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The main aim of my diploma thesis is to create a didactic test, which deals with the knowledge of pupils of the 9th year at elementary schools in the field of evolution. The literary overview is focused on the concept of evolution and its main principles, evolution within the scope of the educational program framework, publications dealing with this topic, especially with the emphasis on the current qualification work in this field, didactic tests, their types and aspects. In order to determine the level of knowledge in the field of evolution, a didactic test was then created. A total of 252 respondents participated in the test. All data was subsequently evaluated and discussed.

The main objective of my diploma thesis was to create a didactic test dealing with the knowledge of grade 9 primary school pupils about the area of evolution. The literary review is focused on the term of evolution and its main principles. A part of the review is also formed by the framework education programme, mainly by the expected outputs in evolution biology. Subsequently, the theoretical part carries out an analysis of qualification works dealing with the issue of evolution biology. In the conclusion, information about didactic tests, their types and aspects is collected. To find out about the measure of knowlede from the area of evolution, a didactic test was constructed, and distributed among 252 respondents within the region of South Bohemia. All the data was subsequently evaluated and discussed.

De nos jours, les mémoires occupent une grande superficie en silicium dans les System-on-Chip. Très largement utilisés, les mémoires Flash non volatiles présentent encore plusieurs inconvénients. Les MRAMs permettent de répondre à toutes les problématiques liées aux Flash. Cependant, elles sont sujettes à des défauts comme tout autre type de mémoire. Très peu de travaux portent sur le test de MRAM et la recherche effectuée dans ce domaine vise principalement la première génération de mémoires magnétiques. Dans ce travail, la physique derrière la modélisation MTJ est abordée. Cette compréhension est le point de départ pour développer un modèle fiable. Le MTJ est l'élément de base pour les technologies MRAM. L'injection de défauts résistif ouvert, résistif courts-circuits et capacitives ont été réalisées dans le but d'analyser les mécanismes de défaillance spécifiques de la TAS-MRAM. Un test du type march spécifique est proposé à l'aide des résultats d'analyses d'injection de défauts et de l'association de chaque mécanisme de défaillance à un modèle de défaut fonctionnel spécifique. L'évolution du TAS-MRAM est la MRAM à base MLU qui est également développée par Crocus Technology. Finalement, un modèle MLU-MTJ sera élaboré et discuté. / Memories occupy most of the silicon area in nowadays System-on-Chips. Though widely used, non-volatile Flash memories still have several drawbacks. MRAMs have the potential to mitigate almost all Flash related issues. However, they are prone to defects as any other kind of memory. Only few studies on MRAM testing can be found in the literature, and target mainly the first generation of Magnetic Memories.In this work the physics behind MTJ modeling is discussed in this work as this understanding is the starting point in order to develop a reliable model. MTJ is the basic building block of MRAMs. Moreover, Resistive-open, resistive-bridge and capacitive of defect injection are performedin order to analyze specific failure mechanisms of TAS-MRAMs. As result of defect injection analyses and the association of each failure mechanism to a specific functional fault model, a specific march test is proposed. The evolution of TAS-MRAMs is the MLU based MRAM also developed by Crocus Technology. Finally, a MLU-MTJ model will be developed and discussed.

Au cours des dernières décennies, l’industrie de la micro-électronique a connu une large démocratisation de l’utilisation des applications de télécommunication. L’amélioration des procédés de conception et de fabrication ont permis de produire des circuits analogiques, mixtes et radiofréquences complexes et hautes performances pour ces applications. Toutefois, le coût de test de ces circuits intégrés représente encore une large part du coût de fabrication. En effet, très souvent, tester des fonctions analogiques ne se résume pas à un test fonctionnel mais signifie mesurer les spécifications du circuit. Ces mesures nécessitent l’utilisation d’instruments dédiés bien plus couteux que les ressources numériques disponibles sur un équipement de test industriel standard. Une des spécifications essentielle mais couteuse à caractériser pour les circuits RF est le niveau de bruit de phase. La technique actuellement utilisée en industrie consiste à capturer le signal à l’aide d’un canal testeur analogique équipé d’un convertisseur analogique-numérique hautes performances ; une transformée de Fourier est alors appliquée sur le signal numérisé et le bruit de phase est mesuré sur le spectre résultant. L’approche proposée dans cette thèse consiste à réaliser la mesure de bruit de phase en n’utilisant que des ressources digitales faible coût. L’idée fondamentale consiste à réaliser la capture 1-bit du signal analogique avec un canal numérique standard et à développer des algorithmes de post-traitement dédiés permettant de retrouver l’information relative au bruit de phase à partir d’une évaluation des temps de passages à zéro du signal. Deux méthodes sont présentées. La première méthode est basée sur une estimation de la fréquence instantanée du signal et une analyse de la dispersion induite par le bruit de phase. Cette méthode impose une contrainte forte quant à la fréquence d’échantillonnage à utiliser et s’est révélée sensible au bruit d’amplitude, limitant la gamme de mesures possibles. Une seconde méthode est alors proposée afin de s’affranchir de ces limitations. A partir de la capture binaire du signal analogique, une reconstruction de la phase instantanée du signal est réalisée, puis filtrée puis caractérisée grâce à un outil usuel d’évaluation de stabilité fréquentielle : la variance d’Allan. Cette technique, robuste au bruit d’amplitude et au jitter, peut être paramétrée et permet une caractérisation efficace du bruit de phase sans contrainte fondamentale. En plus des simulations, ces techniques font l‘objet d’une étude stochastique et sont validées expérimentalement sur différents types de signaux à mesurer – générés artificiellement ou provenant de puces sur le marché – et avec différentes conditions mesures – sur oscilloscope ou sur testeur industriel, en laboratoire et en production –. Une implémentation sur puce est aussi proposée et validée avec un prototype sur FPGA. / In recent decades, the microelectronics industry has experienced a wide democratization of the use of telecommunication applications. The improved process design and manufacturing have produced complex and high performance analog, mixed and radio frequency circuits for these applications. However, the test cost of these integrated circuits still represents a large part of the manufacturing cost. Indeed, very often, analog testing is not just a functional test but needs measurements for specification validations. These measurements require the use of dedicated instruments expensive resources on standard industrial test equipment.One of the essential but costly specifications to validate in RF circuitry is the phase noise level. The currently used industrial technique consists in capturing the signal from the circuit under test using an RF tester channel equipped with a high performance analog to digital converter; a Fourier transform is then applied to the digitized signal and the phase noise is measured on the resulting spectrum.The approach proposed in this thesis is to achieve the phase noise measurement using solely digital low-cost resources. The basic idea is to perform 1-bit capture of the analog signal with a standard digital channel and develop post-processing algorithms dedicated for phase noise evaluation from the zero-crossings of the signal.Two methods are presented. The first method is based on an estimate of the instantaneous signal frequency and an analysis of their dispersion induced by phase noise. This method imposes a strong constraint on the sampling frequency to be used and proved to be sensitive to noise amplitude, limiting the range of possible measures. A second method is then proposed to overcome these limitations. From the binary capture of the analog signal, a reconstruction of the instantaneous phase of the signal is carried out, then filtered and characterized by a common tool of frequency stability assessment: the Allan variance. This technique, robust to amplitude noise and jitter, can be parametrized and enables efficient characterization of phase noise without fundamental constraint.In addition to the simulations, these techniques are subject to a stochastic study and are validated experimentally on different types of signals to be measured - artificially generated or from chips on the market - and with different measuring instruments - on oscilloscope or industrial tester, in laboratory and on a production line-. An On-chip implementation is also proposed and validated with a FPGA prototype.

Underwater measurements of acoustic backscattering coefficients from gravel surfaces at oblique incidence were made in a laboratory tank. A side scan geometry was adopted in these measurements using a conventional, 300kHz, side scan transducer to insonify an area which is beam width controlled in one direction and a pulse length controlled in the other. As the pulse travels along the rough surface the variation of the backscattered signal with grazing angle was studied. In the second set of measurements a normal incidence geometry was adopted to investigate the dependence of the backscattering coefficient upon range from the rough surface insonified. Two different frequencies (1MHz and 250kHz) and two different rough surfaces (a pressure release and a gravel surface) were used in this experiment. The backscattered signal was measured by a small LC5-2 hydrophone which was inserted on the acoustic axis of the transmitter. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical values developed using the Helmholtz-Kirchhoff integral. In the oblique incidence case the Fraunhofer phase approximation was used to evaluate the scattering integral. The predicted values compared well with the experimental results measured for the gravel surfaces. The backscattering coefficient was found to vary rapidly with angle at low grazing angles while this variation was not so obvious at grazing angles between 30 to 60. In the normal incidence mode the scattering integral derived using the second order, Fresnel, approximation was used to predict the theoretical backscattering coefficient values. A good agreement with the experimental results was obtained even at ranges close to the rough surface. The normal incidence backscattering coefficient of a rough surface is shown to be dependent upon the surface properties alone, only in the farfield region of the scattering area. In the nearfield of the surface, the backscatterintg coefficient is shown to be depending on the surface reflection coefficient only. In the region between these two ranges the backscattering coefficient is shown to be depending upon both the surface statistics and the measurements geometry.

The purpose of this thesis is to show the application of modern digital techniques to produce a high speed computational system that has the capability of producing a faster than real-time model for the visual systems associated with flight simulator systems. A distributed/multiprocessing system was chosen due to the increased reliability, flexibility and throughput of the computational process. The system also has the advantage of providing increased modularity and ease of expansion. This research is firstly concerned with the development of a high resolution graphics system (providing a 1024 by 1024 point screen resolution), and the techniques for the production of moving visual scenes observed by a pilot when flying over a region of terrain in a flight simulator. In particular, this work is concerned with the real-time simulation of the aerodynamics of the aircraft and considers the problems of designing and accessing a data base which represents a model of the terrain. There are three major design considerations for the real-time CGI (Computer Generated Imagery) system of the type required. The first is to ensure that all processing for each picture frame is performed within a specified time limit. Secondly, the picture must have a realistic appearance and requires realism functions to be performed in real-time. The third design consideration is the cost.

Test Driven Development (TDD), Model-Driven Development (MDD), and Test Case Generation with their associated practices and tools each in their own right promise to deliver robust higher quality code more economically then other approaches. These process are not mutually exclusive but are not typically used together. This thesis develops a combined approach using complimentary aspects of each of the above three process. Test cases are described, generated, and then injected back into the model, which is then used to produce the test and production code. We have enhanced a model-driven tool to support the approach, adding a test case generator, capable of understanding augmented MDD software model and utilizing the constraints captured in our test-centric language to generate model-level test cases back into the model. Our results show that, with a reduction in overall effort one can produce a tested model-based system in which its test and implementation for multiple platforms such as C and Java, using one of multiple test xUnit frameworks.

Les émotions sont toutes différentes et différemment perçues par chacun de nous. A une certaine intensité il est indispensable de les réguler car elles peuvent perturber notre corps, nos pensées, et nos actes. Ainsi, si le ressenti est indispensable à notre équilibre personnel, la régulation de ce dernier l’est également. Mais certaines pathologies peuvent léser ce réseau émotionnel basé sur l’interaction entre ressenti et régulation. Actuellement l’évaluation des émotions repose majoritairement sur nos capacités à les reconnaitre ou à les exprimer. Et, même si les capacités de régulation émotionnelle sont de plus en plus sources d’intérêt, elles sont actuellement mesurées hors contexte émotionnel et par le biais d’échelles auto-rapportées, ce qui comporte un certain nombre de biais. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’élaborer, de standardiser, et d’étalonner un test basé sur une tâche d’estimation temporelle permettant d’évaluer le ressenti émotionnel et la régulation de ce dernier au moment où l’émotion a lieu. Notre but est de fournir au clinicien un outil de mesure des émotions afin de mettre en évidence la présence de certains troubles actuellement non évalués. Nous espérons qu’une mise en évidence de ces troubles permettra par la suite une réflexion sur les possibilités de prise en charge, et par conséquent, une amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients souffrant de troubles de ce type. / Emotions are all different, and the emotional experience varies from one person to another. It is essential to regulate our emotions because, at certain intensities, they can disrupt our body, our thoughts and our actions. Thus, emotion regulation is as essential to our personal balance as emotional experience. But certain diseases can damage the emotional network, and disrupt the interaction between emotional experience and emotion regulation. Currently the assessment of emotions is mainly based on tasks testing our ability to recognize or express them. And, even if emotion regulation capabilities are increasingly a matter of interest, they are currently measured outside any emotional context and through self-report scales, which have a number of biases. The objective of this thesis is to develop, standardize and validate a test based on a time estimation task to assess the emotional experience and emotion regulation when the emotion occurs. Our goal is to provide clinicians with a new tool to measure emotions, in order to ascertain, therefore improving the quality of life of patients suffering from these disorders the presence of certain disorders which are currently not evaluated by existing tests. We hope that highlighting the presence of these disorders will help to work on the possibilities of care and support.