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La Norma E.030 y gran parte de los códigos de diseño sismorresistente consideran el análisis unidireccional para cada uno de los ejes principales de manera independiente. A comparación de ello, en realidad los eventos sísmicos tienen un comportamiento bastante aleatorio. Además, imponen solicitaciones bidireccionales en diferentes orientaciones a las edificaciones. Se realizó el estudio de la respuesta en edificaciones sujetas a solicitaciones de carga sísmica con irregularidades de esquina entrante y de piso blando. Para ello, se ha realizado el análisis tiempo historia lineal (ATHL) de éstas imponiendo solicitaciones sísmicas en dos direcciones ortogonales simultáneas. Así, se obtiene la respuesta estructural con variaciones de ángulos de incidencia de 10° y se compara con la respuesta derivada del análisis unidireccional. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el análisis tradicional subestima las respuestas de las estructuras. Se obtuvieron variaciones de hasta 50% en el modelo de esquina entrante y hasta 72% en el modelo de piso blando. En las edificaciones con irregularidad de piso blando extremo existen variaciones de hasta el 90%. Estos resultados confirman la necesidad de considerar la bidireccionalidad sísmica en el análisis y diseño sismorresistente. / Standard E.030 and most of the seismic-resistant design codes consider the unidirectional analysis for each of the main axes independently. By comparison, seismic events actually behave quite randomly. In addition, they impose bidirectional solicitations in different orientations to the buildings. The study of the response in structures subjects to earthquake loads with irregularity of l-shaped plan and soft story is carried out. For this, the linear time-story analysis (LTHA) of these has been carried out imposing seismic solicitations in two perpendicular directions at the same time. Thus, the structural response with incidence angle variations of 10° is obtained and compared with the response derived from the unidirectional analysis. Variations of up to 50 were obtained in the l-shaped plan model and up to 72% in the soft story model. In structures with extreme soft story variations of up to 90%. These results confirm the need to consider seismic bidirectionality in earthquake analysis and design. / Tesis

<p><a>Proactive evaluation of road safety is one of the most important objectives of transportation engineers. While current practice typically relies on crash-based analysis after the fact to diagnose safety problems and provide corrective countermeasures on roads, surrogate measures of safety are emerging as a complementary evaluation that can allow engineers to proactively respond to safety issues. These surrogate measures attempt to address the primary limitations of crash data, which include underreporting, lack of reliable insight into the events leading to the crash, and long data collection times. </a></p> <p>Traffic conflicts are one of the most widely adopted surrogate measures of safety because they meet the following two conditions for crash surrogacy: (1) they are non-crash events that can be physically related in a predictable and reliable way to crashes, and (2) there is a potential for bridging crash frequency and severity with traffic conflicts. However, three primary issues were identified in the literature that need to be resolved for the practical application of conflicts: (1) the lack of consistency in the definition of traffic conflict, (2) the predictive validity from such events, and (3) the adequacy of traffic conflict observations.</p> <p>Tarko (2018) developed a theoretical framework in response to the first two issues and defined traffic conflicts using counterfactual theory as events where the lack of timely responses from drivers or road users can produce crashes if there is no evasive action. The author further introduced a failure-based definition to emphasize conflicts as an undesirable condition that needs to be corrected to avoid a crash. In this case, the probability of a crash, given failure, depends on the response delay. The distribution of this delay is adjusted, and the probability is estimated using the fitted distribution. As this formal theory addresses the first two issues, a complete framework for the proper identification of conflicts needs to be investigated in line with the failure mechanism proposed in this theory.</p> <p>The objective of this dissertation, in response to the third issue, is to provide a generalized framework for proper identification of traffic conflicts by considering the failure-based definition of traffic conflicts. The framework introduced in this dissertation is built upon an empirical evaluation of the methods applied to identify traffic conflicts from naturalistic driving studies and video-based tracking systems. This dissertation aimed to prove the practicality of the framework for proactive safety evaluation using emerging technologies from in-vehicle and roadside instrumentation.</p> <p>Two conditions must be met to properly claim observed traffic events as traffic conflicts: (1) analysis of longitudinal and lateral acceleration profiles for identification of response due to failure and (2) estimation of the time-to-collision as the period between the end of the evasion and the hypothetical collision. Extrapolating user behavior in the counterfactual scenario of no evasion is applied for identifying the hypothetical collision point.</p> <p>The results from the SHRP2 study were particularly encouraging, where the appropriate identification of traffic conflicts resulted in the estimation of an expected number of crashes similar to the number reported in the study. The results also met the theoretical postulates including stabilization of the estimated crashes at lower proximity values and Lomax-distributed response delays. In terms of area-wide tracking systems, the framework was successful in identifying and removing failure-free encounters from the In-Depth understanding of accident causation for Vulnerable road users (InDeV) program.</p> <p>This dissertation also extended the application of traffic conflicts technique by considering estimation of the severity of a hypothetical crash given that a conflict occurs. This component is important in order for conflicts to resemble the practical applications of crashes, including the diagnostics of hazardous locations and evaluating the effectiveness of the countermeasures. Countermeasures should not only reduce the number of conflicts but also the risk of crash given the conflict. Severity analysis identifies the environmental, road, driver, and pre-crash conditions that increase the likelihood of severe impacts. Using dynamic characterization of crash events, this dissertation structured a probability model to evaluate crash reporting and its associated severity. Multinomial logistic models were applied in the estimation; and quasi-complete separation in logistic regression was addressed by providing a Bayesian estimation of these models.</p>

Seen from abroad, Tokyo appears as a huge, vibrant metropolis where 21st-century Japan meets the traditional side of the country. Tokyo´s skyline is a diverse jumble of traditional houses and shrines, and modern architecture from skyscrapers of glass to 1970´s living capsules. Since the beginning, Tokyo has had great prerequisites for creating a city with amazing urban environment. Water was the first reason for people to settle down in Tokyo Bay. During Edo period (1603 – 1867), Tokyo was always described as a picturesque city with well-planned hydrology and a harmonic relationship with nature. With its canals full of water, it was a city comparable to Venice. The distribution and exchange relied almost entirely on water transport. With the expansion of the city, the water system had to be upgraded, which led to creating a complex network of waterways. Unlike in Western countries, where the economic, social and cultural life of the city developed around rather formal places as plazas and squares, in Japan, the lifeblood of the city developed in close connection with the water and nature. These places, also known as “meisho” (名所, lit. “famous places”) used to be linear open structures such as streets, river shores and bridges. During the transformation of Tokyo into a modern capital, the city cut many ties with the past. The unused canals suddenly became redundant and started belonging to the “wrong” side of the city. By the 1980s, many of the waterways were so polluted that the government began filling them up or covering them with elevated highways in preparation for the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The modernization and its transformation also meant that most of the network of “meisho” and greenery have disappeared. “From dameisho to meisho” is inspired by series of woodblock prints “One Hundred Famous Views of Edo” (名所江戸百景, Meisho Edo Hyakkei) completed by the Japanese artist Hiroshige Ando (1797–1858), depicting a matrix of famous public spaces in Tokyo. My project examines the possibilities of recasting “meisho”, a spatial representation in Japanese culture, into a new, modern context via editing different layers of the city and its fabric. It explores linear, thread-like spaces such as Edo waterways, its transformations roads, as well as recently built elevated highways in order to search for contaminations and new collaborations, unexpected conditions and create new, green urban stitches. As one of the tackling tools, the project also looks at demographic trends shaping Japan and benefits from aging society and shrinking Japanese population. Last but not least I investigate ways of graphical reinterpretation of the series of woodblock prints using Tokyo and its new “meisho” spaces as a rolemodel.

La presente tesis tiene como objetivo contribuir a la comunidad ingenieril del área estructural en el desarrollo de la evaluación de un elemento no estructural conocido como muros cortina. Específicamente, el objetivo principal de la tesis es evaluar el comportamiento estructural del muro cortina (tipo stick) de manera integral a la estructura principal. Esto quiere decir que el edificio, junto con este sistema, se evalúa como un todo. Con ello, se conoce cómo se comporta estructuralmente el muro cortina frente a las cargas de viento y de sismo. Como parte de la información recopilada, se ha determinado que el método de análisis empleado en el medio local es un método simplificado, aislado de la estructura principal, conocido como parrilla. Uno de los objetivos planteados de la presente tesis es comparar ambos métodos de análisis, integral y aislado, con ello se podrían obtener resultados óptimos para el diseño de sus elementos. Se evaluó tres edificaciones de diferentes alturas, 10, 20 y 30 pisos ubicado en la ciudad de Lima, diseñado bajo las normas nacionales; se aplicó dos tipos de análisis, integral (junto a la estructura principal) y aislado (tipo parrilla). Para la modelación estructural de la estructura con y sin muro cortina se utilizó el programa de cómputo ETABS 2016, con lo cual se obtuvieron los resultados del análisis. Para el desarrollo de la presente tesis se ha revisado diferentes tipos de bibliografía. Tales como, normas nacionales, normas internacionales, ASCE 7-10 (2010), FEMA E-74 (2012), normas de producto, ASEFAVE (2015), recomendaciones técnicas para muros cortina, journal indexados, tesis, seminarios entre otros. / The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the structural engineering community in the development of the structural evaluation of a non-structural element, known as curtain walls. Specifically, its main objective is to evaluate the structural behavior of a curtain wall (stick-type) attached to the main structure. That is, it will be analyzed as a whole. Precisely, it will be studied how a curtain wall behaves in response of wind and earthquake loads. As part of the information collected, it has been determined that the analysis method used by many engineering firms is a simplified method, which is isolated from the main structure. This structural model is known as a grill. One of the objectives of this thesis is to compare both methods, integral and isolated, with this, optimal results for the design of its elements could be obtained. Three buildings of different heights, 10, 20 and 30 stories, located in the city of Lima, were evaluated and designed under national codes. Two types of analysis were applied: integral (curtain wall attached to the main structure) and isolated (grill type). For the structural modeling of the buildings with and without the curtain wall, the ETABS 2016 computer program was used, with which the results of the analysis were obtained. For the development of this thesis, different types of bibliography have been reviewed. Such as, national standards, international standards, ASCE 7-10 (2010), FEMA E-74 (2012), product standards, ASEFAVE (2015), technical recommendations for curtain walls, indexed journals, theses, seminars, among others. / Tesis

No description available.

En la investigación se analiza el estado de las viviendas de albañilería confinada construidas sin asistencia profesional en zonas con alto riesgo sísmico del distrito de Villa El Salvador. Se estudian los errores constructivos mediante la inspección visual de las casas autoconstruidas, las cuales presentan una alta vulnerabilidad frente a un terremoto de gran magnitud, en los sectores I (zona 1) y III (zona 2) del distrito. El error constructivo más frecuente que se ha podido identificar es el uso de ladrillos tubulares (ladrillo pandereta) con un fin estructural. Frente a este problema, la propuesta para mejorar la resistencia a la compresión y fuerzas cortantes de los muros de albañilería de pandereta es reforzarlos con malla de alambre galvanizado recubierta con mortero. Lo que se busca es proporcionar, por lo menos, un área segura dentro de las viviendas para que las familias puedan salvaguardar la vida de sus ocupantes frente a la ocurrencia de movimientos telúricos. En ese sentido, mediante ensayos de laboratorio se verifica que el reforzamiento con malla galvanizada mejora, en gran medida, la resistencia a la compresión y al corte de los muros. Además, su implementación resulta ser más económica frente a otras técnicas de reforzamiento como el refuerzo con mallas electrosoldadas. Esto es importante, porque la población beneficiaria pertenece a los niveles socioeconómicos C y D (bajo nivel socioeconómico). / The research analyzes the state of confined masonry houses built without professional assistance in areas with high seismic risk in the district of Villa El Salvador. Constructive errors are studied by visual inspection of self – constructed houses, which have a high vulnerability in the face of a large earthquake, in sectors I (Zone 1) and III (Zone 2) of the district. The most frequent constructive error that has been identified is the use of tubular bricks (pandereta brick) with a structural purpose. In the face of this problem, the proposal to improve the compression resistance and cutting forces of the pandereta masonry walls is to reinforce them with galvanized wire mesh coated with mortar. What is sought is to provide, at least, a safe area within homes so that families can safeguard the lives of their occupants in the face of the occurrence of telluric movements. In this sense, through laboratory tests it is verified that the reinforcement with galvanized mesh improves, to a large extent the resistance to the compression and the cutting of the walls. In addition, its implementation turns out to be more economical compared to other reinforcement techniques such as reinforcing with electro welded meshes. This is important, because the beneficiary population belongs to the socioeconomic levels C and D (low socioeconomic level). / Tesis

[EN] A simplified analytical method ("FAST") for the estimation of large-scale vulnerability of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Moment Resisting Frames with masonry infills is proposed and subsequently tested by using real damage scenario caused by the 2011 Lorca earthquake as a benchmark. FAST is a spectral-based approach that allows predicting the average non-structural Damage State expected for each class of building (defined by number of storeys, age of construction, infills ratio in plan and location) for a given demand level. It accounts for non-uniformity of infills in elevation, i.e. a reduction of infills ratio of the ground floor. FAST is based on: (i) the definition of approximated capacity curves of the infilled building, assuming that the RC frame is designed according to the corresponding seismic code; and on (ii) the assumption of "a priori" deformed shapes in accordance with the attainment of each non-structural damage state at 1st storey, estimated through experimental and numerical correlations. Two versions of FAST are proposed: a "simplified" approach aimed at the evaluation of uniformly infilled frames; and a "generalised" version which can account for any intermediate situation between uniformly infilled frames and pilotis frames (i.e. without infills at 1st storey). Also, some extensions of the method are highlighted. Aimed at testing FAST, the real damage scenario after the earthquake of Lorca (2011) is used as a benchmark, despite its impulsivity and directivity. In order to define the specific input parameters for the case study, information regarding ground motion, post-earthquake damage scenario and also building design practice must be collected. Hence, a detailed review of historical Spanish seismic codes and a critical analysis of current Spanish seismic code NCSE-02 in comparison with current reference performance-based codes such as Eurocode 8 are provided. Special emphasis is placed on provisions which can prevent a proper capacity design and that, in turn, can cause brittle failures or favour the interaction with infills. Also, the prescription of lower behaviour factor for wide-beam frames with respect to deep-beam frames -which is not present in most codes¿ is discussed; outcomes of several case studies suggest that such prescription is obsolete. Finally, FAST is applied to Lorca earthquake and predicted damage scenarios are obtained, considering different assumptions for input values. Results show proper agreement between predicted and real damages. Structural collapses were rarely observed, even though the PGA was three times higher than the typical acceleration of design, so FAST proves that masonry infills provided additional strength to RC frames. / [ES] Se propone un método analítico simplificado ("FAST") para la estimación de la vulnerabilidad a gran escala de edificios porticados de hormigón armado con tabiquería de fábrica, posteriormente testeado mediante la adopción del escenario de daño real correspondiente al terremoto de Lorca de 2011 como patrón de comparación. FAST es un procedimiento espectral que permite predecir el nivel de daño no estructural medio esperado para cada clase de edificio (definido por su número de plantas, año de construcción, densidad de tabiquería en planta y localización geográfica), considerando un nivel de demanda dado. El método tiene en cuenta la irregularidad de la tabiquería en alzado, es decir, la posible reducción relativa de tabiquería en planta baja. FAST se basa en: (i) la definición de curvas de capacidad aproximadas para los edificios tabicados, asumiendo que la estructura de HA se ha proyectado según la norma sísmica correspondiente en cada caso; y en (ii) la asunción de deformadas "apriorísticas" coherentes con cada grado de daño (suponiendo que éste se alcanza siempre en planta baja), estimadas a través de correlaciones experimentales y numéricas. Se proponen dos versiones de FAST: una "simplificada" para la evaluación de edificios uniformemente tabicados en altura, y otra "generalizada", que es capaz de tener en cuenta cualquier situación intermedia entre el prototipo uniformemente tabicado y el de planta baja diáfana. Además, se proponen ciertas extensiones al método. A fin de validar FAST, se elige el escenario de daño real correspondiente al terremoto de Lorca (2011) como patrón de comparación, a pesar de su impulsividad y directividad. Para definir los parámetros de input correspondientes al caso de estudio, es necesario recopilar previamente la información concerniente a la señal sísmica, el escenario de daño y las características del parque construido. Por tanto, se lleva a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de las normas sísmicas históricas en España y un análisis crítico de la norma sísmica española actual NCSE-02 en comparación con otras normas actuales de referencia basadas en el desempeño, como el Eurocódigo 8, haciendo énfasis en las provisiones que no garantizan el diseño por capacidad y que por tanto pueden provocar mecanismos frágiles o favorecer la excesiva influencia de la tabiquería. Además, se discute sobre la restricción del coeficiente de ductilidad en estructuras de vigas planas, cuestión que no se refleja en otras normas. Los resultados obtenidos mediante análisis de casos de estudio muestran que dicha prescripción resulta obsoleta para normas actuales. Finalmente, FAST se aplica al caso del terremoto de Lorca, obteniéndose predicciones de daño medio para diferentes asunciones. Los resultados muestran una coincidencia aceptable entre la predicción y los daños reales. FAST confirma que la causa principal de la práctica ausencia de colapsos (ante un terremoto con PGA triple que la típica de proyecto) hay que buscarla en la contribución estructural de la tabiquería de fábrica. / [CA] Es proposa un mètode analític simplificat ("FAST") per a l'estimació de la vulnerabilitat a gran escala d'edificis porticats de formigó armat amb envans de fàbrica. Posteriorment, el mètode ha estat testejat mitjançant l'adopció de l'escenari de dany real corresponent al terratrèmol de Lorca de 2011 com a patró de comparació. FAST és un procediment espectral que permet predir el nivell de dany no estructural mitjà esperat per a cada classe d'edifici (definit pel seu nombre de plantes, any de construcció, densitat d'envans en planta i localització geogràfica), considerant un determinat nivell de demanda. El mètode té en compte la irregularitat de la distribució de envans al llarg de les diferents plantes del edifici. Es a dir, es pot tenir en compte que, freqüentment, hi ha una menor quantitat de d'envans a la planta baixa. FAST es fonamenta en: (i) la definició de corbes de capacitat aproximades que tenen en compte no sols la estructura del edifici sinó també els envans i assumint que l'estructura de HA s'ha projectat segons la norma sísmica corresponent en cada cas; (ii) l'assumpció de deformades "apriorístiques" coherents amb cada grau de dany (suposant que aquest es dona sempre a la planta baixa) que han estat estimades a través de correlacions experimentals i numèriques. Es proposen dues versions de FAST: una "simplificada" per a l'avaluació d'edificis amb envans uniformement repartits per totes les plantes, i una altra "generalitzada", que és capaç de tenir en compte qualsevol situació intermèdia entre el prototip uniformement paredat i el de planta baixa diàfana. A més, es proposen certes extensions al mètode. Per tal de validar FAST, es tria l'escenari de dany real corresponent al terratrèmol de Lorca (2011) com a patró de comparació, malgrat la seva impulsivitat i directivitat. Per definir els paràmetres de entrada corresponents al cas d'estudi, cal recopilar prèviament la informació concernent al senyal sísmica, l'escenari de dany i les característiques del parc construït. Per tant, es porta a terme una revisió exhaustiva de les normes sísmiques històriques a Espanya i una anàlisi crítica de la norma sísmica espanyola actual (NCSE-02) comparant-la amb altres normes actuals de referència, com l'Eurocodi 8, fonamentat en el concepte d'acompliment. També es fa èmfasi a les provisions que no garanteixen el disseny per capacitat i que, per tant, poden provocar mecanismes de col·lapse fràgils o afavorir la interacció de la estructura amb els envans. A més, es discuteix sobre la restricció del coeficient de ductilitat de les estructures de bigues planes ja que es una qüestió que no aborden la majoria de les normes. Els resultats obtinguts mitjançant l'anàlisi de casos d'estudi mostren que aquesta restricció resulta obsoleta a les normes actuals. Finalment, FAST s'aplica al cas del terratrèmol de Lorca, obtenint prediccions de dany mitjà per a diferents combinacions del paràmetres de entrada. Els resultats mostren una coincidència acceptable entre la predicció i els danys reals. FAST confirma que la causa principal de la pràctica absència de col·lapses (davant un terratrèmol amb PGA triple que la típica de projecte) cal buscar-la en la contribució estructural dels envans. / Gómez Martínez, F. (2015). FAST simplified vulnerability approach for seismic assessment of infilled RC MRF buildings and its application to the 2011 Lorca (Spain) earthquake [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/54780 / TESIS / Premios Extraordinarios de tesis doctorales

La escasez de registros sísmicos de gran magnitud considerados significativos, limita la determinación de la respuesta sísmica de una edificación de concreto armado. En este sentido, los acelerogramas artificiales representan una alternativa para definir el evento sísmico porque consideran condiciones específicas del sitio en estudio. Esta investigación analiza la respuesta sísmica de las estructuras para diversos registros sísmicos artificiales generados de espectros de diseño para distintas condiciones geotécnicas. El procedimiento de análisis empleado será el dinámico tiempo historia no lineal para obtener una mayor precisión en la respuesta sísmica. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las derivas de entrepiso de las señales artificiales creadas con la función de intensidad de Liu se ajustan mejor a las derivas obtenidas del sismo real escalado. / The lack of large seismic records in some world regions limits the determination of the seismic response of a building. For that reason, artificial accelerograms represent an alternative to define the seismic event because they consider specific conditions of study site. This research analyses the structures seismic response for various artificial seismic records generated from design spectra and different geotechnical conditions. Dynamic nonlinear time history analysing was used to obtain greater precision in the seismic response. The results obtained show that the mezzanine drifts of the artificial signals created with the Liu intensity function better fit the drifts obtained from the scaled real earthquake. / Tesis

El presente estudio de investigación evalúa la respuesta sísmica de una clínica con aislamiento símico en Lima bajo la Norma Peruana de Aislamiento Sísmico E.031. Esta será comparada con la norma la Norma Chilena de Diseño Sísmico de Edificios NCh2745 y la Norma Americana ASCE/SEI 7, dichas normas internacionales han sido diseñadas para soportar eventos sísmicos severos, presentando parámetros rigurosos, con los cuales se podrá destacar las fortalezas y debilidades frente a la nueva Norma Peruana. En los capítulos siguientes se da entendimiento a la información que se debe poseer para analizar las tres normas, conceptos básicos de sismología y dinámica estructural, dentro de cada norma se verán los alcances, factores y parámetros que intervienen en la determinación del espectro de diseño, así como el análisis sísmico dinámico que las normas proponen y el modelamiento de la estructura de la clínica en el software ETABS. Luego se comparan los resultados de la respuesta sísmica, desplazamientos laterales, derivas y fuerzas cortantes, en las que se verán las exigencias que cada norma, llegando a saber si nuestra Norma Peruana en su modificación y mejora de su contenido se proyecta a ser una de las mejores normas de diseño sismorresistente, obteniendo así una perspectiva de nuestra Norma Peruana frente a una norma internacional ya consolidada y avalada por los años frente a sismos severos. / This research study evaluates the seismic response of a clinic with simian isolation in Lima under the draft Peruvian Seismic Isolation Standard E.031. This will be compared with the North American standard ASCE SEI 7-16 and the Chilean Seismic Design Standard for Buildings 2745, these international standards have been designed to withstand severe seismic events, presenting rigorous parameters, with which we can highlight the strengths and weaknesses against the new Peruvian Standard. In the following chapters, understanding is given to the information that must be possessed to analyze the three norms, basic concepts of seismology and structural dynamics, within each norm the scope, factors and parameters that are involved in the determination of the design spectrum will be seen, as well as the dynamic seismic analysis that the standards propose and the modeling of the clinical structure in the ETABS software. Then the results of the seismic response, lateral displacements, drifts and shear forces are compared, in which the requirements of each norm will be seen, getting to know if our Peruvian Standard in its modification and improvement of its content is projected to be one of the best seismic resistant design standards, thus obtaining a perspective of our Peruvian Standard against an international standard already consolidated and endorsed by the years against severe earthquakes. / Tesis