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Um dos grandes desafios para os próximos anos é desenvolver alternativas de produção para energias sustentáveis. O biodiesel vem se posicionando como uma opção para a substituição dos combustíveis fósseis. Sua produção se dá pela transesterificação entre uma gordura e um monoálcool, liberando glicerol, que corresponde a 10% do volume da reação. Grandes incrementos na produção de biodisel resultarão em volumes proporcionais de glicerol residual. Estudos têm mostrado que bactérias anaeróbias estritas e bactérias fermentativas são capazes de produzir hidrogênio, um combustível de alto valor energético, que não gera gases poluentes durante a sua queima. Visto a importância de aumentar o valor agregado do glicerol residual, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar e identificar por técnicas moleculares, bactérias presentes em lodos de estações de tratamento de resíduos, capazes de produzir hidrogênio utilizando glicerol residual da indústria de biodiesel como fonte de carbono. As amostras foram submetidas a choque térmico para eliminação de bactérias hidrogenotróficas, crescidas em meio contendo glicerol em condições de anaerobiose e analisadas para a formação de hidrogênio. Foram identificadas por sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA, quinze espécies bacterianas capazes de crescer em meio com glicerol, sendo que destas nove apresentaram capacidade de produção de hidrogênio, correspondendo a Enterobacter ludwigii, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus warneri, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus atrophaeus e Citrobacter freundii. Os isolados de Bacillus amyloliquefaciens mostraram maior rendimento na produção de hidrogênio com valores de 0,50±0,20 mol H2/mol de glicerol, utilizando o meio enriquecido com 1,5% de glicerol residual. Adicionalmente, foi realizada análise de BLAST para verificar a presença dos genes HycC, HycE, HycF, HyfC, HyfF e HyfH relacionados à produção de hidrogênio. Este estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando apenas os microrganismos do gênero Bacillus, uma vez que, dentre os microrganismos isolados, apenas os Bacillus apresentam sequenciamento completo disponível na rede de bioinformática. Foi verificado que B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis e B. artrophaeus não possuem os genes específicos analisados, mas estes genes possuem similaridade com outros genes e proteínas que parecem desempenhar funções no transporte de hidrogênio para exterior da célula. Os resultados indicam que existe um grande potencial para a seleção de bactérias produtoras de hidrogênio nos efluentes avaliados que são capazes de metabolizar o glicerol residual com a geração de hidrogênio, como combustível de energia renovável. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-02-12T12:38:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Liliane Poleto.pdf: 3051065 bytes, checksum: f7cee4bf2c3f4e2568188279532c88d8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-12T12:38:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Liliane Poleto.pdf: 3051065 bytes, checksum: f7cee4bf2c3f4e2568188279532c88d8 (MD5) / Petrobras / One of the major challenges for the coming years is to develop alternative forms of production for sustainable energy. The biodiesel is positioning itself as an option for the replacement of fossil fuels. Its production is by transesterification between a fat and a monoalcohol, releasing glycerol, which corresponds to 10% of the volume of the reaction. Large increases in the production of biodiesel result in proportional amounts of crude glycerol.Studies have shown that strict anaerobic and fermentative bacteria are able to produce hydrogen, a fuel of high energy value, which does not generate polluting gases, during its burning. Given the importance of increasing the added value-added of crude glycerol, the purpose of this study was to isolate and identify by molecular techniques, bacteria present in sewage sludge from waste treatment plants, it is capable of producing hydrogen using crude glycerol of biodiesel industry, as a carbon source. The samples were subjected to thermal shock to eliminate hydrogenotrophic bacterias, grown in the medium containing glycerol under anaerobic conditions and analyzed to produce hydrogen. Were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene , 15 bacterial species able to grow in medium with glycerol, and from these, nine showed the ability of hydrogen production, corresponding to Enterobacter ludwigii, Shigella sonnei, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Staphylococcus warneri, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus atrhopheus and Citrobacter freundii. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens isolate showed higher yield in the production of hydrogen , with values of 0.50±0.20 mol H2/mol of glycerol, using the enriched medium with 1.5% crude glycerol. In addition, BLAST analysis were performed to check the presence of genes HycC, HycE, HycF, HyfC, HyfF and HyfH related to hydrogen production. This study was developed using microorganisms of genus Bacillus, since, among the isolated microorganisms, only the Bacillus have complete DNA sequencing available. It was found that B. amyloliquefaciens, B. licheniformis and B. artrophaeus do not have the specific genes analyzed, but these genes have similarity with other genes and proteins that appear to perform roles in the transport of hydrogen to outside the cell. The results indicate that there is a great potential for the selection of bacteria producing hydrogen in the effluents evaluated, that are able to metabolize crude glycerol with the generation of hydrogen as a fuel for renewable energy.

Submitted by Fernanda Cavallari null (fee.cavallari@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T02:01:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cavallari_f_me_rcla.pdf: 4868463 bytes, checksum: f8aa337d6db1b37fa37f09ef94076c5f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-19T12:47:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cavallari_f_me_rcla.pdf: 4868463 bytes, checksum: f8aa337d6db1b37fa37f09ef94076c5f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T12:47:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cavallari_f_me_rcla.pdf: 4868463 bytes, checksum: f8aa337d6db1b37fa37f09ef94076c5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-27 / O diagnóstico de áreas contaminadas é um procedimento obrigatório ao tratamento e remediação de solo e águas subterrâneas. Contaminantes complexos como hidrocarbonetos passam por transformações físicas e químicas ao longo do tempo de permanência no ambiente geológico, com alterações no grau de dissolução no sistema aquífero. Este trabalho descreve a aplicação de métodos geofísicos integrados com um histórico de dados químicos, numa área contaminada por hidrocarbonetos vazados num acidente ferroviário, em 2005, na zona rural do município de Botucatu (SP). Foram utilizados os métodos geofísicos Eletrorresistividade e Polarização Induzida, por meio de 5 linhas paralelas de tomografia elétrica em arranjo Schlumberger, programadas e posicionadas a partir da interpretação de um histórico de análises geoquímicas do solo e água subterrânea. Os dados de tomografia elétrica permitiram a geração de modelos de inversão 2D e modelos de visualização 3D. De forma geral, o histórico de análises geoquímicas, última atualização em 2007, indica claramente a redução de teores de contaminantes em solo e no aquífero. A análise integrada de dados indica o avançado estado de degradação dos hidrocarbonetos, reconhecido por elevados valores de alta cargabilidade em relação ao padrão natural da área, concomitantemente a zonas de média resistividade. As áreas contaminadas e monitoradas por análise químicas foram caracterizadas por alta cargabilidade e média resistividade, com indícios de neoformação pretérita de sulfetos e condições próximas as do ambiente geológico natural, ou seja, indícios de processo avançado de atenuação natural e quase desaparecimento dos contaminantes. / The diagnosis of contaminated areas is a mandatory procedure to treatment and remediation of soil and groundwater. Complex contaminants like hydrocarbons undergo physical and chemical changes along the dwell time in the geological environment, with changes in dissolution and spread in unsaturated and saturated soil aquifer system. This research describes the application of geophysical methods integrated with a history of chemical data in a contaminated area by leaked hydrocarborn in a railway accident, in 2005, at rural area in Botucatu (SP). The geophysical methods Electrical Resistivity and Induced Polarization were used by 5 parallel lines of electrical resistivity tomography in Schlumberger array, programmed and adjusted from a history of chemical analysis of groundwater. The electrical tomography data allowed the generation of 2D inversion models and visualization of 3D models. In general, the history of geochemical analysis, last updated in 2007, clearly indicates a reduction of contaminant levels in soil and in the aquifer. The data integrated analysis indicated the advanced state of degradation of hydrocarbons, recognized by high values of high chargeability in relation to the natural pattern of the area, concomitantly to areas of medium resistivity. The areas contaminated and monitored by chemical analysis were characterized by high chargeability and medium resistivity, with indications of past formation of sulfides and conditions close to the natural geological environment, that is, indications of advanced process of natural attenuation and near disappearance of the contaminants.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology. / While biodiesel has the potential to resolve the energy crisis, its production is hampered by both feedstock and catalyst availability. The aim of this current study is to investigate the production of biodiesel from waste vegetable oil (WVO) as feedstock under heterogeneous catalysis, mediated by calcined eggshell ash. WVO, characterised by 9% free fatty acid (FFA) and 0.17wt% water content, was employed as feedstock in the biodiesel production via transesterification reaction. The composition of WVO was determined using Gas chromatography (GC) analysis. The eggshell was washed with distilled water to remove impurities, dried in an oven at 105°C, and then crushed into fine particle of 75μm, and finally, calcined in a muffle furnace at 800°C. The chemical properties of the catalyst were assessed as follows: 1) using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the major component phase of the element; 2) using X-ray fluorescent (XRF) to determine the elemental composition of the eggshell ash; 3) using Brunauer Emmet Teller (BET) to define the structure, the surface area, pore volume and pore diameter of the eggshell ash; and 4) using SEM to show the morphology structure of the element. The XRD analysis performed on eggshell ash showed 86% CaO as a major component in the catalyst; the remaining 14% was composed of MgO, SiO2, SO3, P2O5, Na2O, Al2O3, K2O and Fe2O3, as obtained from XRF. The BET result of the catalyst prepared was characterised by large pore diameter (91.2 Å) and high surface area (30.7m2/g), allowing reactants to diffuse easily into the interior of the catalyst used

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The high cost of fossil fuels and the fact that the world has arguably reached its peak oil production, has driven the need to seek alternative fuel sources. The main objective of the current study is to determine the performance of a laboratory-mounted diesel engine when fuelled with varying laboratory prepared biofuel and biodiesel and whether the advancement of the injection timing parameters will improve the engine power output and improve the smoke effect of these different fuel blends. The laboratory prepared biofuels used in this project range from 100% bio-fuel (BF100) to 50%, 30% and 10% biodiesel blends (BF50, BF30 and BF10, respectively). It should be noted that these blends are not commercially available, since they were blended in the laboratory specifically for these tests. The overall results of the study show that there is a distinct opportunity for using certain bio-fuel blends in specific applications as the power outputs are no more than one quarter less than that of base diesel. Concomitantly, the smoke opacity in all of the blends is lower than that of base diesel, which is a significant benefit in terms of their overall air emissions.