Orientador: Ivonete Ávila / Coorientador: Carlos Manuel Romero Luna / Banca: Celso Eduarto Tuna / Banca: Christian Jeremi Coronado Rodriguez / Resumo: Nesta pesquisa investiga-se a viabilidade do uso de misturas heterogêneas de combustíveis compostas por etanol e gás natural veicular (GNV) em motor flex fuel (Flex). Os motores Flex, no Brasil, são abastecidos com gasolina E27 (com até 27% de etanol anidro e 73% de gasolina), etanol, GNV ou qualquer mistura de etanol e gasolina. Ao funcionarem com o GNV apresentam vantagens pela menor emissão de dióxido de carbono (CO2), monóxido de carbono (CO) e óxidos de nitrogênio (NOX), mas são desvantajosos com relação às emissões de hidrocarbonetos (HC) em baixas rotações quando comparados ao utilizarem gasolina ou etanol, além da perda de potência variando de 10 a 20%. Esta pesquisa objetiva encontrar uma mistura de etanol-GNV, cuja combustão possa reduzir, as emissões de CO, HC e NOx do motor Flex em relação ao modo GNV. Os testes foram conduzidos num motor Flex de 2000 cilindradas, com duas válvulas por cilindro. No motor foi instalado um sistema de gerenciamento de injeção eletrônica de GNV funcionando concomitantemente com a injeção de combustível líquido. Fez-se inicialmente a medição da vazão de etanol (E100), do GNV (E0) e de diferentes misturas de etanol-GNV (E20, E40, E60, E80). Para a avaliação dos parâmetros das emissões de CO2, CO, O2, HC e NOx, das eficiências (térmica, volumétrica e mecânica), consumo específico de combustível e custo operacional, calibrou-se primeiramente o motor para o uso de E0 e de E100. Os testes foram realizados em modo estacionário e dinâmico, cu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research has investigated the feasibility of using heterogeneous fuel blends composed of ethanol and compressed natural gas (CNG) in flex-fuel engines. In Brazil, such vehicles are fueled by E27 gasoline (up to 27% anhydrous ethanol and 73% gasoline), ethanol, CNG or any ethanol and gasoline blend. When running on CNG, they offer advantages due to lower carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions, although they are disadvantageous with respect to hydrocarbon emissions (HC) at low revolutions, especially if compared to being run on gasoline or ethanol, in addition to power loss ranging from 10 to 20%. Thus, it is aimed to find an ethanol-CNG blend whose combustion can reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions from flex-fuel engines in comparison with the CNG mode. Tests have been conducted on a 2000cc flex-fuel engine with two valves per cylinder. It was installed an electronic CNG injection system operating concomitantly with the liquid fuel injection system. Flows of ethanol (E100), CNG (E0) and different ethanol-CNG blends (E20, E40, E60, E80) were initially measured. In order to evaluate levels of CO2, CO, O2, HC and NOx emissions, efficiency (thermal, volumetric and mechanical), specific fuel consumption and operating cost, the engine was initially calibrated to run on E0 and E100. The emissions tests were performed in stationary and dynamic mode. In stationary mode, exhaust emissions were measured at 1000 and 2500 RPM (revolutions per minute)... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Electrification of low-income rural areas that have a limited connection or no access to electrical grids is one of the most demanding challenges in developing countries such as Peru. The international commitment to stop global warming and the reduction in the cost of renewable sources of energy have reduced the prices of fossil fuels in some cases. This has opened the way to the current research which proposes a hybrid energy system (HES) based on the use of renewable sources of energy. Therefore, a renewable electricity system (HRES) was set up at the village of Monte-Catache in the Cajamarca region, which is one of the poorest areas of Peru. Surveys and field studies were used to evaluate the socioeconomic characteristics, availability of renewable energy resources, and energy demand of this region. Potential energy sources were evaluated, and isolated photovoltaic systems with a battery bank were found to be the most appropriate according to the results obtained in the simulation with HOMER. This proposal constitutes an interesting contribution for future energy solutions in isolated and low-income rural areas. / Revisión por pares

Actuellement, les principaux thèmes pour le secteur de transport sont le réchauffement global et la crise énergétique, ce qui encourage les chercheurs à développer des technologies alternatives et efficaces. Le concept ‘HCCI’ (combustion d’une charge homogène, allumée par compression) est l’une des solutions pour le moteur de véhicules. Ce mode de combustion, indépendant d’une notion de propagation de flamme, permet de réduire fortement les émissions critiques de NOX et de suies dans les gaz d'échappement. Cette combustion de type HCCI du carburant diesel se caractérise par une combustion à deux étapes. Parallèlement, l’apparition de nouveaux carburants, comme le bio-alcool, est une autre voie de recherche. Les bio-alcools ont un nombre d’indice d'octane élevé qui peut se mélanger avec du carburant diesel pour optimiser la combustion de HCCI des carburants diesel. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc de caractériser les deux étapes de la combustion HCCI en étudiant l’influence de l’impact de l’ajout d’une fraction d’alcools dans diesel. La comparaison avec un mélange d’iso-octane, hydrocarbure à indice d'octane élevé de paraffine et des mélanges dilués via les gaz d’échappement est aussi analysée en tant que verrous potentiels pour améliorer la combustion de type HCCI. Dans cette thèse, le n-heptane est choisi comme composé principal représentatif du diesel, l'éthanol et 1-butanol sont choisis comme bio-alcools. L’analyse présentée ici se repose sur trois approches différentes : l’analyse expérimentale de la pression cylindre, l'analyse d'images de chimiluminescence spontanée de certaines espèces et les résultats issus de la modélisation cinétique de la combustion. / Currently, the major issues for the transportation sector are the global warming and energy crisis which encourage researchers to develop an alternative green efficient technology. The homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) can be one of solutions for the automotive engine. This combustion concept is independent on the high temperature flame propagation which releases lowest critical emissions (NOX and PM) in the exhaust gas. HCCI combustion of diesel fuel presents specific characteristic of two-stage ignition that over-advances the main heat release. As the importance of bio-alcohol fuels increases, it is interesting to evaluate the potential of the fuels, to optimize the HCCI combustion of diesel fuels. This is the objective of this phD thesis. The two-stage ignition characteristic of the diesel hydrocarbon is described and the influence of alcohol fuel fraction in diesel blends is investigated in comparison with high octane paraffin hydrocarbon diesel blends and EGR addition. All potentials are concluded to the potential for HCCI combustion improvement. In this thesis, n-heptane was selected as the major diesel representative component and ethanol and 1-butanol as the considered alcohol fuels. Three approaches were used based on experimental cylinder pressure analysis, the chemiluminescence emissions image analysis and the chemical kinetic analysis results from the engine modeling. A detailed chemical kinetic scheme was specifically developed from sub-scheme of all considered fuel.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-13T16:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Edvaldo Pereira Queiroz Junior.pdf: 2104197 bytes, checksum: 0367d064454d2d944933b51a88e4e20d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-14T10:38:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Edvaldo Pereira Queiroz Junior.pdf: 2104197 bytes, checksum: 0367d064454d2d944933b51a88e4e20d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-14T10:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Edvaldo Pereira Queiroz Junior.pdf: 2104197 bytes, checksum: 0367d064454d2d944933b51a88e4e20d (MD5) / Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a influência da umidade, temperatura e tipos de recipientes na integridade das amostras de combustíveis. A avaliação foi feita através de caracterização físico-química das amostras no período de oito meses de armazenagem. Para isto, amostras de gasolina, óleo diesel e álcool hidratado combustível foram acondicionadas em garrafas PET âmbar, PET incolor e em frasco de vidro, num número suficiente para que a cada mês fossem realizadas as análises de caracterização. Escolheu-se três locais para a estocagem dos combustíveis, onde acompanhou-se a temperatura e umidade diariamente: sala de armazenagem, com temperaturas máximas na faixa 27,3-32,8 oC; laboratório (LAB), com temperaturas máximas na faixa 24,5-29,6 oC; e refrigerador, com temperaturas máximas na faixa 6,8-12,8 oC. As análises realizadas para as amostras de gasolina foram: aspecto, destilação, massa específica, teor de benzeno e teor de álcool anidro. Para as amostras de álcool, realizaram-se as seguintes análises: pH, condutividade, massa específica e teor alcoólico; enquanto que para as amostras de óleo diesel, acompanhou-se o aspecto, massa específica, destilação, teor de enxofre e ponto de fulgor. No momento da preparação das amostras, foram tiradas alíquotas de cada combustível e realizados os ensaios e análises do ponto inicial, mês zero. A partir daí, repetiu-se determinações mensalmente, até o oitavo mês, utilizando-se de métodos analíticos oficiais e validados para acompanhar o comportamento de cada parâmetro. Com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que tanto os frascos de vidro como as garrafas PET podem ser utilizadas como embalagens para os combustíveis, principalmente para gasolina e diesel, para períodos longos, mesmo em locais de temperatura mais alta ou mais baixa, apenas com algumas considerações quanto a massa específica para o diesel nas garrafas PET, onde observou-se um acréscimo de cerca de 0,0010 g/cm3, com uma incerteza de medição de 0,0005 g/cm3 . Contudo, observaram-se restrições quanto ao uso das garrafas PET para o armazenamento do álcool, principalmente com relação ao pH, onde observou-se um decréscimo de cerca de 2 unidades, com incerteza de medição de 0,06 pH, e teor alcoólico (massa específica), onde observou-se um acréscimo de cerca de 0,0015 g/cm3, com uma incerteza de medição de 0,0006 g/cm3. O frasco de vidro se apresentou mais adequado para o armazenamento de álcool. / This work evaluates the influences of moisture, temperature and type of the bottles in the fuel samples integrity, during the time of storage (8 months), through the physical- chemistry analysis. Samples of gasoline, diesel oil and alcohol were prepared, and the bottles (amber PET, colourless PET, and amber glass) had been filled with respective fuels, in amount enough, considering to each month (duplicate) and to each place (three).These bottles were placed in three different places, where was noted dayly the temperature and humidity: in the storage room, where the maxims temperatures varied by 27,3-32,8 oC; in the laboratory, where the maxims temperatures varied by 24,5-29,6 oC; and in the refrigerator, where the maxims temperatures varied by 6,8-12,8 oC. The analysis for gasoline samples was: aspect, destilation, especific mass, benzene content and alcohol content. For alcohol samples, the analysis was: pH, condutivity, especific mass and alcohol content. For diesel oil samples, was: aspect, especific mass, destilation, sulfur content and flash point. The initial samples were withdrawed, as the zero point, before to fill the bottles, of each fuel, and maked the official phisycal-chemistry analysis. Monthly, until the eighth month, these analysis had been done, of the each bottle to each fuel, to each place, to monitor the behaviour of each analytical parameter. In agreement with the analytical results, both the glass and PET botlles had good performance as preservactive bottles and they can be used as recipient for the fuels to long time, mainly for gasoline and diesel oil, even in place with high or down temperatures, with some considerations for the PET bottles about the especific mass to diesel oil, where was observed an increase of 0,0010 g/cm3 with an uncertainty of 0,0005 g/cm3. However, was observed restrictions to use PET bottles to storage alcohol, mainly to pH, where was detected a reduction of 2 unities of pH, with an uncertainty of 0,06 pH, and to alcoholic content (especific mass) parameters, where was detected an increase of 0,0015 g/cm3, with an uncertainty of 0,0006 g/cm3. The glass bottle presented itself the best bottle to storage alcohol.

The research determined that the improved heat transfer characteristics of a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) will allow the use of cobalt catalyst for high temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (HTFT). Cobalt was loaded onto a gamma alumina support, the catalyst was characterized using TPR, BET/BJH, XRD, and PSA to track changes in the catalyst morphology. The reactor was characterized to determine the minimum fluidization velocity and the maximum velocity prior to entering lean phase fluidization with pneumatic transport of the catalyst. The highest minimum fluidization velocity was found to be about 2800 sccm, there was no maximum velocity found for the reactor setup. Once characterized, the reactor was operated at pressures of 145, 217.6, and 290.1 psig, a syngas flow rate of 4000 sccm, and at temperatures of 330 and 350 °C. The optimal conditions found in this study were 330 °C and 217 psig. At these conditions CO conversion was 83.53 % for a single pass. Methane, CO2, and light gases (C2 - C4) selectivities were at low rates of 31.43, 5.80, and 3.48 % respectively. Alcohol selectivity at these conditions was non-existent. The olefin and wax selectivities were the lowest of the data set at 7.05 and 3.18 % respectively. Liquid transportation fuels selectivity was the highest at 56.11 %.

This dissertation analyzes the case of organized climate change denial in the United States as a manifestation of the power of the policy planning and opinion shaping networks in the US. It uses a variety of power structure research techniques to put together a topographical study of a fossil fuels network sitting at the core of a wider conservative network which sits at the core of the policy planning and opinion shaping processes. The connections between the core fossil fuels network and wider conservative policy network are examined at length. Using climate change denial as the case allows for the study of how a distinct industry— fossil fuels—can organize a faction which can help set the ideological agenda of the wider corporate and conservative networks. A power elite theoretical approach outlined by Domhoff is used, and the conclusions that may be drawn from this case study support the usefulness of that approach. I also find that the case at hand illustrates how Domhoff’s model may be extended and augmented in light of the strategic and tactical innovations employed by those in the climate change denial faction. Although elites have often tried—with varying levels of success—to employ at least a veneer of populist support in formulating policy, climate change denial employs a new level of sophistication in then fossil fuels’ faction’s long-term strategic planning and investment. This faction’s ability to wrest ideological control of much of the tea party movement and bring that party's policy aims into lie with its own allowed for the addition of a powerful populist element to the climate change denial tactical repertoire. Similarly, new secrecy techniques go far beyond those used by elites in the past, reflecting a new set of needs on the part of the individuals and groups involved in the policy network and necessitating the augmentation of the existing network with specialized entities.

BERNARDO, Sandra Maria de Vasconcelos. Aspectos Socioeconômicos e Ambientais em Assentamentos que Produzem Mamona: um Estudo de Caso em Recreio e Nova Canaã, Quixeramobim - CE. 2010. 144 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Pró-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação, Programa Regional de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, Fortaleza-CE, 2010. / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-09T14:15:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_smvbernardo.pdf: 3283395 bytes, checksum: 71b70c2b67d4a976b159215b80b28664 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-05-09T14:15:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_smvbernardo.pdf: 3283395 bytes, checksum: 71b70c2b67d4a976b159215b80b28664 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T14:15:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010_dis_smvbernardo.pdf: 3283395 bytes, checksum: 71b70c2b67d4a976b159215b80b28664 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / The search for new alternatives of renewable energy is of great importance, since the issue of global warming has caused adverse consequences for the population. Resulting sources of vegetable oils for biodiesel production have been adopted in Brazil and are a good option so that farmers may be inserted in the production chain of biofuels. Within the semiarid Northeast, castor bean has been used because it is an appropriate culture semiarid condition. From this understanding, this work was the general purpose of analyzing and comparing the economic, social and environmental groups of producers rather than producers of castor in the settlements Recreio and Nova Canaã, and the specific objectives were: (i) review the indicators quality of life, social equity, environmental and economic sustainability among non-producers and producers of castor, (ii) measure the costs of production and income of producers of castor oil with the planting and sale in 2009 and (iii) assess the environmental situation by analyzing the variation of soil chemical properties depending on the plantations. The methodology was based on three aspects in order to cover an interdisciplinary approach. First, we adopted the method using statistical sampling in a study in two settlements and from these samples were calculated for quality of life, social equity, environmental, economic and from these sustainability index. The second aspect was calculated farmers' income through the calculation of costs, revenue and profit with the planting of castor beans using as a base year of 2009. In the third aspect, the soil was evaluated in cultivated areas and preserved areas by collecting composite samples and performing chemical and physical analysis of the material in the laboratory. Among the results obtained it was concluded that there was no significant difference between groups of producers rather than producers of castor oil o growth of capital and environmental, but there was difference in the indices of quality of life and economic sustainability. No consistent increase in income between the producers of castor oil. In pedological point was proven that the preserved areas are shown with a higher content of organic matter and nutrients, suggesting a degradation in the cultivated area / A busca de novas alternativas de energia renovável é de grande relevância, pois a problemática do aquecimento global tem causado consequências adversas para a população. Fontes advindas dos óleos vegetais para a produção do biodiesel têm sido adotadas no Brasil e constituem uma boa opção para que os produtores rurais possam se inserir na cadeia produtiva dos biocombustíveis. No contexto do semiárido nordestino, a mamona tem sido usada, pois é uma cultura adequada às condições de semiaridez. A partir desta compreensão, este trabalho teve o objetivo geral de analisar e comparar os aspectos econômicos, sociais e ambientais dos grupos de produtores e não produtores de mamona nos assentamentos Recreio e Nova Canaã e, os objetivos específicos foram: (i) analisar os indicadores de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econômico e de sustentabilidade entre os não produtores e produtores de mamona, (ii) mensurar os custos e renda da produção dos produtores de mamona com o plantio e venda no ano de 2009 e (iii) avaliar a situação ambiental através da análise da variação dos atributos químicos do solo em função dos plantios . A metodologia se baseou em três aspectos visando abranger uma interdisciplinaridade. Primeiramente adotou-se o método estatístico usando uma amostragem nos dois assentamentos em estudo e a partir dessas amostras foram calculados os índices de qualidade de vida, capital social, ambiental, econômico e a partir destes o índice de sustentabilidade. No segundo aspecto foi calculada a renda dos agricultores através do calculo dos custos, receita e lucro com o plantio da mamona tomando como base o ano de 2009. No terceiro aspecto, o solo foi avaliado nas áreas cultivadas e nas áreas preservadas coletando-se amostras compostas e realizando-se análises físicas e químicas do material em laboratório. Entre os resultados verificados concluiu-se que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos de produtores e não produtores de mamona em relação aos índices de capital social e ambiental, porém houve diferença nos índices de qualidade de vida, econômico e de sustentabilidade. Não se comprovou incremento de renda entre os produtores de mamona. No aspecto pedológico foi comprovado que as áreas preservadas se mostraram com teores mais elevados de matéria orgânica e de nutrientes, representando indícios de degradação na área cultivada.

[pt] As pesquisas sobre carbono negro (BC) vêm ganhando grande importância nos últimos anos, não somente devido a sua capacidade de atuar como traçador histórico de processos de combustão em uma determinada região, mas também devido a sua capacidade de sorver contaminantes hidrofóbicos de ambientes aquosos. Buscou-se estudar a geocronologia de dois subprodutos provenientes de processos de combustão (BC e HPAs - hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos), que podem ter origem tanto de queima de biomassa quanto de combustíveis fósseis em um testemunho sedimentar coletado da região noroeste da Baía de Guanabara. Foram avaliadas suas possíveis relações, entre si e com o teor de carbono orgânico presente no sedimento. Avaliaram-se também as possíveis fontes dos HPAs presentes nas amostras, traçando um histórico de queima da região, caracterizada por um acentuado trafego veicular e poluição crônica por diversos compostos. O testemunho foi seccionados em intervalos de 2 cm, onde foram utilizados os segmentos entre 0-72 cm somando totalizando 30 amostras. A metodologia analítica utilizada para a determinação do BC foi a CTO-375, baseada na retirada da matéria orgânica (não-BC) por combustão na presença de oxigênio em excesso, restando somente a fração mais refratária composta pelo BC. Embora a variação percentual de BC tenha apresentado uma média de 0,36 (+-) 0,08 % p.s. ao longo do testemunho, foi observado que o mesmo compõe uma fração significativa do carbono orgânico total (TOC) desta região chegando a representar até 18% p.s. do TOC. A razão C/N possibilitou mostrar que grande parte de matéria orgânica presente neste local é proveniente de origem marinha. O método utilizado para a determinação da concentração dos HPAs foi o EPA 3540C, baseado na extração dos analitos da matriz, a purificação dos extratos através da remoção de interferentes. Através das razões diagnósticas e da análise de componentes principais (PCA) foi possível traçar uma transição das principais fontes de HPAs neste ambiente, mostrando a predominância de HPAs pirogênicos nas amostras mais antigas, para uma maior contaminação petrogênica nas amostras mais recentes. Ainda foi possível comprovar a afinidade de HPAs pirogênicos à presença de BC. Análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) contribuíram para uma maior compreensão das características morfológicas do sedimento, mostrando este ser rico em material amorfo e diatomáceas cêntricas. Esta análise também possibilitou a identificação visual da partícula de BC, porém, a falta de um pré-tratamento nas amostras dificultou o seu reconhecimento. Foram realizadas análises de ressonância magnética nuclear (CP/MAS (13)C NMR) visando possibilidades futuras de determinação de BC por esta técnica. As análises de NMR mostraram que o elevado teor de carbono aromático presente na amostra ambiental, relacionado principalmente a presença de lignina, interfere no sinal de NMR para a determinação de BC, sendo necessária a sua oxidação. Análises de CP/MAS-NQS (13)C NMR possibilitaram a separação das frações de BC, mostrando um teor acentuado de carbonos não-substituídos, sugerindo maior aporte de BC proveniente de queima ao longo do testemunho. Na amostra mais superficial, percebeu-se maior presença de carbonos quaternários, indicando o aumento no aporte de BC oriundo de combustão de combustíveis fósseis. / [en] Researches about black carbon (BC) have been gaining importance in recent years, not only because of its ability to act as a tracer of historical combustion processes in a given region, but also for its ability to adsorb hydrophobic contaminants in aqueous environments. In a sediment core collected from the northwestern region of Guanabara Bay, was attempted to study the geochronology of two combustion sub-products processes (BC and PAHs - polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), which may originate both biomass burning and fossil fuels. Was evaluated their possible relationships between themselves and with the content of organic carbon in the sediment. Also was evaluated the possible PAHs sources in the samples, tracing a burning history in the region, characterized by a marked vehicular traffic pollution and chronic individual compounds. The core was sectioned at intervals of 2 cm, which were used from 0 to 72 cm segments, in a total of 30 samples. The BC analytical determination methodology was the CTO-375, based on organic matter (non-BC) removal by combustion in presence of excess oxygen, leaving only a fraction composed by most refractory BC. Although the BC percentage had an average of 0.36 (+-) 0.08% dry weight over the core, was observed that is a significant fraction of total organic carbon (TOC) in this place representing up to 18% d.w. of TOC. The C/N ratio permitted evaluate that much of organic matter on this site comes from sea sources. The method used for determining the concentration of PAHs was the EPA 3540C, based on the analytes extraction from the matrix, and the extracts purification through the interferences removal. Through diagnostic reasons and principal component analysis (PCA), were possible to evaluate a PAHs transition of the main sources in this environment, showing the PAHs predominance in older pirogenics samples to an increase of petrogenic contamination in the most recent samples. It was also possible to relate an affinity of PAHs pyrogens in the BC presence. Analysis of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) contributed to a better understanding about the sediment morphological characteristics, showing to be rich in amorphous material and centric diatoms. This analysis also allowed the visual identification of the BC particles, however, the lack of a pre-treatment in the samples made it difficult to recognize. Nuclear magnetic resonance (CP/MAS (13)C NMR) analysis were performed in order to future possibilities of BC determination by this technique. The NMR analysis showed that the high aromatic carbon content in the environment sample, is mainly related to the presence of lignin interferes with the signal of NMR for the determination of BC, which requires its oxidation. Analysis of CP/MAS-NQS (13)C NMR allowed the separation of fractions of BC, showing a strong level of carbon non-replaced, suggesting a greater contribution of BC from burning during the core. In the most superficial sample, it was observed the large presence of quaternary carbons, indicating an increase in the input of BC come from combustion of fossil fuels.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-09T12:28:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-01-21Bitstream added on 2015-04-09T12:47:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000817181.pdf: 1845327 bytes, checksum: 6922795930213e43ac3c03e3989d1a0b (MD5) / Os projetos de eficiência energética desempenham um papel chave na melhoria da segurança energética, da sustentabilidade ambiental e do desempenho econômico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar o desenvolvimento e os resultados de um projeto piloto de eficientização energética aplicado a usina hidrelétrica de Paraibuna. Neste sentido, foi desenvolvida uma proposta de metodologia para otimização do uso da energia em toda a instalação de uma usina hidrelétrica, procurando, a partir de resultados de inspeção e de ensaios, analisar como a energia elétrica está sendo utilizada e propondo melhorias no que se refere à racionalização de sua aplicação. Além disso, a utilização de outras fontes de energia existentes e não aproveitadas, bem como a aplicação de novas tecnologias, são avaliadas, priorizando a redução de danos ao meio ambiente, a diminuição de custos de manutenção e o aumento de ganhos econômicos. As ações deste projeto foram dirigidas a programas de racionalização do uso de energia nos sistemas de iluminação, de ar condicionado, de bombeamento e nos trocadores de calor responsáveis pela refrigeração dos mancais das turbinas. As reduções obtidas foram significativas, chegando a 52% no sistema de iluminação, 28% no sistema de ar condicionado e 36% para os sistemas de bombeamento. Em relação a outras fontes de energia, apresenta-se um estudo sobre a implantação de sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede que resultam em uma economia de 91,7 MWh/ano. Este trabalho também apresenta um estudo sobre o aproveitamento do potencial hidráulico disponível em uma ramificação do conduto forçado da usina com a implantação de uma mini turbina Pelton de 30 kVA. Finalmente, avalia-se a implantação de uma micro usina de biodiesel, suficiente para alimentar as barcas que realizam travessias na represa ... (Resumo Completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / The energy efficiency projects play a key role in the improvement of energy security, environmental sustainability and economic performance. This research aims to present the development and results of a pilot project for energy efficiency applied to the hydroelectric power plant of Paraibuna. In this sense, a proposed methodology for optimization of energy use throughout the installation of a hydroelectric power plant was developed, looking, from inspection and testing results, analyze how electrical energy is being used and proposing improvements with regard to the rationalization of its application. In addition, the use of other existing energy sources and not exploited, as well as the application of new technologies, are evaluated, prioritizing the reduction of damage to the environment, reducing of maintenance costs and the increasing of economic gains. The actions of this project were aimed at rational energy use in lighting systems, air conditioning, pumping and heat exchangers responsible for the cooling of turbine bearings. Reductions achieved were significant, reaching 52% in the lighting system, 28% in the air conditioning system and 36% for pumping systems. About other energy sources, is presented a study on the implementation of photovoltaic systems connected to the network that result in a saving of 91.7 MWh/year. This work also presents a study on the use of the available hydraulic potential in a branch of the penstock of the plant with the implementation of a pelton turbine of 30 kVA. Finally, is evaluated the deployment of a small biodiesel plant, enough to feed the ferries which perform sailings on the dam. It is hoped that this study, expand research on energy efficiency by encouraging changes of habits, form features, updating and training the staff involved in the processes of production and use of energy and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T16:52:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-27Bitstream added on 2015-05-14T16:59:41Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000826092.pdf: 646538 bytes, checksum: 702d2d6e5b89ab93ed84c86bbf9ae274 (MD5) / A nova orientação da agricultura energética é no sentido de produzir matérias primas para o biodiesel, sendo uma das alternativas, grãos de pinhão manso (Jatrophacurcas L.). Visando obter mais informações sobre a cultura, desenvolveu-se o presente trabalho objetivando avaliar o desenvolvimento vegetativo, a produtividade de grãos de pinhão manso e o Custo Operacional Total, no primeiro ano após o plantio, em função de arranjos espaciais entre plantas. O experimento foi desenvolvido na área experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada em Selvíria - MS, no período de 09/04/2010 a 27/07/2011. Utilizou- se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, com 17 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Os espaçamentos entre linhas e entre plantas na linha utilizados foram, respectivamente: 2,0x1,0, 2,0x1,5, 2,0x2,0, 3,0x1,0, 3,0x1,5, 3,0x2,0, 3,0x3,0, 4,0x1,0, 4,0x1,5, 4,0x2,0, 4,0x3,0, 4,0x4,0, 5,0x1,0, 5,0x1,5, 5,0x2,0, 5,0x3,0 e 5,0x4,0 m. Foram realizadas 7 avaliações fenológicas nas plantas e 3 colheitas dos frutos. As plantas de pinhão manso apresentaram altura média de 2,26 m, diâmetro de caule de 101 mm, 6 ramos por planta, 6 inflorescências, 4 infrutescências, diâmetro médio da copa de 2,06 m e o fechamento médio da rua foi de 60%. Os tratamentos não influenciaram na relação casca/fruto que em média foi de 31,3% em peso. Os arranjos mais adensados de 2,0x1,0, 3,0x1,0 e 3,0x1,5 m foram os mais produtivos, com produtividade de 821, 887 e 1.027 kg ha -1 , respectivamente. O Custo Operacional Total na implantação da lavoura, no arranjo de 3,0x1,0 m foi de R$ 6.751,34 ha -1 e no arranjo 4,0x4,0 m foi de R$ 3.154,43 ha -1 , enquanto que na condução do 1o ano, foi de R$ 4.945,19 ha -1 e R$ 4.097,17 ha -1 , respectivamente / The new orientation of energy agriculture is to produce raw materials for biodiesel, and one of the alternatives, Jatropha grains. To obtain information about the culture, developed this study to evaluate the vegetative growth, yield of Jatropha grains and Total Operating Cost in the first year after planting, depending on spatial arrangements between plants. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of UNESP - Ilha Solteira Campus, located in Selvíria County, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil,in the period from 04/09/2010 to 07/27/2011. We used a randomized block design, with 17 treatments and 4 replications. The spacing between rows and between plants used were, respectively: 2.0x1.0, 2.0x1.5, 2.0x2.0, 3.0x1.0, 3.0x1.5, 3.0x2.0, 3.0x3.0, 4.0x1.0, 4.0x1.5, 4.0x2.0, 4.0x3.0, 4.0x4.0, 5.0x1.0, 5.0x1.5, 5.0x2.0, 5.0x3.0 and 5.0x4.0 m. It was done 7 evaluations on plants phenology of fruit and 3 harvests. Jatropha plants had an average height of 2.26 m, stem diameter of 101 mm, 6 branches per plant, six inflorescences, four clusters, the average canopy diameter of 2.06 m and the avarage closure of street was 60%. Treatments did not influence the relationship peel/fruit that average was 31.3 wt%. The most dense spacing, 2.0x1.0, 3.0x1.0 and 3.0x1.5 m, were the most productive, with yield of 821, 887 and 1.027 kg ha -1 , respectively. The Total Operating Cost in the crop establishment, spaced 3,0x1,0 m was R$ 6,751.34 ha -1 and spacing of 4.0x4.0 m was R$ 3,154.43 ha -1 , while driving in 1 st year was R$ 4,945.19 ha -1 and R$ 4,097.17 ha -1 , respectively