This report presents an analysis of a prehistoric Pueblo community in structural, functional, and evolutionary terms; it is a sequel to William A. Longacre's Archaeology as Anthropology. The emphasis is on social organization (including the patterning of community activities) and on understanding changes in this organization in terms of adaptive responses to a shifting environment.

This reappraisal of archaeology conducted at the Saige-McFarland site presents for the first time a substantial body of comparative data from a Mimbres period site in the Gila drainage. Lekson offers a new and controversial interpretation of the Mimbres sequence, reintroducing the concept of the Mangas phase first proposed by the Gila Pueblo investigations of the 1930s and demonstrating a more gradual shift from pithouse to pueblo occupance than has been suggested previously.

Today’s knowledge about late medieval ships is very poor, especially when it comes to caravel-built warships in northern Europe. In 1971 some sport divers found a wreck in the archipelago of Ronneby, that proved to be the Danish king Hans great ship Gribshunden, which sank in 1495. The wreck has been investigated in recent years by Kalmar läns museum and MARIS from Södertörn högskola. The research potential is from an archaeological perspective tremendous. The wreck is in very good condition compared to other finds around the world, it is unique. My intention with this thesis is to find out why the wreck hasn’t disintegrated and totally disappeared like most of contemporary wrecks. To understand the factors that are involved in the decomposition process, the wreck is analyzed with regard to Keith Muckelroy´s maritime version of “site formation process”, which presents a set of analytic tools to assess how different processes affect a wreck and its find place, both in the short and long terms. Hopefully, this thesis might be useful when it comes to find still undiscovered wrecks in similar environments.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 23-26, 2000 / Town & Country Hotel and Conference Center, San Diego, California / One of the beauties of mathematics is its ability to demonstrate the relationship between apparently unrelated subjects. And this is not only an aesthetic attribute. The insight obtained by seeing relations where they are not obvious often leads to elegant solutions to difficult problems. This paper will demonstrate a mathematical relation between telemetry and juggling. Any given pulse code modulation (PCM) format can be mapped onto a juggling pattern. The Inter-Range Instrumentation Group (IRIG) 106 Class I PCM formats are a subset of all juggling patterns while the Class II PCM formats are equivalent to the set of all juggling patterns (within some mathematically precise definitions). There are actually quite a few mathematical results regarding juggling patterns. This paper will also discuss how these topics relate to tessellations, bin packing, PCM format design, and dynamic spectrum allocation. One of the shortcomings of human nature is the tendency to get caught up in a particular topic or viewpoint. This is true of the telemetry community as well. It is hoped that this paper will increase the awareness that there are a variety of areas of theory outside of telemetry that may be applicable to the field.

Ο μεγάλος όγκος σελίδων και υπηρεσιών στο Διαδίκτυο αρκετές φορές δημιουργεί προβλήματα πλοήγησης με αποτέλεσμα η αναζήτηση εγγράφων και πληροφοριών να είναι μια εξαιρετικά χρονοβόρα και δύσκολη διαδικασία. Για το λόγο αυτό είναι απαραίτητη η πρόβλεψη των αναγκών των χρηστών με στόχο τη βελτίωση της χρηστικότητας του Διαδικτύου αλλά και της παραμονής του χρήστη σε έναν δικτυακό τόπο. Ο στόχος αυτής της διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι αρχικά να παρουσιάσει μεθόδους και τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιούνται για την εξατομίκευση και προσαρμογή στα ενδιαφέροντα του χρήστη, δικτυακών τόπων. Η εξατομίκευση περιλαμβάνει τη χρήση πληροφοριών που προέρχονται από τα ενδιαφέρονται και τη συμπεριφορά πλοήγησης του χρήστη σε συνδυασμό με το περιεχόμενο και τη δομή του δικτυακού τόπου. Στη συνέχεια παρουσιάζεται ένα σύστημα αναδιοργάνωσης της δομής ενός δικτυακού τόπου, του οποίου η υλοποίηση βασίστηκε στη δημοτικότητα των σελίδων για κάθε χρήστη όπως αυτή προκύπτει από τα log αρχεία που διατηρεί ο server του δικτυακού τόπου. Τέλος, το σύστημα αυτό εφαρμόζεται σε έναν πειραματικό δικτυακό τόπο και γίνεται αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων εφαρμογής του. / The large number of web pages on many Web sites has raised navigation problems. As a result, users often miss the goal of their inquiry, or receive ambiguous results when they try to navigate through them. Therefore, the requirement for predicting user needs in order to improve the usability and user retention of a Web Site is more than ever, indispensable. The primary purpose of this thesis is to explore methods and techniques for improving or “personalizing” Web Sites. Web personalization includes any action that adapts the information or services provided by a Web site to the needs of a particular user or a set of users, taking advantage of the knowledge gained from the users’ navigation behavior and interests in combination with the content and structure of the Web Site. Secondly, this thesis describes the implementation of a tool (reorganization software) which parses log files and uses specific metrics related to web page accesses, in order to reorganize the structure of a web site according to its users’ preferences. Finally, the tool is applied in an experimental Web Site and the results of this reorganization process are evaluated.

An increasing number of proteins with unknown function have their three-dimensional structure solved at high resolution. This situation, largely due to structural genomics initiatives, has been stimulating the development of automated structure-based function prediction methods. Knowledge of residues important for function – and more particularly – for binding can help automated prediction of function in different ways. The properties of a binding site such as its shape or amino acid composition can provide clues on the ligand that may bind to it. Also, having information on functionally important regions in similar proteins can refine the process of annotation transfer between homologues. Experimental results indicate that functional residues often have an unfavourable contribution to the stability of the folded state of a protein. This observation is the underlying principle of several computational methods for predicting the location of functional sites in protein structures. These methods search protein structures for destabilising residues, with the assumption that these are likely to be important for function. We have developed a method to detect clusters of destabilising residues which are in close spatial proximity within a protein structure. Individual residue contributions to protein stability are evaluated using detailed atomic models and an energy function based on fundamental physico-chemical principles. Our overall aim in this work was to evaluate the overlap between these clusters of destabilising residues and known binding sites in proteins. Unfortunately, reliable benchmark datasets of known binding sites in proteins are sorely lacking. Therefore, we have undertaken a comprehensive approach to define binding sites unambiguously from structural data. We have rigorously identified seven issues which should be considered when constructing datasets of binding sites to validate prediction methods, and we present the construction of two new datasets in which these problems are handled. In this regard, our work constitute a major improvement over previous studies in the field. Our first dataset consists of 70 proteins with binding sites for diverse types of ligands (e.g. nucleic acids, metal ions) and was constructed using all available data, including literature curation. The second dataset contains 192 proteins with binding sites for small ligands and polysaccharides, does not require literature curation, and can therefore be automatically updated. We have used our dataset of 70 proteins to evaluate the overlap between destabilising regions and binding sites (the second dataset of 192 proteins was not used for that evaluation as it constitutes a later improvement). The overlap is on average limited but significantly larger than random. The extent of the overlap varies with the type of bound ligand. Significant overlap is obtained for most polysaccharide- and small ligand-binding sites, whereas no overlap is observed for nucleic acid-binding sites. These differences are rationalised in terms of the geometry and energetics of the binding sites. Although destabilising regions, as detected in this work, can in general not be used to predict all types of binding sites in protein structures, they can provide useful information, particularly on the location of binding sites for polysaccharides and small ligands. In addition, our datasets of binding sites in proteins should help other researchers to derive and validate new function prediction methods. We also hope that the criteria which we use to define binding sites may be useful in setting future standards in other analyses.

Deformational properties of soil, in terms of modulus and damping, exert a great influence on seismic response of soil sites. However, these properties for sands containing some portion of fines particles have not been systematically addressed. In addition, simultaneous modelling of the modulus and damping behaviour of soils during cyclic loading is desirable. This study presents an experimental and computational investigation into the deformational properties of sands containing fines content in the context of site response analysis. The experimental investigation is carried on sandy soils sourced from Christchurch, New Zealand using a dynamic triaxial apparatus while the computational aspect is based on the framework of total-stress one-dimensional (1D) cyclic behaviour of soil. The experimental investigation focused on a systematic study on the deformational behaviour of sand with different amounts of fines content (particle diameter ≤ 75µm) under drained conditions. The silty sands were prepared by mixing clean sand with three different percentages of fines content. A series of bender element tests at small-strain range and stress-controlled dynamic triaxial tests at medium to high-strain ranges were conducted on samples of clean sand and silty sand. This allowed measurements of linear and nonlinear deformational properties of the same specimen for a wide strain range. The testing program was designed to quantify the effects of void ratio and fines content on the low-strain stiffness of the silty sand as well as on the nonlinear stress-strain relationship and corresponding shear modulus and damping properties as a function of cyclic shear strains. Shear wave velocity, Vs, and maximum shear modulus, Gmax, of silty sand was shown to be significantly smaller than the respective values for clean sands measured at the same void ratio, e, or same relative density, Dr. However, the test results showed that the difference in the level of nonlinearity between clean sand and silty sands was small. For loose samples prepared at an identical relative density, the behaviour of clean sand was slightly less nonlinear as compared to sandy soils with higher fines content. This difference in the nonlinear behaviour of clean sand and sandy soils was negligible for dense soils. Furthermore, no systematic influence of fines content on the material damping curve was observed for sands with fines content FC = 0 to 30%. In order to normalize the effects of fines on moduli of sands, equivalent granular void ratio, e*, was employed. This was done through quantifying the participation of fines content in the force transfer chain of the sand matrix. As such, a unified framework for modelling of the variability of shear wave velocity, Vs, (or shear modulus, Gmax) with void ratio was achieved for clean sands and sands with fines, irrespective of their fines content. Furthermore, modelling of the cyclic stress-strain behaviour based on this experimental program was investigated. The modelling effort focused on developing a simple constitutive model which simultaneously models the soil modulus and damping relationships with shear strains observed in laboratory tests. The backbone curve of the cyclic model was adopted based on a modified version of Kondner and Zelasko (MKZ) hyperbolic function, with a curvature coefficient, a. In order to simulate the hysteretic cycles, the conventional Masing rules (Pyke 1979) were revised. The parameter n, in the Masing’s criteria was assumed to be a function of material damping, h, measured in the laboratory. As such the modulus and damping produced by the numerical model could match the stress-strain behaviour observed in the laboratory over the course of this study. It was shown that the Masing parameter n, is strain-dependent and generally takes values of n ≤ 2. The model was then verified through element test simulations under different cyclic loadings. It was shown that the model could accurately simulate the modulus and the damping simultaneously. The model was then incorporated within the OpenSees computational platform and was used to scrutinize the effects of damping on one-dimensional seismic site response analysis. For this purpose, several strong motion stations which recorded the Canterbury earthquake sequence were selected. The soil profiles were modelled as semi-infinite horizontally layered deposits overlying a uniform half-space subjected to vertically propagating shear waves. The advantages and limitations of the nonlinear model in terms of simulating soil nonlinearity and associated material damping were further scrutinized. It was shown that generally, the conventional Masing criteria unconservatively may underestimate some response parameters such as spectral accelerations. This was shown to be due to larger hysteretic damping modelled by using conventional Masing criteria. In addition, maximum shear strains within the soil profiles were also computed smaller in comparison to the values calculated by the proposed model. Further analyses were performed to study the simulation of backbone curve beyond the strain ranges addressed in the experimental phase of this study. A key issue that was identified was that relying only on the modulus reduction curves to simulate the stress-strain behaviour of soil may not capture the actual soil strength at larger strains. Hence, strength properties of the soil layer should also be incorporated to accurately simulate the backbone curve.

Analysis of lithics, particularly flake debitage, from a small Preclassic Maya community provides data bearing upon the manufacture and distribution of stone tools in the northern Belizean region during the Middle and Late Preclassic eras. These data suggest a complex relationship among contemporaneous communities with regard to raw material and tool acquisition and manufacture. There is no evidence of monopoly of raw material resources by any one group; rather, a mixed pattern is seen involving distribution both of partly processed raw material and of certain finished formal tool types. These formal types, as well as befaces in general, are seen to be increasingly important through time, possibly related to changing agricultural practices. While no conclusions can be drawn on the basis of presently available lithic data as to the nature of the Preclassic regional lithic distribution system, ethnographic and archaeological analogies are used to suggest some possible economic scenarios.

Traditionally, the analysis of ceramics has played a major role in archaeological research the world over, and this is particularly true in the Maya area where until recently ceramic studies have been used for the sole purpose of chronological ordering. This dissertation discusses the historic development of ceramic research in Maya archaeology, as well as documenting the present role of ceramic analyses, as preface to the analysis of the ceramics from Cuello, a small site in northern Belize. Excavations at the site indicate that the area under study, Platform 34, was occupied from the Early Formative at about 2,000 b.c. until the Late Formative at about a.d. 250, when Platform 34 was apparently largely abandoned, although other areas of the site continue to be occupied. The analysis of the ceramics from Cuello proceeds utilizing the traditional type: variety classification system to order the ceramics chronologically. The Cuello typology, in accordance with the major period of occupation of Platform 34, spans a period of time beginning in the Early Formative with the Swasey Complex, and ending in the Late Formative with the Cocos Complex. While some typological comparisons of ceramics among sites in the Maya Lowlands are made to place Cuello securely within a chronological framework, the main thrust of the analysis is to understand intra-site ceramic variability. Unlike earlier maya ceramic analyses, the present one continues with a vessel form classification, since forms are considered sensitive indicators of functional variability within the site. It is shown, through this analysis, that ceramic analyses are useful for more than chronological ordering,and when ceramic variability is examined within the archaeological contexts in which the ceramics are found, has the potential of informing on functional and social patterns on an intra-site level.

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