market value is determined based on the yield methods, specifically the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and the Economic Value Added (EVA).

abstract: This dissertation consists of two essays on corporate policy. The first chapter analyzes whether being labeled a “growth” firm or a “value” firm affects the firm’s dividend policy. I focus on the dividend policy because of its discretionary nature and the link to investor demand. To address endogeneity concerns, I use regression discontinuity design around the threshold to assign firms to each category. The results show that “value” firms have a significantly higher dividend payout - about four percentage points - than growth firms. This approach establishes a causal link between firm “growth/value” labels and dividend policy. The second chapter develops investment policy model which associated with du- ration of cash flow. Firms are doing their business by operating a portfolio of projects that have various duration, and the duration of the project portfolio generates dif- ferent duration of cash flow stream. By assuming the duration of cash flow as a firm specific characteristic, this paper analyzes how the duration of cash flow affects firms’ investment decision. I develop a model of investment, external finance, and savings to characterize how firms’ decision is affected by the duration of cash flow. Firms maximize total value of cash flow, while they have to maintain their solvency by paying a fixed cost for the operation. I empirically confirm the positive correlation between duration of cash flow and investment with theoretical support. Financial constraint suffocates the firm when they face solvency issue, so that model with financial constraint shows that the correlation between duration of cash flow and investment is stronger than low financial constraint case. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2015

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar alguns fatores que determinam a manutenção de determinados níveis de caixa nas organizações. Além disso, buscou-se identificar se existe diferença nas políticas de retenção de caixa entre os grupos de empresas restritas e não restritas financeiramente. Por fim, procurou-se verificar se houve mudanças nessa política em períodos considerados de maior volatilidade dos negócios. Para isso, forma analisadas as empresas não financeiras, cujos dados estavam disponíveis no banco de dados Economática durante o período entre 1998 e 2011. Os resultados indicam que há relação entre a incerteza na geração de caixa e a retenção de caixa, principalmente para empresas classificadas como restritas financeiramente. O risco país também apresentou forte relação com o nível de caixa das empresas. Confirmou-se a relação esperada entre Tamanho e Nível de Caixa suportada pela Pecking Order Theory; a relação entre Oportunidades de Investimento e Nível de Caixa esperada tanto pela Static Tradeoff Theory, quanto pela Pecking Order Theory; a relação entre Endividamento e Nível de Caixa explicada pela Static Tradeoff Theory; e a relação entre Investimento Operacional em Giro e o Nível de Caixa esperado pela Free Cash Flow Theory. Dentre as dummies utilizadas para capturar os eventos de maior volatilidade, apenas a relativa a crise cambial durante o processo eleitoral do presidente Lula apresentou resultados significativos. / This study aim to identify factors that explain why firms retain cash. In addition, we observe the impact of firms financial constraints in the cash holdings policy. At last, we try to investigate if more volatile periods affect the firms cash holdings. In order to do that, we analize non-financial firms with data from Economatica during the period between 1998 and 2011. The results show us that there is a relation between the uncertainty of cash flow generation and the cash holdings, specialy for firms with financial constraints. The country risk has relation with the cash holdings too. We found evidence to support the relation expect between Size and Cash supported by Pecking Order Theory; the relation between Investment Oportunities and Cash by the Static Tradeoff Theory and Pecking Order Theory; the relation between Leverage and Cash by the Static Tradeoff Theory; and the relation between Net Working Capital and Cash by the Free Cash Flow Theory. Just the dummy that try to captures the Exchange rate crises on the electoral period of presidente Lula has significant impact.

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar alguns fatores que determinam a manutenção de determinados níveis de caixa nas organizações. Além disso, buscou-se identificar se existe diferença nas políticas de retenção de caixa entre os grupos de empresas restritas e não restritas financeiramente. Por fim, procurou-se verificar se houve mudanças nessa política em períodos considerados de maior volatilidade dos negócios. Para isso, forma analisadas as empresas não financeiras, cujos dados estavam disponíveis no banco de dados Economática durante o período entre 1998 e 2011. Os resultados indicam que há relação entre a incerteza na geração de caixa e a retenção de caixa, principalmente para empresas classificadas como restritas financeiramente. O risco país também apresentou forte relação com o nível de caixa das empresas. Confirmou-se a relação esperada entre Tamanho e Nível de Caixa suportada pela Pecking Order Theory; a relação entre Oportunidades de Investimento e Nível de Caixa esperada tanto pela Static Tradeoff Theory, quanto pela Pecking Order Theory; a relação entre Endividamento e Nível de Caixa explicada pela Static Tradeoff Theory; e a relação entre Investimento Operacional em Giro e o Nível de Caixa esperado pela Free Cash Flow Theory. Dentre as dummies utilizadas para capturar os eventos de maior volatilidade, apenas a relativa a crise cambial durante o processo eleitoral do presidente Lula apresentou resultados significativos. / This study aim to identify factors that explain why firms retain cash. In addition, we observe the impact of firms financial constraints in the cash holdings policy. At last, we try to investigate if more volatile periods affect the firms cash holdings. In order to do that, we analize non-financial firms with data from Economatica during the period between 1998 and 2011. The results show us that there is a relation between the uncertainty of cash flow generation and the cash holdings, specialy for firms with financial constraints. The country risk has relation with the cash holdings too. We found evidence to support the relation expect between Size and Cash supported by Pecking Order Theory; the relation between Investment Oportunities and Cash by the Static Tradeoff Theory and Pecking Order Theory; the relation between Leverage and Cash by the Static Tradeoff Theory; and the relation between Net Working Capital and Cash by the Free Cash Flow Theory. Just the dummy that try to captures the Exchange rate crises on the electoral period of presidente Lula has significant impact.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:06:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo1184_1.pdf: 1045542 bytes, checksum: 129aa95643e5df7d1081172df79decb7 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A metodologia do Cash-Flow-at-Risk (CFaR), que busca determinar a pior queda no fluxo de caixa gerada pela influência dos fatores de risco, é fruto das inovações teóricas e técnicas que tomaram força a partir da década de noventa na administração de risco em empresas não financeiras. Este processo de inovação foi impulsionado, tanto pela necessidade de uma administração mais eficiente de risco, no fluxo de caixa e lucro, quanto pelo advento da metodologia do Value-at-Risk. Este trabalho de dissertação objetiva aplicar a metodologia do Cash-Flow-at-Risk desenvolvida por Adrén, Jankensgard e Oxelheim (2005) na Companhia Hidro Elétrica do São Francisco (Chesf). Para isso foram coletados os dados relativos ao EBITDA da Chesf e de um conjunto de prováveis fatores que o EBITDA apresenta exposição. Estes fatores foram escolhidos pelas características do setor elétrico brasileiro, da Chesf e pelos fatores determinados em trabalhos anteriores, que utilizaram empresas deste setor. O cálculo do CFaR da Chesf foi realizado em duas etapas. A primeira utilizou a análise MUST na construção do modelo de exposição, determinando os fatores de risco e a segunda intensiva em simulações, gerando as distribuições para o EBITDA dependente dos fatores e do EBITDA independente. Os resultados da primeira etapa mostram que o EBITDA da Chesf apresenta exposição ao PIB, IGPM e IPCA, enquanto na segunda chega-se ao valor do CFaR condicional de 83.763 milhões e CFaR independente de 100.560 milhões, ambos ao nível de significância de 5%. Agregando as duas distribuições chegou-se ao valor do CFaR da Chesf de 87.184 milhões, com o nível de significância de 5%, valor este, abaixo do verdadeiro valor do EBITDA

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Over the last decade, there has been a marked convergence in thinking regarding the importance of social cash transfers in poverty alleviation. As such, most governments especially in the developing world have began embracing the idea of rolling out various social cash transfers programmes in a bid to address poverty, social exclusion and vulnerability. This study which is predominantly centred on the LEAP social grant programme in Ghana aims at assessing the impact of the programme in alleviating household poverty in rural Ghana, specifically in the Tolon-Kumbungu district of the Northern region. Through a combination of both qualitative and quantitative strategies, the study focuses on unravelling in how far the programme has contributed to improving the livelihoods and general welfare of beneficiary households in the case study area. Using data from structured household questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews conducted in two rural communities (Dingoni and Woribogu), the study establishes that the LEAP social grant has a significant positive impact on food consumption, frequency of utilization of healthcare facilities and the school enrolment rate for children aged 6-13 years in beneficiary households. However, although hypothesised, no significant impact is observed in relation to the incidence of child labour in the household. Thus, in line with Rawls’ theory of justice, the researcher argues that the LEAP social grant programme is a very useful mechanism for promoting social justice in the Ghanaian society. Despite its successes, the study also uncovers that, the insufficient nature of the cash transfer, irregular payment periods, lack of access to complimentary services and lack of transparency and accountability on the part of payment officials are some key challenges confronting the programme from the perspective of beneficiaries, whilst limited staff capacity, the non availability of training opportunities for staff, inadequate logistical support and no motivation for programme staff and voluntary structures also constitute some key challenges from the institutional perspective. In all, the study recommends that government increases the cash amount and pay transfers regularly, link beneficiaries to existing complimentary services in the district, recruit more staff and provide in-service training opportunities for them, strictly monitor compliance to LEAP conditionalities and ensure transparency and accountability in the payment of transfers to beneficiaries.

Thesis discusses a current topic of decision making on most effective strategy of utilization of real estates. The aim of this diploma thesis is to compare the economic advantage of model-based strategies for the utilization of real estates, to identify variants of acquisition, lease, alternatively their combinations, to evaluate these variants through income, expenditures and equity, to analyze and subsequently to find the most financially effective variant of housing. In the theoretical part, there is analyzed the conceptual apparatus, but also the relevant theoretical and legislative framework. Further, the methodology of the analysis is stated, where is chosen equity as the decisive criterion. Using this criterion, the best option of real estate utilization is detected from four variants of real estate utilization from the financial point of view, while the cash flow development is monitored in the practical part of the diploma thesis. At the end of the thesis the advantages, disadvantages and risks of strategies are formulated and recommendations are made.

Please read the abstract (summary p ix) in the secrion 00front of this document / Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Criminology / MA / unrestricted

This study investigates the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda. Whereas anecdotal evidence has for some time revealed that informal businesses in Uganda are faced with the challenge of cash management, no specific studies have been conducted to investigate how this relates to the growth of businesses where evidence has also indicated that most of these businesses do not exist for very long. In particular, the study assesses and explores the growth levels of informal businesses in terms of sales volume, growth in employment and length of existence. The study investigates the various ways in which informal businesses manage their cash and investigates the various internal and external factors that moderate cash management and the growth of the informal businesses. Furthermore, the study proposes a possible framework to manage cash in informal businesses and makes recommendations to informal business owners and managers on how to effectively manage cash in order to stimulate business growth. In order to investigate the relationships between the variables, an empirical investigation was undertaken. Based on the literature review, the primary objective of the study was formulated to investigate the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses amidst the external and internal environment in Uganda in order to suggest a framework for effective management of cash by informal businesses that would enhance their growth. A positivistic research paradigm was adopted in this study. A sample of 383 informal businesses was drawn from the five divisions of Kampala district namely; Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga. To ensure validity and reliability, EFA and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were computed. Six hypotheses were developed to test the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses. The empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between cash management and the external environment in which informal businesses operate, a significant relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses and a significant relationship between cash management and growth of informal businesses where the external environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The empirical results did not establish a significant relationship between cash management and the internal environment in which informal businesses operate, the internal environment and growth of informal businesses and cash management and growth of informal businesses where internal environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The results of this study show that the growth of informal businesses is largely hampered by poor cash management practices and challenges such as the lack of cash planning, lack of cash forecasting and budgeting, lack of financial controls and reporting, the tendency to invest largely in short-term assets which limits their profitability, the employment of less competent and skilled staff and lack of formal accounting information systems. The magnitude of the impact of these is accelerated by the external environment such as competition and the legal and regulatory environment which put pressure on the little cash resources owned by these businesses. Based on the study results, several strategies based on individual cash components of cash planning, cash forecasting and budgeting, financial controls and reporting, short-term investment of cash surplus, competence and skills of staff and accounting information systems were recommended for implementation. It was further recommended that these strategies should be implemented while giving due attention to the external environment if informal businesses are to effectively manage cash and enhance their growth.

The theoretical part of the thesis includes the main characteristics of firm's accounting statements and the use of information from accounting statemensts. In the chapter called "The use of information from the accounting statements" is also availability, reliability, intelligibility and comparability of data. The last part of the theoretical thesis are the time limits of publication data. The practical part of the thesis includes the main characteristics of the H. S. O. stavební a obchodní spol. s r. o. and the firm's accounting statements. Next chapter consists of the analysis of costs, revenues and income statement in the time series (the analyse of income statement summarizes costs and revenues). The time series is from 2005 to 2007. The last part of the thesis includes the cash flow analyse in the time series.