Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-17T19:34:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-12-18. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-06-18T12:49:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000826114.pdf: 849044 bytes, checksum: 243dabe4af7ca04817106d2a8d0fe381 (MD5) / O biodiesel de babaçu pode contribuir para a substituição do diesel. A hipótese levantada foi que o uso do diesel B S1800 e B S50, e proporções de mistura com biodiesel de babaçu não alterassem o desempenho do trator agrícola e não comprometessem seu funcionamento. Os objetivos foram avaliar a potência na barra de tração, a velocidade de deslocamento, os consumos de combustível: horário ponderal, volumétrico e específico, e também a opacidade da fumaça. O experimento foi desenvolvido na UNESP/FCAV - IPBEN - Unidade de Ensaio de Máquinas, do departamento de Engenharia Rural - Jaboticabal-SP. No ensaio dinâmico, utilizou-se de um trator de teste que percorreu três parcelas de 40 m espaçadas de 15 m, no final dos percursos o trator foi estacionado e mediu-se a opacidade da fumaça. O biodiesel de babaçu apresentou 11,1% e 14,3% de aumento no consumo específico e redução de 68,6% e 58% na opacidade da fumaça, comparado ao diesel B S1800 e B S50, respectivamente. Conclui-se que o biodiesel de babaçu e proporções com diesel B S1800 e B S50 não comprometem o funcionamento do motor do trator agrícola / Babassu biodiesel can contribute to the replacement of regular diesel. The hypothesis given was that the use of diesel B S1800 and B S50 and proportions of babassu biodiesel did not alter the performance of agricultural tractors and nor compromise their operation. The objective was to evaluate the power in the drawbar, travel speed, fuel consumption: mass, volume and time specific, as well as the opacity of the exhaust gas. The experiment was conducted at UNESP/FCAV - IPBEN - Machine Testing Unit, at the Rural Engineering Department located in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. For the dynamic test, a test tractor was used. It ran three 40 m parcels with a 15 m space between them. At the end of the course, the tractor parked and the opacity of the exhaust gas was measured. When comparing it with the B S1800 and B S50 diesel, the babassu biodiesel showed an 11.1% and 14.3% increase in specific fuel consumption and a reduction of 68.6% and 58% in gas opacity, respectively. Thus, proportions of babassu biodiesel with diesel B S1800 and B S50 do not compromise the operation of tractor engines

Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-10T11:09:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-05-29Bitstream added on 2014-11-10T11:57:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000790774_20190525.pdf: 658273 bytes, checksum: f382ebe8654717802e0d60ef1636f6b8 (MD5) / Neste trabalho foram investigadas a síntese, caracterização estrutural e espectroscópica e a análise do potencial catalítico de catalisadores do tipo perovskita SrTiO3 e das perovskitas duplas de Sr1-xKxTiCux/2O3, onde x = 0,2 , 0,3 e 0,5, na preparação do biodiesel via rota etílica. A partir da estrutura hospedeira do titanato de estrôncio SrTiO3 foram investigadas as soluções sólidas contendo átomos de cobre e potássio com as seguintes estequiometrias: Sr0,8K0,2TiCu0,1O3, Sr0,7K0,3TiCu0,15O3 e Sr0,5K0,5TiCu0,25O3, preparadas por síntese química pelo método Poliol Modificado. Os sistemas investigados foram avaliados utilizando as técnicas de análise térmica (ATG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X (DRX) e espectroscopia vibracional de absorção na região do infravermelho. Os parâmetros estruturais dos sistemas investigados foram determinados pelo refinamento utilizando o método de Rietveld, considerando o grupo espacial Pm m. A partir da determinação dos parâmetros cristalográficos foi construída a célula unitária do SrTiO3 utilizando o programa Diamond 3.2. O estudo catalítico foi realizado a partir da catálise heterogênea, com a adição das nanopartículas em solução contendo óleo vegetal e álcool etílico. O processo de transesterificação foi realizado em um reator de escala laboratorial, desenvolvido junto ao Laboratório de Compósitos e Cerâmicas Funcionais, com sistema de agitação e temperatura controlada. Neste processo, os principais produtos formados foram o biodiesel e o glicerol residual. Ao longo da execução dos experimentos foram controlados os parâmetros do processo, como o tempo da reação, concentração do catalisador, temperatura e o grau de agitação. Ao final da reação foi possível filtrar o catalisador e reprocessá-lo para uma nova reação, recuperar o álcool etílico e calcular o rendimento ... / In this work was investigated the synthesis, structural and spectroscopic characterization and the analysis of the catalytic potential of SrTiO3 of perovskita structure and of perovskites doubles Sr1-xKxTiCux/2O3, where x = 0.2, 0.3 and 0.5, in the biodiesel preparation by ethyl route. From the host structure of strontium titanate SrTiO3 were investigated solid solutions containing copper and potassium atoms with the following stoichiometry: Sr0.8K0.2TiCu0.1O3, Sr0.7K0.3TiCu0.15O3 and Sr0.5K0.5TiCu0.25O3, prepared by chemical synthesis using Modified Polyol method. The systems investigated were evaluated using the techniques of thermal analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The structural parameters of the investigated systems were determined by the refinement using the Rietveld method, considering the space group Pm m. From the determination of the crystallographic parameter was build the of unit cell of the SrTiO3 using the program Diamond 3.2. The catalytic study was performed from heterogeneous catalysis, with addition of nanoparticles in solution containing vegetable oil and ethyl alcohol. The transesterification process was carried out in a reactor laboratory scale, developed at the LaCCeF, with stirring and controlled temperature. In this process the main products were biodiesel and residual glycerol. During the experiments were controlled the process parameters such as reaction time, catalyst concentration, temperature and stirring degree. In the end of the catalysis reaction was possible to filter and reprocess it to a new reaction, recover the ethanol and calculate the yield of biodiesel from the characterization by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The results showed that the Sr0.5K0.5TiCu0.25O3 catalyst is the most efficient for obtention of biodiesel presenting a high conversion in the ...

A valorização dos subprodutos como a glicerina e a torta de oleaginosas, originados no processo de produção de biodiesel, tem sido a principal alternativa para tornar esse biocombustível competitivo em relação ao diesel de petróleo. Essa alternativa pode estar associada a uma vantajosa integração de processos, como é o caso de utilização da glicerina como solvente para separação da mistura etanol-água em usinas de álcool. Para isso, estudou-se a utilização da glicerina em substituição ao etilenoglicol, esta última substância de origem fóssil. A glicerina elimina o azeótropo formado pela modificação do equilíbrio líquido-vapor da mistura etanol-água, aumentando a diferença de volatilidade entre esses componentes. Para verificação das condições operacionais adequadas ao processo de destilação extrativa de desidratação do etanol, foram realizados experimentos em escala de laboratório, com auxílio de um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR). As variáveis independentes foram a fração molar glicerina/água e o grau de vácuo, este último como forma de se evitar a decomposição térmica da glicerina em acroleína. A análise das superfícies de resposta mostrou que a fração molar glicerina/etanol torna-se adequada acima de 0,4 e que a pressão absoluta do sistema torna-se adequada em torno de 380 mm Hg. Com isto, obteve-se um modelo estatístico de simulação e a previsão de condições adequadas ao processo, para o desenvolvimento de uma tecnologia que privilegie as ações de preservação ao meio ambiente. / The recovery of by-products like glycerin and cake from oilseeds, resulting in the production of biodiesel, has been the main alternative to make this biofuel competitive compared to petroleum and diesel oil. This alternative can be associated with a beneficial integration of processes, such as use of glycerin as a solvent for separation of ethanol-water mixture in plants alcohol. Thus, the use of glycerin in place of ethylene glycol, a substance of fossil origin was tested. The glycerin eliminates the azeotrope formed by modification of the liquid-vapor equilibrium of ethanol-water mixture, increasing the difference in volatility between these components. To verify the operating conditions suitable for the process of extractive distillation for ethanol dehydration, experiments were performed in laboratory scale, using a central composite rotational design (CCRD). The independent variables were the molar fraction glycerol / water and the degree of vacuum, the latter as a way to avoid thermal decomposition of glycerol into acrolein. The analysis of the response surfaces showed that the molar fraction glycerin / ethanol becomes appropriate than 0.4 and the absolute pressure of the system is adequate around 380 mm Hg. In this way it was possible to obtain a statistical model for simulation and prediction of appropriate conditions to the process for developing a technology that prior actions to preserve the environment.

abstract: The project aims at utilization of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) byproducts like biochar to grow microalgae. HTL is a promising method to convert wet algal biomasses into biofuels. The initial microalgae liquefaction at a temperature of 300 °C for 30 minute, converted 31.22 % of the Galdieria sulphuraria and 41.00 % of the Kirchneriella cornutum into biocrude. Upon changing the reactor from a 100 ml to a 250 ml reactor, the yield in biocrude increased to 31.48 % for G. sulphuraria and dropped to 38.05 % for K. cornutum. Further, energy recoveries based on calorific values of HTL products were seen to drop by about 5 % of the 100 ml calculated values in the larger reactor. Biochar from HTL of G. sulphuraria at 300 °C showed 15.98 and 5.27 % of phosphorous and nitrogen, respectively. HTL products from the biomass were analyzed for major elements through ICP-OES and CHNS/O. N and P are macronutrients that can be utilized in growing microalgae. This could reduce the operational demands in growing algae like, phosphorous mined to meet annual national demand for aviation fuel. Acidic leaching of these elements as phosphates and ammoniacal nitrogen was studied. Improved leaching of 49.49 % phosphorous and 95.71 % nitrogen was observed at 40 °C and pH 2.5 over a period of 7 days into the growth media. These conditions being ideal for growth of G. sulphuraria, leaching can be done in-situ to reduce overhead cost. Growth potential of G. sulphuraria in leached media was compared to a standard cyanidium media produced from inorganic chemicals. Initial inhibition studies were done in the leached media at 40 °C and 2-3 vol. % CO2 to observe a positive growth rate of 0.273 g L-1 day-1. Further, growth was compared to standard media with similar composition in a 96 well plate 50 μL microplate assay for 5 days. The growth rates in both media were comparable. Additionally, growth was confirmed in a 240 times larger tubular reactor in a Tissue Culture Roller drum apparatus. A better growth was observed in the leached cyanidium media as compared to the standard variant. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Chemical Engineering 2017

abstract: Thermodynamic development and balance of plant study is completed for a 30 MW solar thermochemical water splitting process that generates hydrogen gas and electric power. The generalized thermodynamic model includes 23 components and 45 states. Quasi-steady state simulations are completed for design point system sizing, annual performance analysis and sensitivity analysis. Detailed consideration is given to water splitting reaction kinetics with governing equations generalized for use with any redox-active metal oxide material. Specific results for Ceria illustrate particle reduction in two solar receivers for target oxygen partial pressure of 10 Pa and particle temperature of 1773 K at a design point DNI of 900 W/m2. Sizes of the recuperator, steam generator and hydrogen separator are calculated at the design point DNI to achieve 100,000 kg of hydrogen production per day from the plant. The total system efficiency of 39.52% is comprised of 50.7% hydrogen fraction and 19.62% electrical fraction. Total plant capital costs and operating costs are estimated to equate a hydrogen production cost of $4.40 per kg for a 25-year plant life. Sensitivity analysis explores the effect of environmental parameters and design parameters on system performance and cost. Improving recuperator effectiveness from 0.7 to 0.8 is a high-value design modification resulting in a 12.1% decrease in hydrogen cost for a modest 2.0% increase in plant $2.85M. At the same time, system efficiency is relatively inelastic to recuperator effectiveness because 81% of excess heat is recovered from the system for electricity production 39 MWh/day and revenue is $0.04 per kWh. Increasing water inlet pressure up to 20 bar reduces the size and cost of super heaters but further pressure rises increasing pump at a rate that outweighs super heater cost savings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Mechanical Engineering 2018

The need to make maximum use of renewable resources to the detriment of fossil fuels to achieve environmental goals with an increasing energy demand is driving research into the development of technologies to obtain energy from sources that are not currently being exploited, one of them being fusion energy. The aim of this report is to provide a general overview of fusion and to provide a critical opinion on whether fusion will become a commercial energy source in the future, and if so when. The followed methodology has been a literature review complemented by an interview to B Henric M Bergsåker, teacher and researcher at the KTH on fusion plasma physics and information person for the Swedish fusion research.In the results section the fusion physics and different technological approaches have been presented. Among the studied different projects, the ITER Tokamak magnetic reactor has been selected as the most promising of these projects, as a product of international collaboration, and it has been analyzed in more detail. The obtained results have been that fusion can be an inexhaustible, environmentally friendly and safe energy source. The first-generation fusion commercial reactors are expected to be part of the energy mix before 2100.

The thesis explores contradictions that farmers see between current mode of production, and how they imagine that modes of production would need to change if there were no fossil fuels. Based on qualitative interviews with farmers, the aim of the study is to contribute to a discussion on strategies to increase the farms’ capabilities to produce food without fossil fuels. This topic is relevant from both environmental and contingency perspectives. I understand society of today as mainly driven by capitalist logic, meaning that the logics of capital are what most people perceive as the normal and rational way to organize society. The analysis is based on a theoretical framework that sees the dominant energy source as specific and conditional for the historical organization of different societies, focusing on the role of fossil fuels as specific to the current capitalist society. The analytical tools are derived from the concept mode of production, which puts focus on how the farm production is organized in regard to labor, skills, inputs and machines. By using a specific focus on how farmers describe contradictions between the current mode of production of farms and in the case of a sudden lack of fossil fuels, I elucidate features of current food production that are made logical and rational by using fossil fuels, but which seem less logical when there are no fossil fuels. I argue that the threat to food security is not due to the fossil fuel dependency per se, but due to how fossil fuels have and are enabling 1) social relations where the purpose of food is to be a commodity rather than to be nutrition for people, 2) spatial concentrations of refineries, distribution and consumers, 3) social relations with dispossession of means of productions for consumers and concentration of ownership of land for producers, 4) technical relations which drive deskilling of knowledge on how to produce food. For policymaking, this means that exchanging fossil fuels with other energy sources would not necessarily increase food security, as long as the above mentioned mechanisms are reproduced. To increase food security, agricultural policies need to aim at making food more than a commodity and decrease the distance between production and consumption, both in spatial terms but also in terms of knowledge and skills. These strategies are not necessarily compatible with the logics of the capitalist mode of production.

Neste trabalho foram empregadas as zeólitas Mordenita, ZSM5, Y, Beta e Ferrierita, como catalisadores heterogêneos para a síntese de ésteres alquílicos via esterificação, visando à aplicação destas zeólitas para a produção de biodiesel. Como reação modelo para avaliação da atividade catalítica das zeólitas, foi efetuada a esterificação do ácido oleico com metanol e a esterificação do ácido octanóico com metanol, etanol e propanol. Para as reações efetuadas foram utilizados diferentes parâmetros reacionais, tais como diferentes razões molares de ácido graxo:álcool, temperaturas do meio reacional e quantidades de catalisador, visando observar a conversão em éster correspondente no decorrer do tempo. As zeólitas utilizadas foram caracterizadas por Termogravimetria, EGA, FTIR, DRX, RMN de 27Al, ED-XRF, TPD-NH3, adsorção de piridina em fase líquida avaliada por FTIR, MEV e Fisissorção de N2. A forma ativada das zeólitas foi obtida e a faixa de protonação para cada zeólita foi visualizada. Foi observada a seletividade de reagente para a zeólita H-ZSM5. Algumas zeólitas apresentaram atividade catalítica para a síntese dos ésteres alquílicos. A atividade catalítica das zeólitas não se relaciona claramente com a quantidade de sítios ativos na superfície do catalisador, mas apresenta maior dependência quanto a porosidade e caráter hidrofóbico dos materiais. Foram obtidas conversões acima de 85% na esterificação dos ácidos graxos. Dentre as zeólitas avaliadas, a zeólita mais ativa obtida foi reutilizada e empregada em vários ciclos reacionais consecutivos, onde não foi observado decréscimo na atividade catalítica do material e além disso, a integridade da estrutura da zeólita foi mantida. Dessa forma, os ensaios catalíticos realizados permitem observar que dependendo do tipo de zeólita utilizada é possível obter resultados promissores na esterificação dos ácidos graxos, que juntamente com a facilidade de separação das zeólitas do meio reacional após a reação e a possibilidade de utilização destas em novos ciclos reacionais, fazem com que seja interessante o uso destes materiais para a síntese de ésteres alquílicos. / In this work the zeolites Mordenite, ZSM5, Y, Beta and Ferrierite, were employed as heterogeneous catalysts for the alkyl esters synthesis by esterification, aiming the application of these zeolites for the biodiesel production. As a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic activity of these zeolites, the esterification of oleic acid with methanol and the esterification of octanoic acid with methanol, ethanol and propanol were performed. For the reactions performed, different reaction parameters were used, such as different fatty acid:alcohol molar ratios, reaction temperatures and catalyst amounts, aiming to observe the corresponding ester conversion over time. The zeolites used were characterized by Thermogravimetry, EGA, FTIR, XRD, 27Al NMR, ED-XRF, TPD-NH3, liquid phase pyridine adsorption evaluated by FTIR, SEM and N2 adsorption/desorption. The protic form of the zeolites was obtained and the protonation range for each zeolite was visualized. The selectivity of the reactant for the zeolite H-ZSM5 was observed. Some zeolites showed catalytic activity for the alkyl esters synthesis. The catalytic activity of the zeolites did not show a clear correlation with the amount of acid sites on the material surface, but has a greater dependence on the porosity and hydrophobic balance of the material. Conversions above 85% were obtained in fatty acids esterification. Among the zeolites evaluated, the most active zeolite obtained was reused and used in several consecutive reaction cycles, where there was no decrease in the catalytic activity of the material and, in addition, the integrity of the zeolite structure was maintained. Thus, the catalytic assays allow to observe that depending on the type of zeolite used it’s possible to obtain promising results in the esterification of fatty acids, which together with the ease of separation of the zeolites from the reaction medium after the reaction and the possibility of their use in new cycles, make it interesting to use these materials for the alkyl esters synthesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:31:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01361.pdf: 1522307 bytes, checksum: b74e8b9a7d0ad61777cccfdf600d06b8 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP